Earticle

Understanding the sophisticated imprinting pattern is the first challenge for deciphering the molecular mechanism of an imprinted gene. However, the determination of imprinted genes, and their methylation status in pigs, remains inefficient at present. Herein, for the first time, we have made an attempt to illustrate the complex imprinting pattern of porcine GNAS complex locus by an efficient strategy using RNA-seq analysis of parthenogenetic fetuses containing no paternal allele, but two maternal alleles. RNA-seq results showed that Nespas, Gnasxl, and Exon 1A genes expressed at extremely lower levels (p<0.05) in parthenogenetic fetuses compared to the normally fertilized fetuses, suggest these three genes are paternally-expressed. Whereas, the expression levels of Gnas were similar in both groups, suggesting biallelic expression of Gnas. The parental-specific expression of these genes was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that the maternally derived Nespas promoter was methylated, but the paternal chromosome was not methylated. Our finding provided full-scale imprinting information on porcine GNAS locus for the first time. Furthermore, our study is useful for identify novel imprinted genes, confirm the previously known imprinted genes, and determine imprinting pattern efficiently.

최근 인간 삶의 질이 향상되면서 아파트 단지 내 실외 풍환경이 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 쾌적한 삶의 공간 확보를 위해서는 계획 단계에서부터 아파트 주동 형상 또는 배치에 따른 주변의 풍 환경을 철저히 예측하고 미리 대책을 세워야한다. 이렇게 중요함에도 불구하고 현재까지 우리나라는 풍환경에 관한 종합적인 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 아파트 주거동의 형태적· 배치적 특성을 수치유체역학(CFD : Computational Fluid Dynamic)을 이용하여 예측하고 아파트 설계단계에서 필요로 하는 풍환경에 대한 종합적인 정보를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 여기서 제공하는 정보는 풍속분포 특성 및 무풍영역, Murakami 풍속비 그리고 주동의 압력분포에 한한다.

As the quality of life for humans has improved over recent years, the indoor and outdoor wind environments for apartment complexes has been receiving considerable attention. The wind environment in accordance with apartment types or layouts must be thoroughly predicted and corresponding measures set up, even from the planning phase, in order to secure an optimal space for living. Despite such importance of the issue, Korea still lacks comprehensive research on wind environments. Therefore, this study has predicted the wind characteristics according to apartment types and layouts using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive information on wind environments necessary during the apartment planning phase. The information provided is limited to wind speed distribution and windless zone, the Murakami wind speed ratio, and pressure distribution of apartment-types.

This study is made to analyze the effective factors that have relation to the usage pattern of outdoor space in apartment complex. As the result of this research, it is found out that the resident's surveillance and territoriality should be taken into account to make the residents use the outdoor space more frequently. Besides the usage rate is high when the facilities are mixed with the primary uses. The outdoor facilities are classified into 11 categories: Rest, Athletics, Plaza, Playground for the young, Gates, Porch, Pilotis and so on. Road, Gates, Pedestrian way, Sub-Gates, Porch and Mixed primary uses are selected as effective factors. The survey, interview, photo shoots and obtaining data are made on 9 co-housings for this research. After that, correlation analysis is made between the amount of occupancy in outdoor space that are built since 2005 in Daejeon and the effective factors. It is figured out that roads are most important factor among others for the acctivation of outdoor space in apartment complex. This research aims for helping site designer to plan the outdoor space with activity and quality.

현대 인프라 네트워크는 원래 독립적이었던 전력, 교통, 통신 및 에너지 네트워크 등이 점차 서로 얽히면서 복잡한 시스템 이 형성된다. 그러나 이 네트워크들의 통합 과정은 대부분 경험과 지리적 환경에 의존하며, 체계적이고 정량적인 이론적 지원 이 부족하다. 본 연구는 전력-천연가스 핵심 도시 인프라를 대상으로 "상호 의존 특성 지표" 알고리즘을 활용하여 각각 랜덤, 동질 및 이질 상호 의존 네트워크 모델을 구축하였다. 이 세 가지 상호 의존 패턴의 성능과 견고성을 비교하기 위해 네 가지 네트워크 공격 전략과 세 가지 견고성 평가 지표를 포함하는 평가 체계를 설계하였다. 실험 결과, "상호 의존 특성 지표" 알고 리즘을 기반으로 구축된 동질 상호 의존 패턴은 랜덤 및 이질 상호 의존 패턴과 비교했을 때, 각종 네트워크 공격에 대응하는 데 있어 뛰어난 견고성과 성능을 보여주었다. 종합적인 평가 척도를 통해 최적의 상호 의존 패턴에 가장 근접한 것으로 확인 되었다.

Modern infrastructure networks are complex systems formed as power, transportation, communication, energy networks, which were originally independent, gradually intertwine with each other. However, the integration process of these networks mostly relies on experience and geographical environment, and there is a lack of systematic and quantitative theoretical support. This study focuses on the power-natural gas, which is the core urban infrastructure. By applying the "Interdependent Characteristic Index" algorithm, it constructs the random, homogeneous, and heterogeneous interdependent network models respectively. To compare the performance and robustness of these three interdependent patterns, an evaluation system that includes four network attack strategies and three robustness evaluation indicators is designed. The experimental results show that, when compared with the random and heterogeneous interdependent patterns, the homogeneous interdependent pattern constructed based on the "Interdependent Characteristic Index" algorithm demonstrates excellent robustness and performance in dealing with various network attacks. Through a comprehensive evaluation metric, it is confirmed that this pattern is the closest to the optimal interdependent pattern.

Study of different patterns on a local neighborhood of a texture plays an important role in characterization, and classification of the textures. The present paper proposes a method for measuring the occurrence factor of patterns on a randomly thresholded binary image. For this process eight simple patterns are chosen on a 3×3 neighborhood. The simple patterns are chosen in such a way that any complex pattern can be formed by grouping one or more of these simple patterns. The pattern occurrence factor of different binary images is also compared with the actual binary texture image. The experimental results on sixty four textures indicate good comparison of variation of occurrence in these patterns on different binary images of random threshold

본 논문에서는 질병관리청이 제공하는 퇴원 손상 심층 조사 원자료를 이용하여 환자 발생 패턴을 추출하는 방법 을 제안하고, 이를 기반으로 실험 분석 결과를 제시한다. 제안된 방법은 특정 기간을 중심으로 환자 발생 횟수를 가중치 기반으로 추정하여 발생 패턴을 처리하는 것으로 시작한다. 이후, 시간 시계열 데이터를 빠른 푸리에 변환(Fast Fourier Transform, FFT)을 통해 빈도 성분으로 변환하여 복잡한 시계열 데이터를 명확한 패턴으로 변환한다. 이렇게 변환된 빈도 성분 데이터는 -최근접 이웃(K-Nearest Neighbors, KNN) 알고리즘을 적용하여 여러 발생 패턴으로 분류한다. 본 연구에서는 총 네 가지 주요 패턴으로 분류하였으며, 각 패턴의 특성과 실험 결과를 시각화하여 상세히 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 환자 발생 패턴을 분석하고 이해하는 데 유용한 정보를 제공하며, 관련 데이터 활용 가능성을 높이는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This paper proposes a method for extracting patient incidence patterns using raw data from in-depth discharge injury investigations provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and presents the results of experimental analysis based on this method. The proposed approach begins by estimating the frequency of patient incidences using a weight-based method centered around specific periods, thereby processing occurrence patterns. Subsequently, time-series data are transformed into frequency components using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), enabling the conversion of complex time-series data into distinct patterns. The transformed frequency component data are then classified into multiple incidence patterns using the k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm. In this study, a total of four major patterns were identified, and the characteristics of each pattern, along with experimental results, are presented in detail through visualization. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for analyzing and understanding patient incidence patterns and contribute to enhancing the utility of related datasets.

Antimutagens, including diverse compounds of botanical origin, offer some promise of reducing the risk posed by exposure to mutagens. Caution is warranted, however, as there may sometimes be a delicate balance between antimutagenic effects and potentiating effects of the same compounds. We studied effects of the antimutagens spermidine (SPD) and cysteamine (CSM) on the genetic activity of the radiomimetic cancer chemotherapy drug bleomycin (BLM).(omitted)

A spectrally arbitrary complex sign pattern A is a complex sign pattern of order n such that for every monic nth degree polynomial f(x) with coefficients from $\mathbb{C}$, there is a matrix in the qualitative class of A having the characteristic polynomial f(x). In this paper, we show a necessary condition for a spectrally arbitrary complex sign pattern and introduce a minimal spectrally arbitrary complex sign pattern $A_n$ all of whose superpatterns are also spectrally arbitrary for $n\;{\geq}\;2$. Furthermore, we study the minimum number of nonzero parts in a spectrally arbitrary complex sign pattern.

We report bilateral multiple variations in branching pattern of the axillary artery and superficial palmar arch of the hand in an 84-year-old Korean female cadaver. First, we identified an aberrant trunk with high bifurcation of the deep brachial artery from the left axillary artery. Second, the persistent median artery accompanied with a median nerve and formed the superficial palmar arch in the left hand. Third, a common trunk was originated from the second part of the right axillary artery, and divided into lateral thoracic, subscapular, and circumflex humeral arteries, respectively. Finally, the superficial palmar branch of radial artery lies superficial to the thenar muscles and gave rise to a common trunk of the princeps pollicis and radialis indicis arteries on both hands. This case report alerts clinicians and anatomists to the possibility of concurrent complex bilateral variations in the upper limb.

The bio-complex "reaction pattern in vertebrate cells"(RiV) is mainly represented by characteristic exosome-like particles - probably as reaction products of cells to specific stress. The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a central role in inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that RiV particle preparations (RiV-PP) reduce cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) by the attenuation of NF-kappaB translocation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). After 4 hours, pre-incubation of HUVEC with RiV-PP before stimulation with TNF-alpha significantly reduced ICAM-1 (65.5${\pm}$10.3%) and VCAM-1 (71.1${\pm}$12.3%) mRNA expression compared to TNF-alpha-treated cells (100%, n=7). ICAM-1 surface expression was significantly albeit marginally reduced in RiV/TNF-alpha- treated cells (92.0${\pm}$5.6%, n=4). No significant effect was observed on VCAM-1 surface expression. In RiV/TNF-alpha-treated cells (n=4), NF-kappaB subunits p50 (85.7${\pm}$4.1%) and p65 (85.0${\pm}$1.8%) nuclear translocation was significantly reduced. RiV-PP may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in HUVEC by reducing CAM mRNA expression via attenuation of p50 and p65 translocation.

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae(Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), interacts with many predatory insects in potato fields during the summer. The concept of the predator complex associated with green peach aphids was applied to explain the interactions between the aphid and its predators. The predator power of the predator complex was determined by two factors: the number of predators and the relative feeding capacity. The dynamics of the green peach aphid population was expressed by the number of individuals while the predator power was used to characterize the predator complex. Cumulative degree-days for green peach aphids were used as a time scale to analyze phonology and dynamics patterns of the aphid and its predator complex. The patterns of population changes in aphids were similar during the period of study(1993-1995) although the highest density of aphids fluctuated significantly from year to year. However, the predator power appeared more stable than the green peach aphid population over the three year period. The results indicated that the predator complex plays an important role to suppress the aphid populations during the latter part of the season and that the applications of control measures for green peach aphids in between the initiation and the peak timing of aphid populations are critical to minimize the damage on potatoes.

A chemical tool was developed for the analysis of complex mixtures such as crude drugs by the method of pattern recognition. Pattern recognition was accomplished by a multiple reference peak identification method and three kinds of outlier statistics. This tool was tested on the analysis of synthetic mixtures.

We examined the effect of electrode fingers and gaps of coplanar interdigitated electrode (IDE) structures to characterize the ammonium salt-containing polyelectrolyte film of resistance-based humidity sensors. IDEs designed for this purpose were flexible gold electrodes deposited on a polyimide substrate using a printing process because the geometry presents a potential for tunable sensitivity over other electrode designs. The basic design of the sensors consisted of IDEs with a different number of electrode fingers such as 3, 4, and 5 and gap sizes of 310, 360, 410, and $460{\mu}m$. Details of the AC complex impedance characteristics such as the Nyquist plot, Bode plot, and activation energy based on electrode construction were investigated.

A recent study showed that comparative sequence analysis of rpoB DNAs could reveal natural relationships in genus Mycobacterium [J Clin Microbial. 37 (6). 1999]. rpoB DNAs showed interspecies variation and intraspecies conservation. Based on these data, we developed polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) protocols which enable species differentiation in genus Mycobacterium. When this assay was applied to 24 clinical isolates identified as M. avium complex (MAC) by biochemical test, these were successfully differentiated into M. avium and M. intracellulare. These results were concordant with those obtained by 16s rDNA analysis. It is the first report that PCR-SSCP analysis of rpoB DNA could be used for species differentiation of MAC strains.

오늘날 새로운 콘텐츠의 공예품을 개발하는 단계에서 트렌드(Trend)를 반영하지 않으면 마케팅에 성공할 수 없다. 트렌드는 일시적으로 왔다가 사라지는 소비자들의 니즈(needs)를 이끄는 원동력이기 때문이다. 현재의 시장은 끊임없이 변화하며 새로운 라이프 스타일의 독특한 추세를 원하고 있다. 이러한 잠재적 욕구의 경향을 떡살문양과 도자단지를 이용하여 부가 가치가 높은 인테리어 화병을 개발하는 것이 목적이다. 제작 방법은 첫 번째 떡살문 도구를 옹기 작업과정에 쓰인 토레미판 (덧살 새롭게 만든 용어)위에 각도를 다르게 하여 압인한다. 두 번째 물레로 원통을 만들어 외벽에 이중으로 덧살을 붙인 후 빠르게 회전하여 손으로 안에서 밖으로 밀어서 확장시킨다. 세 번째 압인 된 정적인 떡살 문양들을 빠른 속도에 의해 상하-좌우 해체 된 다양한 기하학적 문양을 실험하고 이렇게 개발 된 다양한 떡살 문양들을 단지 형태에 활용하여 부가가치가 높은 장식용 화병을 개발하는 것이 목적이다.

Today, if you don't reflect trends in developing new content crafts, you can't succeed in marketing. This is because the trend is the driving force that leads to the needs of consumers that come and go temporarily. The current market is changing and wants new lifestyle trends. As a trend of such latent desire, the purpose is to develop high-value-added interior vases using rice cake patterns and ceramic complexes. In the manufacturing method, the first rice cake patterns writing tool is stamped at a different angle from the top of the toremi board (a new term created above) written in the process of the pot work. A cylinder is made of a second potter's wheel, and after the outer wall is double-flavored, the cylinder is quickly rotated to be extended by pushing it from inside to outside by hand. The purpose of this vase is to develop a decorative vase with high added value by experimenting with various geometric patterns that are dismantled vertically and horizontally at a high speed with the static rice cake pattern stamped on the third, and then utilizing the various rice cake patterns developed in this way as the shape of a jar.

본 연구는 한국어 부사 ‘설마’와 ‘설마’ 복합 표현 문형의 의미 기능을 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 학습자 사전과 문법 사전을 검토하였고 말뭉치로는 300만 어절의 균형 말뭉치를 활용하였다. 연구의 결과, 학습자 사전에서는 ‘설마’가 부정적인 추측 표현이나 의심의 의미로 사용된다고 뜻풀이가 되어 있었으며 두 사전의 예문에서 각각 다양한 표현문형으로 나타났다. 문법 사전에서는 ‘설마’가 포함된 표현문형이 문법 항목으로 다루어지지는 않았으나 예문에는 문법항목과 함께 표현문형으로 사용되었다. 의미 기능은 ‘의심, 부인, 확신, 기대, 비난, 제약’으로 나누었다. 이 연구는 부사와 함께 쓰이는 언어 요소를 파악하여 표현문형과 그 의미 기능을 밝혔다는 의의가 있으나 말뭉치의 한계가 아쉬운 점으로 남는다.

This paper studied the semantic function of the Korean adverbs ‘Seolma’ and ‘Seolma’ complex pattern expressions. For the study, the learner’s dictionary and the grammar dictionary were reviewed, and a balanced corpus of 3 million words was used. As a result, the learner’s dictionary explained that it was used as a negative speculation expression or doubt, and In the example sentence, it appeared in various expression sentences. In the grammar dictionary, ‘Seolma’ is not treated as a grammar item, but it is used in the example. The semantic function was divided into ‘suspicion, denial, conviction, expectation, criticism, and restriction.’ This study is meaningful in that it identified the language elements used with adverbs and revealed the expressive sentence type and semantic function, but the limitations of the corpus remain regrettable.