Earticle

본 연구에서는 대학생의 인성지수의 발달 특성과 영향변인을 조사하여 효과적인 대학 인성교육을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구1 에서는 대학생의 발달적 특성을 확인하기 위해 수도권의 초·중·고등학 생 및 D의 대학의 학생 총 952명을 대상으로 학교급별 차이를 조사하 였다. 연구2와 3에서는 D 대학의 9개 학부 총 462명을 대상으로 인성 지수에 따른 영향요인들의 상대적 영향력을 조사하였다. 조사결과 대 학생의 인성지수는 중등학생과 차이가 없었으며 대학교 학년 간 인성 지수 및 자아정체감의 유의미한 차이도 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 비록 인성에 영향을 주는 배경 변인에 따른 차이가 있었지만 그 영향력들은 모두 자아정체감의 차이로 설명되었다. 마지막으로 자아정체감이 높은 집단일수록 인성수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이에 청년기로 유예된 자아정체감 확립에 효과적인 대학 인성교육의 필요성을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for effective character education by examining the developmental characteristics and influence variables of the character index of college students. In Study 1, 952 students of elementary, middle and high school students in the Seoul metropolitan area and university students in the metropolitan area were selected to examine the differences in school achievement by examining the character index test. Respectively. In Study 2 and 3, we examined the relative influence of factors affecting the character index on 462 students from 9 universities in D university. The results of this study showed that the character index of university students was not different from that of middle school students, and there were no significant differences between university grade and character index and self identity. And although there were differences according to the background variables that affect character, all the influences were explained by the difference of self identity. Therefore, we discussed the necessity of character education in university and the importance of character education that can support the task of establishing self- identity in deferred adolescence.

본 연구에서는 초․중․고 학교급별로 학생들의 인성 실태를 조사하여 인성교육 활성화를 위한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 선행연구(지은림 외, 2012)로부터 24문항을 추출하였으며, 3영역 4요인(관습의 도덕, 규칙의 도덕, 사회성, 정체성)의 인성 검사도구를 개발하여 수도권 초․중․고등학교 학생 711명을 대상으로 인성 실태를 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 초등학생의 인성이 가장 높았고. 인성의 구인 중 정체성이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 ① 청소년 발달적 특성을 고려한 인성교육 설계 및 실행, ② 자기조절을 포함한 정체성교육 강화, ③ 도덕성 발달을 저해하는 환경조건 개선, ④ 규칙이나 준법에 관한 청소년의 인식 개선 등을 제안하였다. 또한 보다 신뢰로운 검사도구 개발을 위한 방향으로 ① 포괄적 인성개념 지향, ② 인성 구인 설정의 이론적 근거 및 절차적 합의 마련, ③ 검사도구의 타당도 개선, ④ 지속적 수정 보완을 제안하였다.

This study was conducted to examine the reality of Korean adolescents’ character and suggest the directions for the improvement of character education in Korea. A total of 711 students in the elementary, middle, high school level completed the 24-items of character index scale for this study to validate the character index research (Ji et al, 2013). This research revealed that the middle school was the lowest ranked among korean school students and the index of identity was the lowest among factors of character. This study suggested four directions to improve the school character education: ① strengthening the character education of middle schools considering developmental characteristics of youths ②strengthening character education focused on the development of identity including self- understanding and self-regulation skills ③ creating healthy sound environments to support the development of youth’s character ④ changing the view on law or rules of youths. Also we suggested to develop the more reliable and validated character index questionnaire: ① based on the comprehensive concept of character ② building the theoretical background of the character index questionnaire by the agreement of scholars getting through the deliberative conversation procedures and ③ continuous modification of the character index questionnaire.

본 연구는 학생들의 인성수준을 신뢰롭고 타당하게 평가하기 위해 초·중·고등학생을 대상으로 자기보고식 검사를 통한 자기평가, 평가준거를 토대로 교사가 자연적 상황에서 관찰하는 교사관찰평가, 인성교육현장에서 전문가가 관찰하는 인성교육활동내 관찰평가를 실시하고 각 방법에 따른 인성수준을 비교하는 것이 목적이다. 평가를위해 세 가지 인성덕목을 선정하고, 교사관찰평가 및 인성교육활동 내 관찰평가를 위해 평가준거 및 프로그램과 루브릭을 개발하였다. 분석결과, 세 가지 평가방법 및초․중․고등학교 급에 따라 인성수준에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 인성교육활동내 관찰평가 점수가 일관적으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이 같은 차이는 사용된 평가 방법들의 신뢰도 및 타당도를 위협하는 증거가 될 수 있다. 따라서 학생들의 인성수준을 정확하게 파악하기 위해서는 자기평가뿐만 아니라 관찰평가와 같은 대안적 방법을 마련하고 각 방법의 특성을 고려한 평가를 실시하여 인성평가의 신뢰도와 타당도를 높이는 것이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 오늘날 주로 사용하고 있는 자기평가의 문제점을 제시하고 대안적 방법들을 개발하여 실시함으로서, 교육현장에서의 인성관찰평가의 실행 방안과 경험적 근거를 제공하였다. 또한 학교급별 인성 수준의 차이를분석함으로서 교육적 정보를 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a reliable and valid character assessment method utilized to identify character levels for elementary and secondary school students. For this purpose, first teacher's observation assessment and observation assessment within character education program were developed and implemented on the emphasis of three character virtues. Afterwards, students’ responses on self report questionnaire, teacher’s observation assessment, and Observation Assessment within Character Education Program were compared. Total 69 students participated in this study and the measurement instrument used in this study is, KEDI character inspection. For teacher's observation assessment, and observation assessment within character education program, character education program and rubric were developed Results showed that , in the comparison of the three assessment methods for the three character virtues, self-report questionnaire scores for elementary and middle school students were the highest whereas teacher's observation assessment scores were the highest for high school students. For all school levels, observation assessment within character education program scores were the lowest. For significance of this study, first, this study introduces the new character assessment method, observation assessment method within character education program, to understand students better in the educational setting. Also, this study provides information to decide what assessment methods teachers can choose in school to understand students’ character levels considering each method’s strengths and weaknesses.

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to develop and verify questionnaire using temperament and character inventory (TCI) in the future by contemplating the comparative study on TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires. Methods: We investigate the research searched by keyword: 'TCI' and 'Questionnaire' through internet search engines, Pub Med, Science Direct and Springer Link. Results: The comparative study of TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires(SPAQ, BDI, TAS-20, MAC, DSQ) which have the purpose of diagnosing personal disorder is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy of the concerned psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of psychobiological characteristics of each of personal disorders. The comparative study of TCI and psychological testing Questionnaires(MMPI, NEO, CPI) which have the purpose of comprehending general personality is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy of the concerned psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of meaning of questionnaire-scales. The comparative study of TCI and constitution-psychological testing Questionnaire(QSCC II) is helpful for the verification of the level of adequacy and the understanding of the concerned constitution-psychological testing Questionnaire and contributes to the understanding of psychobiological characteristics of each of constitutions. Conclusions: TCI is a useful tool to understand the psychological testing Questionnaire more deeply and verify the level of the adequacy, and from now on for the development and verification of Oriental medicinal-psychological testing Questionnaire, the study comparing it with TCI should be actively used.

연구목적: 고등학생을 대상으로 계절성 평가 도구인 계절성 양상 평가 설문지(Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, SPAQ)와 인격 성향을 평가하는 기질과 성격 검사(Temperament and Character Inventory, TCI)와의 상관관계에 대해 조사하여 계절성과 인격 구조와의 유전적 요인과의 관계에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 서울에 거주하는 600명의 고등학생을 대상으로 Rosenthal의 SPAQ와 Cloninger의 TCI 한국어판을 사용하였다. 결과 : 여학생은 harm avoidance, reward dependence, cooperativeness에서 높은 점수가 나온 반면 남학생에서는 persistence, self-transcendence에서 높은 점수가 나왔다. 총계절성 점수(Global seasonality score)와 TCI의 하부척도를 비교한 결과 harm avoidance, self-transcendence와는 정적 상관관계가 나타났으며, self-directedness, cooperativeness와는 부적 상관관계가 나타났다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, SAD의 경우 회귀계수는 self-directedness와 유의한 부적 상관관계가 나타났으며 self-transcendence와는 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. S-SAD의 경우에는 cooperativeness와 부적 상관관계를 보였으며 self-transcendence와는 정적 상관관계를 보였다. GSS가 11점 이상일 경우에는 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 self-transcendence 점수가 높게 나타났으며, 겨울에 가장 기분이 저하되는 경우에는 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 더 낮은 cooperativeness 점수를 보였다. 계절성 변동이 중등도 이상의 문제를 일으키는 경우에는 높은 harm avoidance, self-transcendence 점수를 보였다. 결론: 계절성과 성격 및 기질적인 부분이 서로 연관성을 보였다. 이 연구가 우리나라에서 고등학생을 대상으로 한 최초의 연구로서 여기에서 보인 결과들은 임상적 적용에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Objectives : Recently, many authors investigated the relation of temperament and character to seasonality and the genetic factors in seasonality and personality. In this study, we investigated the relation between personality structure obtained from the psychobiological Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and self-reported seasonal variations in mood and behavior measured by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Methods : 600 high-school students who live in Seoul of Korea, were participated in this study. Subjects were surveyed with the Korean translation of the SPAQ of Rosenthal, an instrument for investigating mood and behavioral changes with respect to the seasons of the you. Korean version of the TCI of Cloninger was also used for assessment of personality. Results : Female students were significantly higher scores on harm avoidance, reward dependence, and cooperativeness than male students who had significant higher scores on persistence and self·transcendence than the formers. GSS were showed positive correlation with harm avoidance and self-transcendence, and negative correlation with cooperativeness and self-directedness. By employing logistic regressions, the regression coefficients of SAD were significantly negative in SD, and positive in ST. Also, the regression coefficients of S-SAD were significantly negative in CO, and positive in ST. Those with GSS at least 11 were significantly higher mean ST values compared to the remaining individuals, and those with worst in winter were significantly lower mean CO values compared to the remaining individuals. Those who considered the seasonality as a problem at least to a moderate degree were associated with high HA and ST. Conclusion : We add the evidence that the seasonality is related to the temperament and character. Although there have been many reports about the seasonality in relation to the temperament and character in foreign countries, there has been very limited report from Korea before. We hope that this result would be a helpful in the clinical field in Korea.

韓国人日本語学習者数は年々増加傾向にあり、国際交流基金が2009年に実施した「海外日本語教育機関調査」の結果によれば、同年の韓国における日本語学習者数はおよそ96万人で、世界第一である。これまで韓国人日本語学習者に対する問題点について、文法、音韻、語彙などの分野で多くの研究がなされてきたが、依然として体系的な日本語の教授法の開発は立ち遅れているのが現状である。その中でも特に、漢字教育の必要性は問われているものの漢字教授法に関する研究は数少ない。多くの研究で、漢字圏日本語学習者は母語によって得られた漢字の知識を活用して、日本語の教育に望むべきであると指摘しているが、実際、韓国の漢字事情は、1945年の開放以来、漢字廃止政策により、漢字の使用をやめてハングル専用で書くことが奨励されてきた。その後、再び漢字を使うようになったが、基本的には、ハングル化が進められており、韓国人の漢字の読み書き能力は低下していると言えるだろう。そこで、本研究では、韓国人日本語学習者への質問紙調査を行い、韓国人日本語学習者はどのように漢字を学習しているのか、また、実際どのような漢字教育がなされているのかについて実態を把握することを目的とした。その結果、韓国人日本語学習者は母語で漢字の知識を持っていても日本語漢字学習を難しいと感じ、漢字学習が好きではないことが明らかになった。また、韓国の大学で行われている日本語の授業においては、適切な漢字指導が行われておらず、韓国人日本語学習者は漢字に重点をおいた日本語の授業を望んでいることがわかった。以上のような実態を踏また上で、今後は、韓国人日本語学習者に適切している漢字の指導方法について具体的に考察していく必要があると考えられる。