Earticle

본 연구에서는 KURT (KAERI 지하처분연구시설)를 포함한 지하연구시설에서 핵종 및 콜로이드 이동에 대 한 연구현황을 조사하였다. 화강암과 같은 결정질 암반층에 건설된 해외 지하연구시설들을 간략하게 소개하 고 비교하였다. 특히 Grimsel Test Site (GTS)와 ¨Asp¨o Hard Rock Laboratory에서의 핵종 및 콜로이드 이동연 구에 대한 주요 국제공동연구의 연구항목 및 내용, 진행중인 연구 프로젝트, 연구계획 등에 대해 조사하였다

In this study, research status on radionuclide and colloid migration in underground research facilities including KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel) was investigated. Some foreign underground research facilities constructed in crystalline rock formations such as granite were briefly introduced and compared. International joint researches concerned with the radionuclide and colloid migration were investigated particularly for the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) and Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory by analyzing major research items, on-going research projects, and future plans.

본 연구에서는 콜로이드와 핵종의 복합이동에 관한 수치모델을 개발하였다. 콜로이드와 핵종의 반응-이동 지배방정식을 풀기 위하여 Operator Splitting Method 중 Strang의 분리 SNI 방식을 수치해석 방법으로 채택하였고 이는 MATLAB을 이용하여코드화 되었다. 개발된 수치모델은 용질의 이동 및 분산만을 고려한 해석해를 통한 검증과정에서 피어슨 상관계수의 제곱값(r2)이 0.99 이상으로 나타나 모델의 정확성이 입증되었다.

In this study, numerical model for transport of radionuclide and colloid was developed. In order to solve reaction-migration governing equation for colloid and radionuclide, Strang-splitting Sequential Non-Iterative (SNI), which is one of Operator Splitting Method, was used for numerical method and this was coded by MATLAB. From the verification by comparing the simulation results with analytical solution considering only solute transport and rock diffusion, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99 which demonstrates the accuracy of the model.

본 연구는 재가열 소성에 의한, 금속성 광택 유약의 발색에 관한 연구이다. 유약의 조성은 고정하고 소성 후 재가열 온도와 소성시간에 따라서 발색의 변화를 연구하였다. 기본 유약에 질산은(LG1), 질산은 과 탄산동(LG2), 질산은과 코발트(LG3), 탄산동(LG4)을 함유한 유약을 1050℃까지 산화소성 후, 500℃부 터 50℃간격으로 950℃까지 각 온도별로 1시간, 2시간, 3시간 3회 재가열 환원 소성하여 120개의 시편을 COLOR METER TES-135A를 이용하여 색을 측정하고 발색을 분석 하였다. 질산은(LG1)는 650-700℃ 1시간 환원소성에서 황금색에 가까운 발색을 보였다. 그리고 750℃에서 80 0℃에서는 진주색과 보라색이 혼합된 발색을 보였고 850℃-900℃에서는 연한 갈색에서 짙은 갈색 및 밤 색을 띠었다. 소성시간이 증가하거나 재가열 소성온도가 높아짐에 따라 채도와 명도가 낮아졌으며, 진주 색에 무지개 빛 광택이 나타났다. 질산은과 탄산동(LG2)는 500℃부터 녹색을 띠기 시작하였으며, 550℃에서는 투명한 황금빛유질에 어두 운 녹색을 띠었다. 600-650℃에서 황금빛 유질과 녹색이 가장 양호하게 발색되었으나, 재가열이 2-3시간 지남에 따라 불투명한 pearl 색상으로 변하였고, 700-750℃에서 푸른색의 유탁 한 유조에 표면에 무지개 빛이 나타났으며, 800-850℃는 어두고 탁한 유조에 표면에 핑크색을 띠었다. 900-950℃에서는 명도와 채도가 떨어져, 탁하고 어두운 pearl 색상을 띠었다. 질산은과 코발트(LG3)는 산화코발트1%와 질산은2%가 함유된 유약으로 500-550℃에서는 어두운 코발 트 발색을 하였고, 650℃에서 코발트와 질산은의 황금색이 가장 양호한 발색을 보였으나, 재가열시간이 2시간이 지남에 따라 유조가 불투명한 pearl 발색으로 변하였고, 750-850℃에서 불투명한 pearl 발색에 의하여 코발트의 발색이 나타나지 못하였다. 탄산동(LG4)은 유약 조성에 질산은이 배합되어 있지 않고 탄산동이 2%로 함유된 유약으로, 탄산동 (CUCO3)의 발색은 500℃, 2시간, 3시간 재가열한 시편에서 부분적으로 녹색이 감지되었다. 550℃에서 1 시간 재가열한 시편은 올리브 그린의 발색을 띠기 시작하였으며, 2시간과 3시간 재가열한 시편에서는 녹색 바탕에 금속동과 같은 붉은 색상을 띠었다. 750-800℃에서 금속동의 발색이 가장 양호하게 나타났 다. 850-950℃에서는 명도가 매우 어두운 회색 바탕에 붉은 갈색 불투명한 녹색을 띠었다. 이상과 같은 실험으로 산화소성 후 냉각과정에서의 온도별 환원 재가열 소성만으로도 다양한 발색이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

This study is a study on the color development of metallic luster glaze by reheat firing. The composition of the glaze was fixed and the change in color development was studied according to the reheating temperature and firing time after firing. Glazes containing silver nitrate (LG1), silver nitrate and copper carbonate (LG2), silver nitrate and cobalt (LG3), and copper carbonate (LG4) in the basic glaze are oxidized and calcined to 1050℃, then from 500℃ to 50℃ at intervals of 950℃ By reheating and firing three times in total for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours for each temperature, 120 specimens were measured for color using the Color Meter Tes 135A, and color development was analyzed. LG1 showed a golden color development at 650-700℃ for 1 hour in reduced firing. And at 750℃ to 800℃, pearl and purple colors were mixed, and at 850℃ to 900℃, it was light brown to dark brown and brown. As the firing time increased or the reheating firing temperature increased, a pearlescent luster appeared. LG2 started to appear green at 500℃, and at 550℃, it was dark green with a transparent golden color. Golden oil and green color developed best at 600-650℃, but changed to an opaque pearl color after 2-3 hours of reheating, and rainbow light on the surface of a fuzzy colored oily tank at 700-750℃ It appeared, and 800-850℃ showed a pink color on the surface in a dark turbid tank. At 900-950℃, the brightness and color saturation fell, giving it a cloudy, dark pearl color. LG3 is a glaze containing 1% of cobalt oxide and 2% of silver nitrate. It has a dark cobalt color at 500-550℃, and the golden color of cobalt and silver nitrate at 650℃ showed the best color, but the reheating time was over 2 hours. Accordingly, the tank turned into an opaque pearl color, and the color of the cobalt was not observed due to the opaque pearl color at 750-850℃. LG4 is a glaze that contains 2% of copper carbonate without silver nitrate in the glaze composition, and the color of CUCO3 was partially detected in green specimens reheated for 2 or 3 hours at 500℃. Specimens reheated for 1 hour at 550℃ began to show the color of olive green, and specimens reheated for 2 hours and 3 hours began to show red color of metallic copper on a green background. The color development of metallic copper was the best at 750-800℃. At 850-950℃, the brightness was very dark gray with a reddish-brown opaque green color. Through the above experiments, it was found that various colorings are possible only by reducing reheating firing by temperature in the cooling process after oxidation firing.

Colloid Cysts, also called neuroepithelial cysts are located in the rostral aspect of the third ventricle in the brain [1]. It appears near the center of the brain and grows along the roof of the third ventricle that holds spinal fluid. Increase in the size of cyst can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid causing hydrocephalus (water on the brain or a buildup of CSF in the brain). The buildup of CSF in the brain can increase intracranial pressure that compresses surrounding brain tissues in the skull and may cause enlargement of the brain, convulsions, brain damage and even sudden death [2]. Detection of Colloid Cyst at early stages is very important. Analysis and manual interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Images and Computed Tomography Images by radiologists are time consuming and sometimes difficult and error prone. In this paper we propose an algorithm to automate the process of detecting Colloid Cysts in Brain through the use of image processing techniques.

본 연구에서는 국내산 경주벤토나이트를 이용하여 제조한 벤토나이트 콜로이드에 대한 산화환원 반응에 대체적으로 안정한 다가 핵종인 Eu(III)와 Th(IV)의 실험적 수착 연구를 수행하였다. 수착실험에 대한 공시험을 수행하여 반응용기 벽면에 의해, 침전에 의해, 콜로이드 형성에 의해 손실된 핵종들의 양을 평가하였다. 그리고 이러한 손실들을 반영한 Eu(III)와 Th(IV)의 벤토나이트 콜로이드에 대한 수착분배계수 값을 구하고 조사하였다. 세 종류의 손실양을 반영한 벤토나이트 콜로이드의 순수한 수착분배계수 값은 pH 변화에 따라 Eu(III)의 경우 정도의 값을 가지고, Th(IV)의 경우 정도의 값을 가지는 것으로 관측되었다. 특히 Eu(III)의 경우엔 pH 5 이상에서 침전의 영향이 크게 나타났고, Th(IV)의 경우엔 pH 3 이후에 콜로이드 형성과 침전의 영향이 크게 나타났다. 따라서 주어진 농도에서 콜로이드 형성 및 침전 영향이 커지는 pH 이후에는 Eu(III) 및 Th(IV)과 같은 다가 핵종들의 정확한 수착분배계수를 구하기 위해서는 이러한 침전 및 콜로이드 형성과 같은 영향이 반영되어야 할 것이다.

In this study, a sorption experiment of multivalent nuclides such as Eu(III) and Th(IV) relatively stable for redox reactions was carried out for bentonite colloids which had been prepared from the domestic Gyeongju bentonite. The amounts of the nuclides lost by an attachment to bottle walls, by a precipitation, and by a colloid formation were estimated by performing blank tests for the sorption experiments. Sorption coefficients, , reflecting the mass losses were obtained and investigated for the sorption of Eu(III) and Th(IV) onto the bentonite colloids. The net sorption coefficients considering all the three mass losses were measured as about and for Eu(III) and Th(IV), respectively, depending on pH. In particular, a precipitation occurred mainly at a pH greater than 5 for Eu(III) and a precipitation and colloid formation significantly occurred at a pH greater than 3 for Th(IV). The precipitation and colloid formation of the multivalent nuclides of Eu(III) and Th(IV) therefore should be considered when are rightly obtained over the pH range where their precipitation and colloid formation become significant at a given concentration.

본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 고준위 방사성폐기물 처분장의 잠재적인 완충재 물질로 고려되고 있는 경주벤토나이트에서 발생 가능한 벤토나이트 콜로이드로의 우라늄(VI) 수착특성에 대한 실험적 연구를 pH 및 이온강도의 함수로 수행하였다. 경주벤토나이트로부터 분리된 콜로이드는 주로 몬모릴로나이트로 구성되어 있다. 중력여과법을 사용하여 측정한 결과 농도 및 크기는 약 5100 ppm 및 200-450 nm 이었다 우라늄 수착실험에 대한 공시험을 수행하여 수착 반응용기 벽면에 흡착, 침전, 한외여과에 의해 손실된 우라늄 양을 평가하였다. 이러한 과정에 의해 제거된 우라늄의 양은 미량이었다. 그러나 한외여과에 의한 우라늄 손실의 경우 이온강도가 낮은 경우 즉, 0.001 M 의 경우 한외여과 필터의 표면전하 역전에 의한 양이온 수착 영향으로 인해 매우 높은 핵종 손실을 유발하였다. 벤토나이트 콜로이드에 대한 우라늄(VI)의 수착 분배계수 (또는 의사콜로이드 형성상수)는 PH 및 이온강도에 따라 값을 가지며 pH 중성영역인 6.5 근처에서 최대값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 벤토나이트에 대한 우라늄(VI)의 수착은 pH, 이온강도, 탄산농도 등과 같은 지화학적 변수들에 의존하는 수용액에서 우라늄화학종과 매우 밀접한 관련이 있다 따라서 벤토나이트 완충재로부터 발생된 벤토나이트 콜로이드는 높은 수착능으로 인해 우라늄(VI)을 의사콜로이드(pseudo-colloid)의 형태로 지질학적 매질을 통해 이동시킬 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, an experimental study on the sorption properties of uranium(VI) onto a bentonite colloid generated from Gyeongju bentonite which is a potential buffer material in a high-level radioactive waste repository was performed as a function of the pH and the ionic strength. The bentonite colloid prepared by separating a colloidal fraction was mainly composed of montmorillonite. The concentration and the size fraction of the prepared bentonite colloid measured using a gravitational filtration method was about 5100 ppm and 200-450 nm in diameter, respectively. The amount of uranium removed by the sorption reaction bottle walls, by precipitation, and by ultrafiltration was analyzed by carrying out some blank tests. The removed amount of uranium was found not to be significant except the case of ultrafiltration at 0.001 M . The ultrafiltration was significant in the lower ionic strength of 0.001 M due to the cationic sorption onto the ultrafilter by a surface charge reversion. The distribution coefficient (or pseudo-colloid formation constant) of uranium(VI) for the bentonite colloid was about depending upon pH and ionic strength of and the was highest in the neutral pH around 6.5. It is noted that the sorption of uranium(VI) onto the bentonite colloid is closely related with aqueous species of uranium depending upon geochemical parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and carbonate concentration. As a consequence, the bentonite colloids generated from a bentonite buffer can mobilize the uranium(VI) as a colloidal form through geological media due to their high sorption capacity.

목 적 : 본 연구는 colloid gel(slime)을 자체 제작하여, 방사선치료에서 불규칙한 환자 체표면에 대한 보상체로 적용하기 위하여 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구를 위하여 치료에 적합한 colloid gel을 자체적으로 제작하였고, 방사선 치료 적용 가능성 평가를 위해 네 가지 실험을 하였다. 치료 장비 및 CT 장비로는 Trilogy(Varian)와 CT(SOMATOM, Siemens)를 이용하였다. 첫 번째로 colloid gel의 조성에 따른 균질도를 EBT3 Film(RIT)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 두 번째는 colloid gel의 Hounsfield Unit(HU)값을 CRIS phantom과 Eclipse RTP(Eclipse 13.1, Varian) 및 CT 촬영을 이용하여 선량 측정 및 확인을 하였다. 세 번째로 colloid gel의 치료 기간 내 변형 및 변질을 검사하기 위하여 ion chamber(PTW-30013, PTW)를 이용하여 매일 3회씩, 2주간 측정하였다. 네 번째 실험은 자체 제작한 아크릴 팬텀을 이용하여 실제 치료와 유사한 환경에서 bolus, rice, colloid gel을 이용한 치료계획 및 측정된 선량 분포 비교하였고, 추가적으로 dose profile도 확인하였다. 결 과 : 첫 번째 실험에서 조성된 colloid gel case 1, 2, 3의 밀도는 각각 평균 $1.02g/cm^3$, $0.99g/cm^3$, $0.96g/cm^3$이었으며, 6 MV 및 9 MeV에서 측정된 균질도를 판단하였을 때 case 1이 표준편차 1.55, 1.98로 다른 case들에 비해 더 균질한 것으로 확인되었다. 두 번째 실험에서는 HU값은 case 1, 2, 3 평균 15 HU로 확인되었으며, 치료계획과 측정된 선량을 비교하였을 때 9, 12 MeV 모든 측정 위치에서 1 % 이내 차이를 보였으며, 6 MV는 두 측정 위치에서 -1.53 %, -1.56 % 차이로 전체 2 % 내의 오차를 보였다. 세 번째 실험에서는 2주 동안 측정하였을 때 colloid gel의 선량변화가 1 % 내외로 측정되었다. 네 번째 실험에서는 치료계획과 EBT3 film으로 측정된 결과를 비교하였을 때 6 MV에서는 bolus, rice 모두 비슷한 선량 차이를 보였으며, 9 MeV에서는 photon과 달리 colloid gel이 bolus, rice와 비교하여 선량 차이가 적게 나는 것을 확인하였다. Dose profile 면에서도 colloid gel이 bolus, rice보다 균일한 dose 분포를 보였다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 방사선치료를 위해 제작된 colloid gel의 밀도는 $1.02g/cm^3$로 물의 밀도와 비슷하며, 방사선치료 과정 동안 변질 및 변형이 확인되지 않았다. Colloid gel 제작 시 밀도에 유의를 해야 하지만, bolus, rice보다 환자의 체표면에 대한 충분한 보상을 통해 선량을 균일하게 전달할 수 있고, 저가에 제작을 할 수 있다는 점에서도 충분한 장점이 있다. 앞으로 임상적용을 위한 추가적인 실험 및 연구를 통해 방사선치료에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose : In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of colloid gel(slime) as a compensator for irregular patient surfaces in radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : For this study, colloid gel suitable for treatment was made and four experiments were conducted to evaluate the applicability of radiation therapy. Trilogy(Varian) and CT(SOMATOM, Siemens) were used as treatment equipment and CT equipment. First, the homogeneity according to the composition of colloid gel was measured using EBT3 Film(RIT). Second, the Hounsfield Unit(HU) value of colloid gel was measured and confirmed by CRIS phantom, Eclipse RTP(Eclipse 13.1, Varian) and CT. Third, to measure the deformation and degeneration of colloid gel during the treatment period, it was measured 3 times daily for 2 weeks using an ion chamber(PTW-30013, PTW). The fourth experiment was compared the treatment plan and measured dose distributions using bolus, rice, colloid gel and additional, dose profiles in an environment similar to actual treatment using our own acrylic phantom. Result : First experiment, density of the colloid gel cases 1, 2 and 3 was $1.02g/cm^3$, $0.99g/cm^3$ and $0.96g/cm^3$. When the homogeneity was measured at 6 MV and 9 MeV, case 1 was more homogeneous than the other cases, as 1.55 and 1.98. In the second experiment, the HU values of case 1, 2, 3 were 15 and when the treatment plan was compared with the measured doses, the difference was within 1 % at all 9, 12 MeV and a difference of -1.53 % and -1.56 % within the whole 2 % at 6 MV. In the third experiment, the dose change of colloid gel was measured to be about 1 % for 2 weeks. In the fourth experiment, the dose difference between the treatment plan and EBT3 film was similar for both colloid gel and bolus, rice at 6 MV. But colloid gel showed less dose difference than bolus and rice at 9 MeV. Also, dose profile of colloid gel showed a more uniform dose distribution than the bolus and rice. Conclusion : In this study, the density of colloid gel prepared for radiation therapy was $1.02g/cm^3$ similar to the density of water, and alteration or deformation was not observed during the radiotherapy process. Although we pay attention to the density when manufacturing colloid gel, it is sufficient in that it can deliver the dose uniformly through the compensation of the patient's body surface more than the bolus and rice, and can be manufactured at low cost. Further studies and studies for clinical applications are expected to be applicable to radiation therapy.

Tc-99m-tin colloid distribution in the hip is studied in 76 patients with no hepatic and hip disorder, because knowledge of normal uptake pattern in the hip is important in evaluation of femoral head vasculature after a fracture. The uptake in femoral head is decreased or disappeared with increasing age due to conversion of red marrow to white marrow.

The hot spot on liver scan was demonstrated by many authors in various conditions such as SVC obstruction, Budd-Chiari syndrome, liver abscess, hemangioma of liver, hepatic venoocclusive diseases, IVC obstruction, and tricuspid insufficiency. And the appearance of hot spot in SVC obstruction is due to unsual collateral circulation. But there was no report of this hots pot on liver scan in our country. We have recently observed one patient with SVC obstruction who shows well-defined area of increased radioactivity between right and left lobe of liver on liver scan using $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid, and demonstrated collateral circulations with RI venography using $^{99m}Tc-O_4$. The injection site of radiocolloid was left antecubital vein. This hot spot did not appear when the radiocolloid was injected into right leg vein. We report here this hot spot on liver scan in SVC obstruction with review of some liter atures.

Sixty-nine patients with diffuse lung uptake of $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid were evaluated to determine the kinds of associated diseases, the incidence of associated liver scan abnormalities, and prognosis. The results were as follows: 1) Diseases associated with diffuse lung uptake included malignancies in 31 patients, infectious diseases in 19, chronic liver diseases in 14, and others in 5. It appeared that the marked degree of lung uptake was associated with severe diseases. 2) Thirty-one of the 69 patients(45%) had abnormal liver size, 43(62%) had space occupying lesions or nonhomogeneity in liver image, 37(54%) had splenomegaly and 45(65%) had increased splenic uptake. Increased bone marrow uptake was found in 48(70%) and renal uptake in 15(22%). As the degree of lung uptake increased, there was a statistically significant (p<0.05) tendency for the incidences of the abnormal liver image and renal uptake to increase. 3) Sixty-two of the 69 patients were followed up for one to 439 days(mean 44 days) after liver scanning. Eleven(18%) were dead, 10(16%) were aggravated, and 13(21%) were improved. Most of improved patients had infectious diseases. It appeared that diffuse lung uptake of $^{99m}Tc-Tn$ colloid was found in the various diseases including malignancies, infections, and chronic liver diseases, and that it was strongly associated with other liver scan abnormalities, but was not necessarily associated with a poor prognosis, particularly when underlying diseases were infections.

Renal transplant uptake of $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid was evaluated in 26 patients. Seventy-seven examinations were performed comparing transplant with bone marrow activity, clinical and/or pathological diagnosis. There were 13 instances of acute rejection; 7 of these exhibited slight uptake of radiocolloid in the renal transplant, 1 had marked uptake, and 5 had no evidence of uptake. There were 7 instances of chronic rejection; 5 of which demonstrated marked transplant uptake of radiocolloid, 1 had slight uptake, and 1 had no evidence of uptake. There were 2 instances of acute tubular necrosis and 55 instances of normal transplant function, but none of these exhibited transplant uptake of radiocolloid. From the result, the uptake of $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid by renal transplant appears to signal rejection as long. as the vascular supply is not severely compromised. Acute rejection may be represented by slight radiocolloid uptake, and chronic rejection by marked uptake when compared to bone marrow activity.

목적: 리피오돌은 간암환자의 간동맥으로 투여시 암에 많이 섭취된다. 이 연구에서는 Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 제조하여 생체내분포를 보았다. 재료 및 방법: Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 마우스의 꼬리정맥으로 주사한후 1 시간 후에 생체내 분포를 확인하였다. 간암을 유발시킨 백서의 좌심실로 Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 주사하고 5 분후의 생체내 분포와 간의 자가방사사진을 보았다. 결과: Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 마우스의 꼬리정맥으로 주사한 후 1시간(n=3)섭취율(% ID/organ)은 간에서 $5.2{\pm}0.7$, 폐는 $91.0{\pm}1.7$이었다. 간암을 유발시킨 백서의 좌심실로 Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 주사한 후 5 분(n=4)의 정상간의 섭취율(% ID/g)은 $0.41{\pm}0.28$, 간암은 $1.88{\pm}1.57$, 폐는 $1.65{\pm}1.54$였으며, 자가방사사진에서도 간암부위의 섭취가 정상적인 간조직 보다 증가되었다. 결론: Re-188-황 교질/리피오돌을 동맥으로 투여시 간암부위의 섭취가 정상적인 간조직보다 많아 간암치료용 방사성의약품으로서 사용할 수 있음을 알았다.

Purpose: Lipiodol is used for targeting liver cancers by administrating through the hepatic artery. In the present study, feasibility of Re-188-sulfur colloid suspension in lipiodol as a liver cancer targeting agent was investigated. Materials and Methods: Re-188-sulfur colloid was prepared, harvested by centrifugation, washed with organic solvent and then suspended into lipiodol. Biodistribution of Re-188-sulfur colloid in normal saline and its suspension in lipiodol in mice after 1 hr of injection through the tail vein were investigated. Biodistribution and autoradiography of tumor-hearing liver was acquired after 5 min post-injection into left ventricle of the tumor-inoculated rats. Results: After 1 hr of injection with Re-188-sulfur colloid suspensiob in lipiodol through the tail vein in normal mice (n=3), the uptakes in the liver and lung were $5.2{\pm}0.7\;and\;91.0{\pm}1.7%$ ID/organ, respectively. After 5 min of injection with Re-188-sulfur colloid suspention in lipiodol through the left ventricle in the tumor-inoculated rats (n=4), uptakes in the normal liver, hepatoma, and lung were $0.41{\pm}0.28,\;1.88{\pm}1.57,\;and\;1.65{\pm}1.54%$ ID/organ, respectively. And autoradiography of hepatoma showed increased uptake than normal liver tissues. Conclusion: Re-188-sulfur colloid suspension in lipiodol injected through the artery shows higher uptake in the hepatoma than normal liver tissue that indicates the feasibility as a new radiopharmaceutical for therapy of hepatoma.

목적 : Re-188 황 교질을 제조하여 관절염 활액막절제술, 복강내 암전이 치료제로서의 사용 가능성을 알아보았다. 대상 및 방법: Re-188 황 교질의 표지에 EDTA $Na_2.2H_2O$의 양, $KReO_4$의 존재유무, pH의 영향을 관찰하였다. Re-188 황 교질의 안정성을 실온에서 24 시간, 사람혈청과 활액에서 72 시간동안 관찰하였다. Re-188 황 교질의 입자 크기 분포는 여러 가지 크기의 필터를 사용하여 측정하였다. Re-188 황 교질을 실험 동물에 투여하여 생체내 분포와 체외 대사량을 관찰하였다. 결과: Re-188 황교질은 sodium thiosufate 40 mg, EDTA $Na_2.2H_2O$ 0.8 mg, $KReO_4$ 0.8 mg, pH 1의 조건에서 60분 동안 가열시 표지효율이 $64.5{\pm}5.8%$ (n=5)로 가장 높았고, 이를 정제하였을때 방사화학적 순도는 99%이상이었다. Re-188 황 교질은 실온에서 24 시간, 혈청과 활액에서 72시간 동안 모두 방사화학적 순도가 99%이상으로 매우 안정하였다. Re-188 황 교질의 입자크기 분포는 $1{\mu}m$ 이하가 0.3%, $1{\sim}5{\mu}m$ 11.2%, $5{\sim}10{\mu}m$ 35.8%, $10{\mu}m$ 이상은 52.8%으로 나타났다. 마우스의 꼬리정맥으로 Re-188 황 교질을 주사한 후 1 시간에 폐와 간의 섭취율($37.30{\pm}5.36$, $32.33{\pm}5.79%$ ID/organ)이 가장 높았으며, 근육의 섭취율은 $6.60{\pm}0.02 %$ID/organ였다. 마우스복강내에 Re-188 황 교질을 주사한 후 1, 24 시간에 복강외 장기의 섭취율은 $0.1{\pm}0.1$, $0.4{\pm}0.1%$ ID/organ으로 매우 낮았으며, 주사 후 70 시간까지 뇨와 대변으로 배설된 양은 $2.68{\pm}0.50%$와 $0.95{\pm}0.17%$였다. 토끼 무릎관절에 Re-188 황 교질을 주사한 후 24 시간에 무릎을 제외한 모든 장기에서의 섭취율은 0.07% ID/g 이하로 매우 낮았다. 결론: 이실험에서 표지한 Re-188 황 교질은 표지효율과 안정성이 높고 임상적으로 방사선 활액막 절제술 등에 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

Purpose: We evaluated the usefulness of Re-188 sulfur colloid for radiation synovectomy and therapy of intraperitoneal metastasis. Materials and Methods: We investigated the labeling efficiency of Re-188 sulfur colloid on various conditions. The stability of Re-188 sulfur colloid was observed at room temperature for 24 h and in human serum and synovial fluid for 72 h. The particle size distribution of Re-188 sulfur colloid was measured by filtering with various pore size filters. Animal experiment was performed in mice and rabbits. Results: The labeling efficiency of Re-188 sulfur colloid was $64.5{\pm}5.8%$ (n=5) at the conditions of sodium thiosulfate 40 mg, EDTA $Na_2.2H_2O$ 0.8 mg, $KReO_4$ 0.8 mg at pH 1. After purification, the radiochemical purity was higher than 99%. The stability of Re-188 sulfur colloid was high (>99%) at room temperature for 24 h and in human serum and synovial fluid for 72 h. The particle size distribution of Re-188 sulfur colloid was 0.3% ($<1{\mu}m$), 11.2% ($1{\sim}5{\mu}m$), 25.8% ($5{\sim}10{\mu}m$) and 52.8% ($>10{\mu}m$). In mice, 1 h postinjection of Re-188 sulfur colloid into tail vein, uptakes in lung, liver and muscle were $37.30{\pm}5.36$, $32.33{\pm}1.79$, $6.60{\pm}0.02%$ ID/organ respectively. After i.p. injection in mice, the uptakes of extraperitonial organs of Re-188 sulfur colloid at 1 and 24 h were $0.1{\pm}0.1$, $0.4{\pm}0.1%$ ID/organ, and the excretions through urine and feces (${\sim}70 h$) were low ($2.68{\pm}0.80$, $0.95{\pm}0.17%$). When Re-188 sulfur colloid was injected to synovial space of rabbit, the uptake in other organs except knee was very low. Conclusion: Re-188 sulfur colloid showed high labeling efficiency, stability and potency for clinical use.

Searching for the clinical effects of colloid solutions that used to increasing the oncotic pressure of priming solutions at the cardiopulmonary bypass, 29 patients [who were diagnosised as simple VSD around 10kg of body weight and scheduled to be operated from June 1990 to December 1990 at Sejong General Hospital] were divided randomly and prospectively to the two groups: A group [15] was received 4gm% albumin as addition to the priming solutions and B Group [14] the same amount of Ringer`s lactated solution. 34 clinical parameters [Body weight, sex, age, body surface area, Qp/Qs, pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiopulmonary bypass time, anesthetic time, intraoperatively infused crystalloid and colloid amount, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity, urine osmolarity, urine specific gravity, serum concentration, serum osmolarity, urine osmolarity, urine specific gravity, serum protein, serum albumin concentration, urine output, central venous pressure, postoperatively infused colloid amount, immedediate post-operative peak inspiratory pressure, cardiac index, blood pressure and pump flow during cardiopulmonary bypass, inotro-pic assist, diuretics, extubation period, total drain amount, duration of ICU] were measured and compaired between the two groups. There were no differences of preoperative and operative clinical parameters. And postoper-atively, practically there were no nearly differences at the clinical outcomes between the two groups, but some parameters [cardiac index, PIP, BP and pumpflow during CPB, etc] contributed to being preferable to the Group A at certain times [P<0.05]. Conclusively, it might be thought that the priming solution of cardiopulmonary bypass added by colloid solution had some beneficial effects on the patients, especially younger and associated with complex anomaly to be expected taken longer time of cardiopulmonary bypass, and more studies about the neonatal and complex anomaly cases were needed in that points.