Earticle

인식 가능한 희생자 효과는 사람들이 통계 수치에 근거한 희생자 정보를 접했을 때보다 인식 가능한 희생자 정보를 접했을 때 더 높은 기부의도를 보이는 현상을 말한다. 본 연구에서 는 기존의 연구를 확장시켜 물리적인 온도가 기존의 인식 가능한 희생자 효과를 조절한다는 것 을 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 인식 가능한 희생자 효과가 본 연구에서 재검증 되었다. 즉, 인식 가 능한 희생자에 대한 정보에 노출된 사람들이 통계 수치에 근거한 희생자 정보에 노출된 사람들 보다 기부의도가 더 높았다 (희생자 정보 유형의 주효과). 그리고 희생자 정보 유형과 물리적 온 도 간의 상호작용효과를 검증하였다. 요약하면, 차가운 온도와 상온의 온도를 경험한 조건에서는 인식 가능한 희생자 정보에 노출된 경우가 통계 수치에 근거한 희생자 정보에 노출된 경우보다 피험자들의 기부의도가 높았다. 하지만 뜨거운 온도를 경험한 소비자들은 희생자 정보 유형에 따른 기부의도에 있어 차이를 보이지 않았다. 희생자 정보 유형과 물리적 온도의 상호작용은 체 화된 인지와 점화효과를 통해 설명하였다. 소비자들의 일상 생활에 지대한 영향을 주지만 상대 적으로 연구가 많이 되지 않았던 물리적 온도라는 환경 요인이 소비자들의 판단과 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄으로써, 본 연구는 마케팅 담당자들과 정책 입안자들이 효과적인 설득 메 시지 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 시사점을 제공한다.

The identifiable victim effect refers to the tendency of individuals to offer greater aid when a specific, identifiable victim is observed, as compared to a large, but vaguely defined group with the same need. The identifiable victim information generates greater affection, such as sympathy than the statistical victim information. Prior research has investigated that physical temperature is related to the different mental states (i.e., emotion vs. cognition). This research examines a novel interaction effect between the information types and physical temperature based on the theory of embodied cognition and priming effect. In sum, the interaction effect between the information types and physical temperature on donation intention was significant. In the cold temperature and ambient temperature conditions, the individuals who are exposed to the identifiable victim information demonstrate greater donation intention than those who are exposed to the statistical victim information. In the hot temperature condition, however, donation intention was not significantly different between the two information conditions.

연구목적: 본 연구에서는 대학생을 대상으로 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족이 우울에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 이 관계에서 대비회피 경향성과 반추의 순차적 매개효과를 검증하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 연구방법: 이를 위해 남녀 대학생 285명을 대상으로 온라인 자기보고식 설문을 실시하였으며 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 대비회피 경향성, 반추, 우울을 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS 25.0과 PROCESS Macro (ver 4.2)를 사용하여 순차매개분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과: 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족은 대비회피 경향성, 반추, 우울과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 또한 대비회피 경향성과 반추는 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족이 우울에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 각각 유의한 간접효과를 나타냈으며, 두 변인이 순차적으로 매개하는 경로 역시 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 불확실성을 견디기 어려운 개인의 우울을 이해하는 데 있어 대비회피 경향성과 반추가 관련 심리적 기제로 작용함을 보여준다. 따라서 대학생의 우울을 예방하고 효과적으로 개입하기 위해서는 정서의 변화를 회피하기보다 이를 수용하면서 반복적인 부정적 사고를 경감시키는 전략을 함께 고려할 필요가 있다.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression among university students and to investigate the sequential mediating effects of contrast avoidance and rumination in this relationship. Methods: An online self-report survey was conducted with 285 male and female university students. The survey assessed intolerance of uncertainty, contrast avoidance tendency, rumination, and depression. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS Macro (ver. 4.2) to conduct sequential mediation analyses. Results: Intolerance of uncertainty was positively correlated with contrast avoidance, rumination, and depression. In addition, contrast avoidance and rumination showed significant indirect effects in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. The sequential indirect effect through contrast avoidance and rumination was also significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that contrast avoidance and rumination may serve as important psychological mechanisms linking intolerance of uncertainty to depression among university students. The findings provide preliminary evidence that strategies aimed at promoting acceptance of emotional changes rather than avoidance and reducing repetitive negative thinking may be useful for understanding and intervening in depression among university students.

A hypothesis was set up that there is an exponential change of image quality according to the patient's body fat thickness and contrast iodine content in the CT scan, but that there must be a certain saturation section. A method to reduce the side effects of the patients was analyzed through experiments while maintaining diagnostic value by using a contrast agent with low iodine content in the saturation region based on the previous studies where patients' side effects increased as the iodine content got higher. The soft algorithm was applied to CT scanner (120 kVp, 200 mAs, 5 ㎜ slice) to change phantom fat thickness (0, 2, 3.5, 5 ㎝) and contrast iodine content (300, 320, 350, 370 ㎎) followed by 10 scans for each condition. The images obtained by the experiment were analyzed by using the image analyzer (Image J). After setting the area of interest in the liver, the contrast medium and surrounding area, the mean and standard deviation were measured, the SNR and CNR results obtained through which were analyzed statistically (SPSS.) and the significance was verified. Contrast agent SNR and CNR were not significantly different between 300 ㎎ and 320 ㎎ (p=0.36), and 350 ㎎ and 370 ㎎ (p=0.15) of contrast content for the fat thickness of 0 ㎝; there was no difference between 300 ㎎ and 320 ㎎ (p=0.11) for 2 ㎝ but there was a difference between 350 ㎎ and 370 ㎎ (p>0.00). There was no effect of contrast agent on liver SNR (p>0.05), and the SNR by fat thickness decreased exponentially. There was a significant difference in CNR for both fat thickness and contrast agent content (p<0.00). The use of 300 ㎎ of contrast medium in the case of dry or obese patients or 350 ㎎ for the effect of contrast media can reduce the adverse effects of the patients and obtain images of diagnostic value. In addition, various contents of contrast medium can be selectively used in patients with normal body shape.

본 연구는 파란색과 빨간색의 사용으로 인한 정보처리형태의 차이를 광의의 정보처리와 협의의 정보처리 측면에서 비교한 기존 연구와 광의의 정보처리와 협의의 정보처리에 따라서 배경효과가 달라진다는 것을 주장하는 기존 연구를 통합하여 광고의 색상이 파란색으로 구성된 경우와 빨간색으로 구성된 경우 각각 표적제품의 상표태도 형성과정에서 나타나는 배경효과를 탐구하고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 광고의 색상이 파란색일 때와 빨간색일 때 각각 표적제품에 대한 상표태도 형성과정에서 발생하는 배경효과는 표적제품에 대한 지식수준이 높은 소비자보다는 낮은 소비자에게서 더 잘 나타난다는 점을 주장하고 있다. 지식수준이 낮은 소비자의 경우는 배경제품에 대한 정보 및 함축된 평가가 표적제품의 평가에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 높은 반면에 지식수준이 높은 소비자의 경우에는 이와 같은 배경효과가 발생할 가능성이 낮아짐을 주장한다. 실험결과, 제품 지식수준이 낮은 집단에서 는 파란색이 사용된 표적 제품 광고에서 동화효과가 나타나고, 빨간색이 사용된 광고에서는 대조효과 가 나타난 반면, 제품 지식수준이 높은 집단에서는 광고색상에 의한 배경효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해, 본 연구는 색상이 소비자 정보처리 및 평가적 판단과정에 미치는 왜곡에 대해 연구관심을 확대하는데 이론적 기여를 하였다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 광고의 표현전략 측면에서 실무적인 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

The present study investigates the context effect stemming from color of advertisement by integrating past research suggesting that red and blue differ in stimulating local and global processes and that local process promotes assimilation whereas global process promotes contrast. The present study argues that the influence of color of advertisement on the occurrence of assimilation and contrast is moderated by consumer's knowledge of target product. The occurrence of assimilation and contrast effects by color of advertisement is more likely to occur for those who are less knowledgable with target product, but is less likely for those who are more knowledgable. The results of experiments showed that, for those who had a low level of product knowledge, blue promoted assimilation effect and red promoted contrast effect. On the other hand, for those who had a high level of product knowledge, the influence of color on the assimilation and contrast was not significant. The present study has a theoretical contribution to the research of the biased influence of color on the consumer's information processing and evaluative judgment. The present findings present practical implications for developing ad execution strategy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of subordinate's performance levels at two points in time upon leader's performance rating, emotional response. For these purposes, an experiment was implemented based on 2x2 subject factorial design with manipulations of two independent variables：past performance level and present performance level. Subordinate's performance level was manipulated into high and low ones. Major findings were summarized as follows：1) Leader's performance ratings for a subordinate were influenced by both subordinate's present performance and past performance. In this research, both subordinate's present performance level and past performance level had a direct effect on leader's performance ratings. It was found that contrast effect occurs in performance appraisal process.2) Leader's emotional responses were also positively related to subordinate's present and past performance. Present and past performance had a direct effect on leader's affect, and they also had interaction effect. It was found that assimilation effect occurs in leader's emotional response.3) It was demonstrated that there was a discrepancy between cognitive response (performance appraisal) and emotional response.In conclusion, patterns in leader's performance appraisal process were recognized, and bias such as contrast effect was found to appear in the process. To eliminate such bias and to improve accuracy and objectivity in performance appraisal, some administrative practices are required.

8종의 식용 색소분말(1-8)들에 의하여 현출된 5종의 비 다공성 재질(I-V)에 유류된 잠재지문들 에 대한 색 대비효과와 이미지 개선결과들을 정량적으로 검토하였다. 잠재지문들의 현출은 색소와 재 질을 구성하는 성분들 간 상호작용에 의하여 소수성적인 인력보다는 무기이온들 사이의 쿨롱(Coulomb) 인력이 우세하게 영향을 미친것으로 설명되었다. 공통적으로 색 대비효과에 관하여 유도된 모델들(M1- M13)은 주로 명도(BR) 부 대비효과를 나타내었으며 명도가 색상(H)에 비하여 약 10배 이상 큰 영향을 미치었다. 그러나 CA 훈증의 경우는 반대경향이었다. 유리 스라이드(I)에서 현출된 잠재지문들에 대한 색 대비효과를 방사형 차트(radar chart)로 분석한 결과, 현출성이 양호한 활성색소(1, 2 및 9) 분말들은 색상(H)이 보다 작았으며 비활성 색소(4-8)들은 색상이 큰 경향이었다. 이미지 개선비율(%=(B−A)/A*100) 은 재료 상 비닐필름(IV; 44%), 그리고 색소(1-8)에서는 황색 제4호(5; 300%)가 제일 높았다. 유리 스라 이드(I)에서 현출된 잠재지문에 대한 이미지 개선 전(M1) 및 후(M9) 모델들의 명도(BR) 계수값(M1; ρ= −0.268 및 M9; ρ= −0.429)을 비교한 결과로부터 이미지 개선 전보다 후의 경우에 약 63% 증가한 이 미지 개선 비율을 나타내었다.

The results of the color contrast effects and the enhanced images about the latent fingerprints detected on the 5 nonporous materials (I-V) by 8 different edible colorant powders (1-8) were discussed quantitatively. According to the interaction between the components in colorant powders and materials, the Coulomb force between the inorganic ions influenced predominantly to develop the latent fingerprints rather than hydrophobic attraction force. Commonly, the deriver models on the color contrast effect (M1-M13) indicated the negative brightness (BR) mainly and the brightness influenced more than about 10 times comparing with the hue (H) of color. But those CA fuming shows that the results tend to create objections. The analytical results of the latent fingerprints on the slide glass (I) with radar chart showed that the hue of active colorants (1, 2 & 9) for better developmental images were smaller and that of inactive colorants (4-8) were bigger. The ratio of the image enhancement (%=(BA)/ A*100) was the highest on the vinyl film (IV; 44%) and yellow No. 4 tatrazine (5; 300 %) showed the highest value among the colorant powders (1-8). When the brightness (BR) coefficients (M1; ρ= −0.268 & M9; ρ= −0.429) of the two color contrast models, before the image enhancement (M1) and after the image enhancement (M9), of the developed latent fingerprints on the slide glass (I) were compared, the ratio of the enhanced image was increased by about 63%.

Cyanoacrylate (CA) 훈증에 의하여 현출된 5종류의 비다공성 재질(I-V)에 유류된 잠재지문들의 현출 해상도를 개선하기 위하여 현출 증강제로서 다양한 8종의 무독성 식용색소(1-8) 분말들을 처리한 결과로부터 다음과 같은 결과들을 얻었다. 흑색분말 및 색소 분말들은 유리 스라이드(I)에서 개선효과(C)가 높았으며 여러 재질에서 흑색분말이 양호한 경향이었다. 특히, 색의 3요소(색상, 채도 및 명도)값을 CA현출 후 색소분말에 의하여 가장 양호한 개선효과를 나타내었던 유리 스라이드(I) 표면에 유류된 잠재지문의 평균 특징점(C) 값들과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 평균 특징점(C) 값과 색상은 반비례(부 대비효과) 관계를 나타낸 반면에 채도 및 명도는 비례(정 대비효과) 관계를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 현출성에 기여하는 색 요소들의 분포 차이를 나타낸 방사형 차트의 분석결과로 부터 색소 분말들(3, 5, 7 및 8번)은 모델 2에 근거하여 명도대비 및 채도대비 효과가 잠재지문의 개선에 큰 영향을 미치는 주 요인이었다. 그러므로 색소분말은 비다공성 재료의 바탕색과 보색관계일 경우에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

To improve the resolution of developed latent fingerprints that are deposited on 5 nonporous surface materials (I-V) by cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming, by using 8 different kinds of edible nontoxic colorant powders (1- 8) as enhancement agents the following results have been obtained. The improvement effect (C) was exceptional when black powder and colorant powders were used on the glass slide (I) when the development results by black powder on the other materials were just satisfactory. Particularly, the relationship between three elements of color (hue, chroma & brightness) and average minutiae values (C) of fingerprint enhanced by colorant powders (1-8) on the glass slide (I) was analyzed as follows. The relationship between the average values (C) and hue indicates an inverse proportion (negative contrast effect), while the relationship of chroma and brightness indicates an reciprocal proportion (positive contrast effect). In conclusion, the colorants (No. 3, 5, 7 & 8) from the analytical results of the radar chart have shown that the brightness and chromatic contrast effect based on the optimized model 2 had a big impact as major factor on the improvement of latent fingerprints. Therefore, it seems that the colorants can be useful when they complement the background color of nonporous materials.

본 연구는 속초·강릉시 거주 여자 미용사 및 피부관리사 18명을 대상으로 파라핀욕과 온냉교대욕을 4주간 적용 후 나타나는 손과 손목의 기능변화, 일상생활동작에서 손 기능, 통증, 만족도의 변화를 측정하여 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 손과 손목의 변화에서는 손의 전반적인 작업, 손가락 움직임은 실험군·대조군 모두 향상되었으며 그 중 실험군이 높게 나타났다. 손목의 움직임은 실험군에서만 향상되었고 감각은 대조군에서만 향상되었고 이는 p<0.05이하로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2. 일상생활동작에서의 손 기능과 업무수행은 실험군·대조군 모두 향상되었으며 그 중 파라핀욕을 적용한 실험군에서 일상 생활동작에서의 손 기능 향상이 크게 나타났고 이는 p<0.05이하로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 3. 통증과 만족도는 실험군·대조군 모두 통증 감소와 만족도의 증가를 가져왔으며 특히 온냉교대욕을 적용한 대조군의 통증감소가 큰 폭으로 나타났고 이는 p<0.05이하로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구를 통해 파라핀욕과 온냉교대욕이 피부미용 분야에 종사하는 미용사 및 피부관리사의 손목터널증후군 예방관리 및 기능 향상에 효과적인 중재방안으로 볼 수 있으며 추가로 다양한 온열의 적용 및 마사지를 통해 보다 적극적이고 효과적인 방법을 모색 할 수 있을 것으로 판단이 된다.

In this study we had eighteen cosmetologists in Sokcho and Gangneung take the paraffin bath and the cold and hot contrast bath for four weeks to measure and analysis the change in the function of the hands and the wrists and the differences in the hand functions, pains, and satisfaction in their daily lives. The results of analysis are as follows; First, both the control group and the subject group showed progress in their overall functioning of the hands and the working of the fingers. Among them, the subject groups made more progress. Contrastingly, only subject group were found to be progressed in terms of the wrists movements but in the sensory feelings only the control group were progressed, which is supported by the statistical significance p<0.05. Second, the subject group and the control group were all progressed with regards to the hand function and performance in daily lives. Of those groups, the subject group who took the paraffin bath showed much progress in their functioning of the hands that statistically supported by p<0.05. Third, all the control and the subject group revealed decrease in pain and increase in satisfaction. In particular, the control group who took the hot and cold contrast bath showed striking decrease in pain, which is statistically meaningful by p<0.05. We drew a conclusion from this research that the paraffin bath and the hot and cold contrast bath proved to be an effective solution for better hand treatment and hand functioning among the cosmetologists.

Chelating agents have been proposed to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction of heavy metal hyperaccumulator. However, little studies to elucidate mechanism of chelating agents to increase cadmium (Cd) extractability have been conducted. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effect of different chelating agents on Cd extractability and to determine mechanism of Cd mobilization affected by these agents. An arable soil was spiked with inorganic Cd ($CdCl_2$) to give a total Cd concentration of $20mgCdkg^{-1}$. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) were selected and mixed with the arable soil at the rates of 0 and $5mmolkg^{-1}$. The mixture soils were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks in dark condition. Concentration of F1 Cd fractions (water soluble) significantly increased with addition of EDTA but did not changed with addition of CA. Especially; concentration of F5 Cd fractions (residual) significantly increased with addition of CA. Increase in water soluble with EDTA might be attributed to complexation of Cd and EDTA. Dissolved organic carbon concentration significantly increased with EDTA addition, but did not with CA implying that considerable amount of CA was decomposed to inorganic carbon by microorganism. Log activity of carbonate ($CO_3{^{2-}}$) which might be generated from CA increased with addition of CA. Increase in residual Cd fraction might be due to precipitation of Cd as $CdCO_3$. As a result, EDTA was effective in increasing Cd extractability, by contrast CA had significant effect in reducing Cd extractability.

Purpose: 99mTc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) is an important and clinically useful diagnostic imaging study for detecting complications after liver transplantation. CT contrast agents due to their high atomic numbers, lead to a decrease in gamma ray count rates. This study investigated the impact of CT contrast agents on the uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin in the liver. Materials and Methods: The quantitative HBS was performed on sixty-two liver transplantation patients (male:female=36:26), with a mean age of 59.4±6.4 years. Statistical comparison of hepatic uptake reduction ratio (HURR%) before and after the injection of CT contrast agents was performed using a paired t-test. Results: Hepatic uptake of the reduction ratio was 94.47±3.65% for the pre-CT contrast agents and 92.17±4.00% for the post-CT contrast agents. HURR% after CT contrast agent injection showed a statistically significant difference compared to before the injection (t=11.09, P<0.001). Conclusion: It will be necessary to pay attention when examining the HBS of patients with liver transplantation after the injection of CT contrast medium. It is advisable to schedule the examination on a different day to prevent residual contrast medium in the body from interfering with the quantitative evaluation of the nuclear medicine examination.

Purpose: This study examined 1) what the absolute minimal duration of the lengthened Japanese sounds /s/, /ss/, /i/, and /i:/ are that are perceived to be abnormal by native speakers of Japanese; 2) what the relative ratio of a stimulus sound’s original length to its absolute perceptual threshold is; 3) whether differences are observed between short and long fricatives and between short and long vowels; and 4) whether phonemic length contrast affects the perceived abnormality of lengthened speech sounds. Methods: Twelve native speakers of Japanese (2 males, 10 females) listened to the Japanese sounds /s/, /ss/, /i/, and /i:/, each of which was lengthened by 0?400 ms in 20 ms increments. The participants rated whether the sound was normal (0) or abnormal (1). The minimal duration for each lengthened sound to be perceived as abnormal by the participants was calculated by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic curves using Youden’s index. Results: The minimal prolongation duration to be perceived as abnormal was 70 ms for /s/, 130 ms for /ss/, 70 ms for /i/, and 170 ms for /i:/. The percentage increases in duration required to be perceived as abnormal were 106% for /s/, 129% for /ss/, 117% for /i/, and 138% for /i:/. Conclusion: Phonemic length contrast affects the minimal prolongation duration and the percentage increase thresholds at which Japanese listeners perceive speech sounds as abnormally long. The implications of these results were further discussed within a diagnostic context of sound prolongation as one of core behaviors of stuttering.

Background/Aims: With the increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease, angiocardiographyusing contrast-enhancing media has become an essential diagnosticand therapeutic tool, despite the risk of contrast-medium-induced acutekidney injury (CIAKI). CIAKI may be exacerbated by renin-angiotensin-system(RAS) blockers, which are also used in a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Thisstudy evaluated the effects of RAS blockade on CIAKI after coronary angiography. Methods: Patients who underwent coronary angiography in our hospital betweenMay 2009 and July 2011 were reviewed. Serum creatinine levels before and aftercoronary angiography were recorded. CIAKI was diagnosed according to an increasein serum creatinine > 0.5 mg/dL or 25% above baseline. Results: A total of 1,472 subjects were included in this study. Patients takingRAS blockers were older, had a higher baseline creatinine level, lower estimatedglomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and had received a greater volume of contrastmedium. After propensity score matching, no difference was observed betweenthe RAS (+) and RAS (?) groups. Multiple logistic regression identified RAS blockade,age, severe heart failure, contrast volume used, hemoglobin level, and eGFRas predictors of CIAKI. Multiple logistic regression after propensity matchingshowed that RAS blockade was associated with CIAKI (odds ratio, 1.552; p = 0.026). Conclusions: This study showed that the incidence of CIAKI was increased in patientstreated with RAS blockers.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of pretreatment with intravenous nicorandil on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled multicenter study enrolled a total of 166 patients (nicorandil n=81; control n=85) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min. Nicorandil 12 mg dissolved in 100 mL of 0.9% saline was administered intravenously for 30 minutes just prior to coronary angiography in the nicorandil group. The same volume of only saline was given to the control group. The primary endpoint was the incidence of CIN, defined as >0.5 mg/dL increase or >25% rise in serum creatinine (SCr) concentration within 48 hours of contrast exposure compared to baseline. Results: The final analysis included 149 patients (nicorandil n=73; control n=76). The baseline characteristics and the total volume of the used contrast (Iodixanol, 125.6±69.1 mL vs. 126.9±74.6 mL, p=0.916) were similar between the two groups. The incidence of CIN also did not differ between the nicorandil and control groups (6.8% vs. 6.6%, p=0.794). There was no difference between the two groups in the relative change in SCr from baseline to peak level within 48 hours after coronary angiography (-1.58±24.07% vs. 0.96±17.49%, p=0.464), although the nicorandil group showed less absolute change in SCr than the control group (-0.01±0.43 mg/mL vs. 0.02±0.31 mg/mL, p=0.005). Conclusion:Prophylactic intravenous infusion of nicorandil did not decrease the incidence of CIN in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate visual outcome and the changes of contrast sensitivity (CS) after diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK). Methods: Using retrospective chart review, 48 eyes of 25 patients who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with Visx S4 (VISX Inc., Santa Clara, CA) and M2 (Moria, France) and who were followed for at least six months were included. They were divided into two groups: DLK and non-DLK, by diagnosis of DLK or its absence after LASIK. Postoperative logMAR visual acuities and logCS measured using the VCTSⓡ 6500 (Vistech Consultants, Inc., Dayton, OH) were compared with preoperative values in the DLK and non-DLK groups at three and six months after LASIK. Results: There was no difference in logMAR visual acuity between the DLK and non-DLK groups until the sixth postoperative month. However, CS was significantly decreased at 12 and 18 cycle/degree compared with preoperative values (p=0.043 and p=0.045, respectively) in the DLK group, whereas CS was significantly increased at 12 cycle/degree in the non-DLK group (p=0.042) at six months. Conclusions: DLK seemed to be strongly associated with a postoperative decrease of CS.

A 3D model based on the finite element method (FEM) was built to simulate the infrared thermography (IRT) inspection process. Thermal contrast is an important parameter in IRT and was proven to be a function of defect parameters. Parametric studies were conducted on internal defects with different depths, thicknesses, and orientations. Thermal contrast evolution profiles with respect to the time of the defect and host material were obtained through numerical simulation. The thermal contrast decreased with defect depth and slightly increased with defect thickness. Different orientations of thin defects were detected with IRT, but doing so for thick defects was difficult. These thermal contrast variations with the defect depth, thickness, and orientation can help in optimizing the experimental process and interpretation of data from IRT.

The attractive properties of gadolinium-based nanoparticles as a positive contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have piqued the interest of both researchers and clinicians. Nonetheless, due to the biotoxicity of gadolinium (III) ions' free radicals, there is a need to address this issue. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a biocompatible, dispersible, stable, hydrophilic, and less toxic cellulose nanocrystals/gadolinium oxide nanocomposite as contrast agent properties for MRI purposes. This study aimed to synthesize gadolinium oxide nanoparticles coated with cellulose nanocrystals with polyethylene glycol and sodium hydroxide (CNCs-PEG/NaOH)/Gd₂O₃ using the gamma irradiation method to reduce the particle size. The results showed that using a gamma irradiation dose of 10 kGy, quasi-spherical morphology with a size of approximately 5.5 ± 0.65 nm could be produced. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of (CNCs-PEG/NaOH)/Gd₂O₃ nanocomposite synthesized was assessed through MTT assay tests on Hep G2 cells, which demonstrated good cytocompatibility without any cytotoxic effects within a concentration range of (10 ㎍/mL - 150 ㎍/mL) and had sufficient cellular uptake. Moreover, the T₁-weighted MRI of (CNCs-PEG/NaOH)/Gd₂O₃ nanocomposite revealed promising results as a positive contrast agent. It is envisaged that the gamma irradiation method is promising in synthesizing (CNCs-PEG/NaOH)/Gd₂O₃ nanocomposite with nanoscale for different applications, especially in the radiotherapy field.

기존 연구에 의하면 인지적 동기가 높거나 자극물이 구체적이거나 극단적일 때 대조효과가 나타나는 경향이 있다. 그런데 소비자에게 동화효과를 유도하기 위해서는 구체적이거나 극단적인 예시 대신에 추상적 개념이나 평범한 예시를 제시할 수밖에 없는가? 만약 그렇다면 마케팅 커뮤니케이션의 다양성과 흥미는 상당히 위축될 것이다. 소비자에게 주목되는 광고는 생생하고 구체적일 뿐만 아니라 어떤 의미에서는 극단적인 자극물을 사용하는 경우가 많기 때문이다. 특히 요즘과 같이 경쟁 광고가 많은 상황에서는 더욱 그러하다. 본 연구는 대조효과가 완화되는 내용에 주목하여 구체적 예시를 프라이밍해도 대조효과가 나타나지 않는 조건은 없는지 그리고 극단적 예시를 프라이밍해도 대조효과가 나타나지 않는 조건은 없는지에 초점을 맞추고 연구를 진행하였다. 이에 대한 내용으로 소비자의 다의적 이해 정도(polysemous comprehension)의 초점을 맞추었다. 실험은 2번 진행하였다. 실험 1의 설계는 3(프라이밍 유형: 구체적이며 극단적인 예시 vs. 구체적이며 온건한 예시 vs. 추상적인 개념 프라이밍) × 2(다의적 이해 정도: 높음 vs. 낮음)의 혼합 실험설계(mixed subject design)로 구성하였다. 분석결과, 다의적 이해 정도가 낮은 소비자는 극단적인 예시 프라이밍에서 시험점수가 가장 낮았으며, 온건한 예시 및 추상적 개념 프라이밍 조건에서 시험점수가 양호하였다. 온건한 예시와 추상적 개념 조건 간 차이는 없었다. 그러나 다의적 이해 정도가 높은 소비자는 극단적 예시, 온건한 예시, 추상적 개념 프라이밍 간 시험점수 차이는 통계적으로 모두 유의하지 않았다. 다의적 이해 정도가 높은 소비자에 있어서 극단적인 프라이밍에도 불구하고 대조효과가 일어나지 않은 이유는 비교과정이 없었기 때문으로 판단한다. 실험 2는 실험 1에 대한 보완 실험이다. 첫째, 다의적 이해 정도의 차이를 상황에 의해 구분하였다. 특히 상황에 의한 구분에서 다의적 이해 정도가 높은 상황은 먼 미래 관점, 낮은 상황은 가까운 미래 관점으로 구분하였다. 둘째, 프라이밍의 대상을 부정적 대상으로 확대하였다. 셋째, 종속변수를 제품평가와 같은 마케팅 상황에 적용하였다. 분석결과, 실험 1과 유사하게 나타났다. 즉, 다의적 이해 정도가 낮은 상항에서는 극단적 예시에서 대조효과가 발생하였고, 온건한 예시 및 추상적 개념 조건에서 동화효과가 나타났다. 다만 다의적 이해 정도가 높은 상황에서도 극단적으로 부정적인 예시 프라이밍에서는 대조효과가 나타났다. 온건하게 부정적인 예시 프라이밍 및 추상적으로 부정적인 개념 프라이밍에서는 동화효과가 나타났다.

According to prior research, mild exemplar and abstract concept cause assimilation priming effect, but these mild and abstract stimuli are likely to be perceived as uninterestingly so much by consumers. Sometimes extreme advertisements may get spotlight of public attention, even if intensive competition now a days. This research focused on the conditions that are related with not causing contrast even though concrete or extreme exemplar priming. Also, this study suggested the concept of polysemous comprehension that gets role of shielding against contrast effect. Twice experiments complicated. Ex. 1 got the mixed design of 3(priming types: concrete and extreme exemplar vs. concrete and mild exemplar vs. abstract concept prime)×2(capability of polysemous comprehension: high vs. low). Results said consumers who were low in ability of polysemous comprehension got worst test scores in condition of extreme exemplar(Einstein), but hit better scores both in mild exemplar (general professor) and in abstract concept(job of professor). In the other hand, highly polysemous consumers hit all same scores statistically in all conditions, because of not comparison processing. Ex. 2 complicated the results of the prior. First, ability of polysemous comprehension was not measured but manipulated by temporal distance. Specifically, distant future implied highly polysemous, and near future got low polysemous. Second, prime valence was related with not positivity but negativity. Third, dependent variable implied marketing context. In results, Ex. 2 replicated the prior. In low polysemous comprehension, extremity caused contrast, but both mildness and abstractness caused assimilation each. In high polysemous comprehension, extremity also caused contrast, but both mildly negative exemplar and negative concept priming caused assimilation effect.

본 연구의 목적은 전신 PET/CT영상에서 조영제의 영향에 대한 보정 유 무가 SUV (standard uptake value)에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이었다. 영상획득은 GE DSTe PET/CT 시스템을 사용하였으며, 간질환(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)과 신장질환(renal cell carcinoma, RCC)이 있는 환자를 대상으로 하여 영상을 평가하였다. 영상 평가는 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정한 영상과 보정하지 않은 영상에서 각각 동일한 위치에 같은 크기의 관심영역을 설정한 후 각 관심영역으로부터 구한 SUV를 비교함으로써 수행하였다. HCC 환자의 경우 조영제에 의한 영향의 보정 유 무에 따른 평균 SUV의 차이는 $1.5{\pm}1.2%$이었고, 최대 4.3%의 SUV 차이를 나타내었다. RCC 환자의 경우 평균 SUV의 차이는 $1.0{\pm}0.9%$이었고, 최대 1.9%의 SUV 차이를 나타내었다. 조영제를 사용한 PET/CT 영상에서 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정하지 않았을 경우는 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정해준 경우에 비해 상대적으로 높은 SUV를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 결과는 HCC 환자와 RCC 환자의 경우 조영제에 의한 영향을 보정한 경우와 보정하지 않은 경우 SUV에 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나, 향후 보다 많은 수의 HCC 환자와 RCC 환자를 대상으로 한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이라고 생각한다. 또한 다른 질환을 가진 환자의 경우에 대해서도 조영제가 SUV에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것은 매우 유용하리라 생각한다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate SUV (standard uptake value) using different reconstruction methods in whole body PET/CT Imaging. PET/CT studies were peformed with and without correction for effect of contrast media. The patients data were acquired using GE DSTe commercial PET/CT system. The liver disease (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) and renal disease (renal ceil carcinoma, RCC) patients were selected for this study, The PET/CT data were reconstructed using post CT scan with and without correction for effect of contrast media. We selected ROIs (region of Interest) at the same location and same area for the same patient to compare SUVs in these two methods. For HCC and RCC, the average differences of SUVs were measured as $1.5{\pm}1.2%\;and\;1.0{\pm}0.9%$, respectively. For HCC and RCC, the maximum differences of SUVs were measured as 4.3% and 1.9%, respectively. We observed that SUVs without correction for effect of contrast media were higher than SUVs with correction for effect of contrast media. However the differences of SUVs were very minimal. These results may be limited to HCC and RCC and further studies will be Heeded for other organs or diseases to see any changes in SUV with and without correction for effect of contrast media.

본 연구는 스펙트럼 전산화단층영상을 기반으로 가상의 비조영 영상 기법의 유효성을 평가하고, 요오드 조영제 농도 변화가 영상의 하운스필드 값에 미치는 실험적 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 조영제의 성분과 농도가 서로 다른 5종의 조영제를 종이컵, 플라스틱 컵, 유리병에 각각 담아 전산화단층촬영 장치로 스캔하고, 가상의 비조영 영상 기법을 통해 요오드 소거 전후의 하운스필드 값 및 표준편차를 정량 비교하였다. 추가로 돼지고기 조직에 조영제를 주입하여 인체 유사 환경에서의 소거 성능을 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 모든 조영제는 가상의 비조영 영상 기법 적용 후 하운스필드 값이 현저히 감소하였으며, 용기 재질에 따라 동일 조영제의 가상의 비조영 영상 하운스필드 값에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 돼지고기 삽입 실험에서도 조영제 농도별 차이를 반영한 소거 경향이 확인되었다. 또한 가상의 비조영 영상의 표준편차 값은 상대적으로 불안정하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 기존 연구들이 제한된 조건에서 수행되었던 것과 달리, 본 연구는 다양한 농도와 물리적 환경을 포함한 실험 설계를 통해 가상의 비조영 기법의 적용 가능성과 한계를 보다 포괄적으로 검토하였다. 본 연구는 가상의 비조영 영상 기법의 임상 적용 가능성 확대 및 방사선 피폭 감소 전략 수립에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The objective of this study was to assess the validity of a hypothetical non-contrast imaging technique based on spectral computed tomography images and to examine the experimental effect of variations in iodinated contrast media concentration on the hounsfield values of the images. Five distinct contrast media, each with a unique composition and concentration, were meticulously prepared in paper cups, plastic cups, and glass bottles. These agents were then scanned using the IQon Spectral CT, and the hounsfield unit (HU) and standard deviation (SD) values were quantitatively compared before and after the removal of iodine using the VNC technique. Furthermore, contrast media were injected into pork tissues to evaluate their ablation performance in a human-like environment. The results demonstrated that all contrast media exhibited a substantial decrease in HU values following the VNC technique. Additionally, a significant variation in the VNC image HU values of the same contrast media was observed, contingent on the material composition of the container. The erasure tendency, which is indicative of the difference in contrast concentration, was also confirmed in the pork insertion experiment. Furthermore, the SD value of VNC images exhibited a tendency to increase in a relatively unstable manner. In contrast to earlier studies, which were conducted under constrained conditions, the present study offers a more exhaustive evaluation of the VNC technique's applicability and limitations. This evaluation is facilitated by an experimental design encompassing diverse concentrations and physical environments. This study can be utilized as a basis for expanding the clinical applicability of the VNC method and establishing radiation exposure reduction strategies.