Earticle

Process control and autonomous safety control by applying PSM(Process Safety Management) method using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to development of PSIM(Process Safety Information Management) evaluation method in the construction. The reason why PSIM method should be quantitative and substantial progress is because it contributes Korean constructing companies to enhancing their safety control ability and to taking an equal stance just like developed countries, thereby strengthening their competitive edges.

It is difficult to put it into practice in that it requires bearing too much burden to draw out the planning itself in a case of large construction work. Consequently in this paper we select evaluation criteria by construction progress, classify into several categories, and regard potential danger which often occurs, as a evaluation criterion. Further step is to allow workers or collaborated companies to express their expert opinions or experiences and to encourage quality and process control and autonomous safety control by applying PSM(Process Safety Management) method using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to development of PSIM(Process Safety Information Management) evaluation method in the construction. The reason why PSIM method should be quantitative and substantial progress is because it contributes Korean constructing companies to enhancing their safety control ability and to taking an equal stance just like developed countries, thereby strengthening their competitive edges.

Critical infrastructure is the basis for normal operation and healthy development of the city. With the correlation and dependence between critical infrastructures increasingly strengthened, critical infrastructure disasters often bring huge economic losses and serious social impact, and improving emergency response capacity of critical infrastructure has become an important prerequisite for protecting normal operation of the city. With the critical infrastructure as the object of research, based on the correlation feature of critical infrastructure, this paper analyzes the characteristics of scenario construction of critical infrastructure from malleability, influence objects and duration, and presents the method of scenario construction of critical infrastructure, then puts forward an idea of emergency capacity evaluation from three dimensions of accuracy, sufficiency and timeliness. At last, this paper applies the common method to gas multi-gate station incident scenario, which verifies the feasibility of this method.

본 연구는 현대 전각 전람 심사의 평가 기준이 심사자의 경험적 판단에 크게 의존하고 있으며 평가 항목의 위계와 적용 기준 또한 체계화되어 있지 않다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2000년 이후 전시에 출품되거나 대회에서 수상한 전각 작품을 연구 대상으로 삼아 전각의 전통적 평가 관념과 동시대 전람 심사의 실제 요구를 모두 검토한 후에 델파이 기법과 계층분석법을 결합하여 ‘목표층-준칙층-지표층’의 3단계 평가 체계를 구축하였다. 이 과정에서 전문가 자문을 통해 초기 지표를 선별, 수정, 보완하였으며 이를 바탕으로 평가 체계의 일관성과 준칙층의 상대적 중요성을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구의 평가 체계는 현대 전각 작품 평가의 주요 차원을 두루 포괄하고 있다는 사실이 확인되었다. 또한 이 체계 하에서는 기법 표현과 문화 가치가 핵심 평가 차원을 이루고 예술 내포가 그 뒤를 잇는 데에 반하여 실용 차원과 부가 차원은 보조적 위치에 놓이는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 현대 전각 전람 평가가 기법의 규범성과 문화적 계승성을 중심축으로 삼고 있으면서도 작품의 예술적 표현, 개성적 전개, 창의적 요소를 함께 고려하고 있음을 보여 준다. 본 연구는 전각 전람 심사와 교육 평가에 활용할 수 있는 구조화된 틀을 제시함으로써 전통예술 평가 연구의 방법론적 체계화에 일조했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study addresses a persistent issue in evaluating contemporary seal-carving exhibitions: assessment standards still rely heavily on expert experience, while evaluation dimensions and criteria remain insufficiently systematized. Focusing on seal-carving works exhibited and awarded since 2000, it reviews traditional evaluative concepts and the practical demands of contemporary exhibition judging, and constructs a three-level framework of target, criterion, and indicator layers through the Delphi method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Preliminary indicators were screened and refined through expert consultation, while the relative importance of the criterion-layer dimensions and the consistency of the framework were examined. The findings show that the proposed system provides a comprehensive framework in which technical performance and cultural value constitute the core evaluative dimensions, artistic connotation occupies a secondary position, and practical and additional dimensions play a supportive role. Overall, contemporary seal-carving exhibition evaluation continues to prioritize technical norms and cultural inheritance while also considering artistic expression, individual style, and innovation, thereby offering a structured reference for exhibition judging and pedagogical assessment in seal carving as well as a methodological model for the hierarchical and systematic study of evaluation in traditional arts.

Ecological civilization evaluation is an important part of the sustainable development strategy. However, because of subjective and objective reasons, it is becoming increasing clear that much data or information is of poor quality, which has serious effects on the research results. With the analysis on the cause and process of the low quality data, this article presents a fuzzy evaluation method based on gray interval number, which would assess the ecological civilization performance. The application of data-gray-correction model could change the original statistics into gray interval number to reduce the influence of statistical error. A modified FAHP is used to capture and convert experts’ subjective judgment. A modified TOPSIS on three parameters interval-valued sets is applied to rank the objects. The research show that: corrected gray interval number could contain much more information than original crisp data; compared to traditional assessment algorithms, results by fuzzy evaluation method based on interval number would match more reality.

The construction safety management evaluation problem owns many evaluation indexes. Owing to the complexity and uncertainty of evaluation index and the ambiguity of human thinking, the crisp number cannot work well in construction safety management evaluation problem. Interval number can well depict the uncertain and fuzzy information. Thus, for the construction safety management evaluation problem, we construct a multi-attribute group decision making model and use the relative method to solve. Relative ratio method is a practical and useful technique in dealing with multi-attribute decision making problems. Combined with traditional relative ratio method and interval number theory, the article proposes a multi-attribute group decision making model under the condition of uncertain information in the construction safety performance evaluation problem. Firstly, interval number evaluation matrix is applied to describe the uncertain decision information by experts. Secondly, normalization formulas are adopted to construct the normalized interval number decision matrix. Besides, Euclidian distance function is further used in the original relative ratio technique. Finally, an application example shows that the proposed model is reasonable and efficient, and can easily extend to similar decision problems.

격틀이란 동사에 대해 필요한 격들과 그 격에 알맞은 단어집합으로 이루어져 있는 것으로 명사와 동사의 의미적 호응을 표현한다. 격틀은 자연언어처리분야에서 주요한 정보로 사용할 수 있다. 의미구분이라든지 번역에서 한국어 생성, 정보검색에서 중요정보 추출 등 잘 구성한 질 높은 격틀은 여러 연구의 질을 높여줄 수 있다. 따라서, 질 좋은 격틀을 구성하기 위한 여러 노력들이 현재 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기계 가독형 사전과 말모듬을 이용해서 자동으로 격틀을 구성한다. 자동구성 방법으로 먼저 기계가독형 사전을 이용해서 상위개념 정보를 가지는 분류정보를 구성한다. 말모듬과 사전의 예문들을 형태소 분석한 후에 각각의 예문들을 분류정보를 이용하여 최상위 개념으로 바꾼다. 그리고, 말모듬과 사전의 예문에서 나온 정보들을 통합하므로 해서 자동으로 격틀을 구성한다. 자동으로 격틀을 구성한 후에 수동으로 구성한 격틀과 비교해 본다. 비교하기 위한 평가방법에 대해서 논의한다.

시공능력평가제도는 국토교통부 장관이 매년 7월말 건설업체의 시공실적, 경영상태, 기술능력 및 신인도를 기초로 시공능력을 평가하고 공시하는 제도로서 시공능력평가액이라는 지표를산출하여 보고하고 있다. 시공능력평가액은 각종 공사계약시 공사를 담당하는 기업의 정보를 제공하는 중요한 수단으로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 개정된 평가방법에 의한 시공능력평가액이기존 평가방법에 따른 시공능력평가액과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는지를 검증하고 추가로시공능력평가액이 기업가치와 관련이 있다는 권해숙‧오원정(2016)의 연구를 근거해 시공능력평가액의 기업가치관련성이 증가했는지를 검증하고자 한다. 실증분석결과, 시공능력평가제도 개정 전․후의 시공능력평가액 간에 차이가 존재한다는 결과가 나타났고, 시공능력평가제도 개정 이후 시공능력평가액의 기업가치관련성이 증가한 것으로나타났다. 또한 시공능력평가액을 구성하는 공사실적평가액, 경영평가액, 기술능력평가액, 신인도평가액도 시공능력평가제도 개정 이후 기업가치와의 관련성이 더욱 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 개정된 시공능력평가제도가 기존의 시공능력평가제도보다 기업가치와관련된 정보를 제공할 수 있다는 것을 의미하는 결과로 해석된다.

Construction ability evaluation method is a system in which the Minister of land and transportevaluates and publishes the construction ability of the construction companies at the end of Julyevery year, and reports the indicators, "estimated value of construction ability evaluation." Estimatedvalue of construction ability evaluation is used as an important means of providing information ofthe company in charge of construction when contracting various constructions. This study verifieswhether the estimated value of construction ability evaluation under the revised evaluation methoddiffers statistically significantly from the estimated value of construction ability evaluation under theexisting evaluation method. In addition, based on the study by Kwon Hai-sook, Oh Wonjung(2016), that the estimated value of construction ability evaluation has value relevance, it isrequired to verify that the value relevance to the estimated value of construction ability evaluationhas increased. The empirical analysis results showed that differences exist between the estimated values ofconstruction ability evaluation before and after the revision of the construction capability evaluationmethod, and the relevance of the estimated value of construction ability evaluation increased afterthe revision of the construction capability evaluation method. In addition, it was found that theestimated value of construction performance evaluation, management evaluation, technology abilityevaluation, and new technology evaluation that constitute the estimated values of construction abilityevaluation after the revision of the construction ability evaluation method also became more relevantto the value of the company. The analysis results are interpreted as a result of the revisedconstruction ability assessment method, which means that it can provide information related to theentity's value rather than the existing construction ability evaluation method.

As domestic buildings have been large-scaled, diversified and high-rise, there have been a consistent demand for design, development of construction technology and accident prevention activity as well as quality enhancement. In spite of governmental and related institutions' efforts for reducing national losses which come from numerous accidents, there have been endless small and large accidents on the construction site and thus, it is urgent to conduct empirical researches in this area. Currently safety supervision system in construction industry has enforced harm and danger prevention planning system, however it merely stick to other existing materials. In addition, it is difficult to put it into practice in that it requires bearing too much burden to draw out the planning itself in a case of large construction work. Consequently in this paper we select evaluation criteria by construction progress, classify into several categories, and regard potential danger which often occurs, as a evaluation criterion. Further step is to allow workers or collaborated companies to express their expert opinions or experiences and to encourage quality and process control and autonomous safety control by applying PSM(Process Safety Management) method using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to development of PSM evaluation method in the construction. The reason why PSM method should be quantitative and substantial progress is because it contributes Korean constructing companies to enhancing their safety control ability and to taking an equal stance just like developed countries, thereby strengthening their competitive edges. Boost of safety control system by PSM method could make an enormous contribution to preventing construction accidents on the site by establishing and securing an autonomous safety control system.

오늘날 의료기기는 내장된 소프트웨어에 의해 제어되는 전자 의료기기의 형태로 급격하게 발전하고 있다. 따라서 전자 의료기기의 품질은 내장된 의료용 소프트웨어의 품질에 의해 크게 좌우될 수 밖에 없다. 특히, 의료기기가 인간의 생명과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다는 점을 고려할 때, 프로그램 가능한 전자 의료기기의 품질 측면에서도 신뢰성 측면을 특히 고려한 평가 방법이 연구되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 소프트웨어 제품평가에 관련된 국제표준인 ISO/IEC 9126과 ISO/IEC 12119를 기반으로 하여 국내의 프로그램 가능한 전자 의료기기의 특성을 고려하여 신뢰성에 대한 평가를 위한 방법을 구축하고자 한다.

건설 프로젝트의 VE는 크게 설계단계 VE와 시공단계 VE로 분류된다. 설계단계 VE는 정부의 법률에 의해 100억 원 이상의 공공 건설공사에 적용해야만 한다. 따라서 설계VE는 건설 프로젝트에 적극적으로 적용되고 있다. 이와는 대조적으로, 시공 VE는 제한된 특정 건설 프로젝트에 적용되고 있다. 그 이유는 시공 VE 프로세스가 실무적 요구 품질을 반영 할 수 없기 때문이다. 시공 VE는 시공 가능성에 대한 타당성 검증을 통해 긍정적인 효과를 구현할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 실무를 반영한 시공 VE의 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 제안 방법은 직관지수(G.F.I.)를 활용한 전문가 기반의 대안평가 방법이며, 제안 방법의 적용성을 검증하기 위해 실무사례에 적용하였다. 그 결과 제안된 대안평가 방법은 기존의 방법보다 적용 절차, 적용 방법 측면에서 효율성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

Value engineering (VE) of the construction project is classified into design phase value engineering and construction phase value engineering. Design phase value engineering must apply to over 10 billion public construction projects by government law. Therefore, the design value engineering apply to actively in construction projects. In contrast, the construction value engineering apply to a limited certain construction project. The reason is that construction value engineering process can not reflect practical demands quality. The construction value engineering can implement to positive impact through the feasibility verification for constructability. In this research, we propose a method of construction value engineering that reflect the practical demands. This method is experts alternative evaluation of using by GFI-based. And, this study was applied to the practical cases to verify the applicability of the proposed method. As a result, proposed alternative evaluation method were analyzed highly efficient in terms of applying the process as well as the method compare to the conventional method.

In the present study the influence of vibration generated during pile construction , presents a method for quantitative assessment of the effect on the structure of the construction site and its surroundings. Method for evaluating the vibration effect before construction instead of the actual measurement with the methodology proposed by the vibration Simulation through the FEM analysis detail . To obtain specific soil stiffness passing through a numerical analysis of the vibration changes to vary the position of the generating source and the load , were a number of analytical review . By quantifying the relationship between the scope of the impact on the natural frequency of the vibration acceleration of the ground and the ground , vibration, acceleration and load of structures adjacent to source, evaluate the impact of the construction was to be given if the vibration of the ground conditions of the construction site

본 연구는 공사 진행 시 예상되는 리스크에 대하여 해당 공종에 적용 가능한 공법들이 리스크에 대응할 수 있는 정도를 정량화하는 방법을 제안하고, 사례 현장에서의 적용 가능성을 검토한 실험적 연구이다. 본 연구에서는 강제결정법을 이용하여 공사 진행 시 예상되는 리스크들의 우선순위를 평가하는 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 이진가중치분석법을 이용하여 평가된 우선순위를 가중치화 하는 방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 리스크 대응도 평가 방법의 실무 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여, 지하 공사 시 흙막이 공법 선정 사례에 적용하였다. 지하 공사 시 예상되는 리스크를 경제, 구조, 부지, 설계, 시공, 지반, 환경으로 구성하고 강제결정법을 사용하여 우선순위를 평가하였고, 평가된 우선순위를 이진가중치분석법의 가중치로 사용하였으며, 적용 가능한 흙막이 공법들에 대하여 리스크 대응도를 평가하였다. 사례 현장의 적용 가능한 흙막이 공법별 리스크 대응도는 Soil Cement Wall 0.740, H-pile+토류판 0.858, Diaphragm Wall 0.906, Cast In Place Pile 0.937로 평가되어, 본 사례 현장에는 리스크 대응도 측면에서 Cast In Place Pile이 가장 적합한 것으로 평가되었다.

This study is an experimental study that proposes a method to quantify the extent to which construction methods applicable to a given type of work can respond to risks expected during construction and examines the applicability in case sites. In this study, we propose a method to evaluate the priorities of risks expected during construction using the forced decision method. In addition, we propose a method to weight the priorities being assessed using the binary weight analysis method. To examine the practical applicability of the risk response assessment method proposed in this study, it was applied to a case of selecting a soil retaining method for underground construction. The expected risks during underground construction were organized into economic, structural, site, design, construction, ground, and environmental risks, and the priorities were evaluated using the forced decision method. The evaluated priorities were used as weights in the binary weighted analysis method, and the risk response was assessed for applicable earth retaining methods. In the case of the case site, the Soil Cement Wall was evaluated as 0.740, Soldier Pile and Lagging as 0.858, Diaphragm Wall as 0.906, and Cast In Place Pile as 0.937, so it was assessed that the Cast In Place Pile was the most suitable for this case site in terms of risk response.

최근 디지털계측제어시스템은 사이버위협에 매우 취약하여 사이버공격에 의해 발전소 안전에 부정적인 영향을 받을 수 있는 실정이다. 따라서 디지털계측제어시스템에 대해 주기적인 사이버보안 위험 평가가 필요하다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 테스트베드 구축을 통해 특정 시점에서의 사이버 위협의 침해 가능성 분석, 또는 자체적으로 사이버보안성을 평가할 수 있는 방법에 대해 제안한다. 동 연구에서 제안하는 사이버보안 위험 평가는 자산분석, 테스트베드 구축, 취약점 분석, 위협평가, 위험도분석 및 평가 총 5단계로 구성되며 각 단계의 사이버보안 활동 수행을 통해 디지털계측제어계통의 사이버보안수준이 향상될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 동계올림픽의 대표적인 종목인 봅슬레이 경기장 건설을 위한 봅슬레이 트랙 실물크기 모형제작 방법 및 내구성 평가이다. 봅슬레이 경기는 속도감이 엄청나고 그 위험성 또한 대단히 높아 선수의 안전을 위한 안전설계와 고성능 숏크리트를 이용한 정밀 시공이 필수적이다. 또한 봅슬레이 트랙은 다양한 커브와 경사로 이루어져 있어 일반 거푸집 시공이 어렵고, 고강도 고내구성 재료를 통한 시공이 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 개발 된 봅슬레이 트랙 실물크기 모형제작 방법 및 내구성 평가는 2018 평창 동계 올림픽 슬라이딩 센터 및 봅슬레이 트랙 건설을 국내기술력으로 시공하기 위함 이다.

This study examined the durability and method for making a mockup of bobsled tracks for constructing a bobsled stadium, which is a sport in the Winter Olympics. As bobsleigh games are very fast and dangerous, a safety design for players and a precise construction using highly efficient shotcrete is necessary. Moreover, a general molding construction is difficult because bobsleigh tracks are composed of various curves and slopes, and it is necessary to construct them using high-strength and high durability materials. The developed method for making a mockup and performing durability evaluation of bobsleigh tracks through this research will be applied in the construction of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Sliding centre and bobsleigh tracks using domestic techniques.

실제 암반에는 단층, 절리, 층리, 균열, 단열, 편리, 벽개 등의 불연속면이 많이 포함되어 있다. 따라서, 불연속면이 암반구조물의 거동을 좌우하고 있다. 암반구조의 복잡성으로 인해 사전에 예측 할 수 없었던 암반의 붕락이 발생하여, 붕락대책에 막대한 비용과 시간을 낭비하는 사례가 많다. 암반 불연속면의 복잡성을 사전 조사단계에서 충분히 파악하거나 대책을 수립하는 것은 어렵다. 최근 터널의 정보화 설계시공이 중요시되어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 불연속성 암반에서의 터널의 신 정보화 설계시공법을 제안하고, 현지에서 관찰한 불연속면 정보를 근거로 하여 실제 터널현장에 적용했다. 실제 터널현장에 있어서, 터널의 신 정보화 설계시공법을 위해서 새롭게 개발한 수치해석 프로그램을 사용하여 정확한 키블럭 추출이 가능하였다. 사용하기 쉬운 사용자 인터페이스를 가지고 있는 본 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 기법은 암반블럭의 안정성 계산뿐만 아니라 추가 보강대책공의 설계도 가능하다. 터널 굴착중에 키블럭을 확인하므로써, 제안한 신 정보화 설계시공법의 유효성에 대한 검증을 하였다.

Rock masses in nature include various rock discontinuities such as faults, joints, bedding planes, fractures, cracks, schistosities, and cleavages. The behavior of rock structures, therefore, is mainly controlled by various rock discontinuities. In many tunnels, enormous cost and time are consumed to cope with the failing or sliding of rock blocks, which cannot be predicted because of the complexity of rock discontinuities. It is difficult to estimate the properties of rock masses before the rock excavation. The observational design and construction method of tunnels in rock masses is becoming important recently. In this paper, a new observational design and construction method for rock block evaluation of tunnels in discontinuous rock masses is proposed, and then applied to the tunnel based on actual rock discontinuity information observed in the field. It is possible to detect key blocks all along the tunnel exactly by using the numerical analysis program developed far the new observational design and construction method. This computer simulation method with user-friendly interfaces can calculate not only the stability of rock blocks but also the design of supplementary supports. The effectiveness of the proposed observational design and construction method has been verified by the confirmation of key block during the enlargement excavation.

지난 수년간 정보화수준 및 투자효과분석을 위한 많은 연구가 진행되고, 실제 평가가 수행되었음에도 불구하고 여전히 정보화 수준을 객관적으로 평가하기 위한 평가모델이 요구되고있다. 특히 조직이나 사업의 정보화 목표에 맞게 정보화를 진단할 수 있는 평가방법론이 필요하다. 기존의 기업 정보화수준 평가모델의 경우 업종별로 다른 평가 모델을 적용하지만, 이 경우에도 업종 외에 해당 조직의 정보화 목표 및 범위에 대한 요소를 중요하게 고려하지 않았다. 정보화 평가모델은 크게 조직 중심의 전반적인 정보화 수준을 평가하는 모델과 투자한 사업에 대한 투자 효과를 분석하기 위한 모델로 나눌 수 있다. 두 개의 모델은 조직 또는 사업의 정보화 목표에 맞게 정보화가 진행되었는지를 평가하며, 평가한 결과를 피평가 조직에 피드백하여 차기 정보화 사업 추진에 활용하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 국방 분야의 여러 가지 특성을 고려한 정보화 평가모델의 구축 방법론을 제안하고, 평가의 유형 중에서 정보화 수준 평가 모델의 적용 방안에 대하여 논의하였다.

최근의 국제사회는 경제성장에 따른 기상이변을 방지하고자 이산화탄소, 온실가스 등의 환경 오염물질 배출 저감을 요구하고 있다. 이러한 요구사항에 따라 에너지 다소비 산업 가운데 도로건설에 대한 효율적인 환경오염물질 배출 저감 방안이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 전과정 영향평가의 절차에 적합한 도로건설공사 환경영향평가 프로세스를 제시하고, 이를 바탕으로 다수의 도로건설공사에 대하여 주요 건설자재의 환경부하량을 분석한 후, 1km 도로건설공사에서 발생하는 평균 환경부하량을 제시하고 있다. 주요자재수량에 대해서는 환경부하량에 대한 민감도 분석을 실시하였으며, 이러한 분석결과는 도로건설공사의 공법 및 자재별 수량 변화에 따른 전과정 환경영향평가에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The global community demands the reduction of environmental pollution such as greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions. According to these requirements, the road construction project in the highest energy consuming industry is required the efficient way of reducing environmental pollution emissions. In this study, during the whole life cycle process, an environment impact assessment was performed for the several road construction projects in order to evaluate environmental stress through the road construction process. This study provides a proper process of environment impact assessment for life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of road construction project, and figures the environmental stress regarding to the major construction materials for the case projects. In addition, this study conducted a sensitivity analysis for the key materials of environmental stress through the quantity analysis of major materials for the 1km section of a road construction. By this sensitivity analysis of total environmental stress change from the different volumes of constructing materials, it would be useful information for the environment impact assessment for the future road construction project.

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the level of radon in the air at a highway tunnel construction site in a gneiss area using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) and to evaluate exposure levels by occupation. Methods: Radon concentrations in the air were measured using E-PERM at points 300 m, 600 m, and 900 m from the tunnel entrance during the excavation and waterproofing work inside the tunnel. In addition, radon concentrations were measured during external excavation to compare with the inside of the tunnel. Personal exposure levels for major occupations including tunnel workers, construction equipment operators, waterproofers, shotcrete workers, and safety and health managers who participated in the construction were estimated using radon concentration measured in the work process area and working hours by occupation. Results: As a result of a total of 77 radon measurements, the geometric mean (GM) concentration was 71.1 Bq/m³, and the maximum concentration was 127.3 Bq/m³, which was below the indoor air quality criteria. Radon concentration by process decreased in the order of the tunnel excavation process (GM= Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), waterproofing process (GM=73.35 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), and outside excavating process (GM=45.28 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2). Processes inside the tunnel were significantly higher than outside excavating processes (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in radon concentration measured inside by distance from the tunnel entrance, but the innermost point of the tunnel, 900 m (GM=79.24 Bq/m³, GSD=1.27), measured the highest. Conclusions: The occupation with the highest individual exposure to radon was tunnel worker (64.16 Bq/m³), followed by construction equipment driver (64.04 Bq/m³) and waterproofer (63.13 Bq/m³).

When a cable-stayed bridge is under construction, the cable tension that changes according to the construction phase is the index indicating the proper construction management. In this study, the vibration method using the least-square estimation has been implemented to monitor changing tensions of two multi-strand cables of a cable-stayed bridge under construction. The test bridge is Hwamyung Bridge in Korea with a prestressed concrete box girder. The field tests are executed during the second tensioning stage just after the installation of the key segment. The tensions of two cables are measured before and after the tensioning and 5 days later (i.e., after finishing the tensioning of all cables). The accuracy of the estimated tensions by the vibration method has been improved by employing proper effective lengths of the cables. The measured tensions are compared with the result of the lift-off tests and design tensions. The vibration method shows very good performance in monitoring the changing tensions according to the construction phase with minimal error.