Earticle

A Chinese complement construction composed of a head and its following complement contains distinctive linguistic features, while most other languages like Korean, English, etc. have no such features. The general classification of a complement construction by Chinese linguists is helpful but not enough to be completely transferred to a target language such as Korean. In this paper, we propose an approach where complement constructions are analyzed and classified based on the contrastive and computational viewpoint of the target language in Chinese‐to‐Korean machine translation. Further, the translation ambiguities of a head‐ndcomplement dependent case, which is the most complex type of complement construction in terms of translation, are resolved by k‐means clustering using mutual information. Some experimental results of such resolved ambiguities are provided from random samples. The proposed method improved the accuracy of disambiguation by 17.3 % with respect to the baseline.

The present study examines the interpretation of Korean relative clauses (RC) by English speakers of L2 Korean. The purpose of the study is to see if these learners employ the same parsing strategy as native Korean speakers in the processing of a complex NP followed by a RC. Processing strategies were investigated with two different conditions, which were distinguished from each other by animacy presence in the second NP of a complex NP (e.g., chayk-ul ilk-nun apeci-uy atul ‘the son of the father who is reading a book’: [+ani, +ani] condition vs. kyosil-ey iss-nun haksayng-uy chayk ‘the book of the student who is in the classroom’: [+ani, -ani] condition). Korean speakers showed equal preference in the [+ani, +ani] condition, while they showed low attachment (LA) preference in the [+ani, -ani] condition. On the other hand, English speakers showed LA preference in both conditions. We assume that this LA preference by the English speakers might have been due to either the universal processing principle (recency) or influence from their L1, both of which make the same attachment site. The source of the Korean speakers diverging behavior is discussed on the basis of difference in verb meaning used in each condition. The discrepancy between the two language groups leads us to propose that English speakers do not rely on the same processing strategies as Korean speakers.

Differences in the perception of segmental contrasts by native and non-native listeners have been formalized as the results of language-specific weightings of acoustic cues in their perception grammar (e.g., Escudero & Boersma, 2004). However, less attention has been paid to the weighting of prosodic cues. This study investigated the relative importance of four prosodic cues – duration, pause, pitch, and intensity – in the resolution of syntactic ambiguity by English native speakers and Korean ESL speakers. In a processing experiment, two groups of participants listened to English sentences with relative clause attachment ambiguity (e.g., Jennifer blackmailed the boss of the clerk who was dishonest), differing in the presence/absence of the four prosodic cues for disambiguation. Then, they chose a more appropriate interpretation of the sentence (e.g., Q: Who was dishonest? Choices: the boss or the clerk). The results indicated that English speakers weighted pause and pitch cues heavily than lengthening and intensity, while pause was the only heavily weighted cue for Korean speakers. This is in line with a previous production study, which found that in English, RC attachment is disambiguated by the combination of boundary cues (pause) and head prominence cues (pitch and intensity), but in Korean, the ambiguity is mainly resolved by boundary cues (lengthening and pause) (Baek, 2019). Thus, Korean speakers’ weaker use of pitch compared to English speakers is likely an L1 influence. It suggests that, similarly to segmental cues, prosodic cues are weighted differently across languages, which influences second language sentence processing.

한국어 재귀대명사의 참조 다의성 해소 과정에 관한 기존 연구(김영진과 최광일, 2003, 실험 2)를 안구운동 추적 실험으로 반복하였다. 참조 다의성이 서로 다르게 해결될 수 있는 두 종류의 동사를 사용하였으며, 재귀 대명사 포함 문장을 읽어가는 과정에서 보이는 안구 운동을, 첫 통과 읽기시간, 다시 읽기시간, 눈동자의 회귀빈도 및 전체 읽기시간으로 분석하였다. 실험 결과 첫 통과 읽기시간에서는 다의성이 해결되는 동사 영역에서 재귀대명사와 동사 종류간의 상호작용이 나타났다. 즉 ‘자기’는 주절의 주어를 참조할 때 빠른 읽기시간을 보였지만, ‘자신’은 읽기시간의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 다시 읽기시간에서는 삽입절 동사 위치에서, '자기’가 ‘자신’보다 빠른 읽기시간을 보였다. 눈동자의 회귀 빈도 역시, 삽입절 동사 위치에서 '자신' 조건이 유의하게 높은 빈도를 보였다. 전체 읽기시간 분석에서는 재귀대명사 ‘자기’가 ‘자신’보다 빠른 읽기시간을 보였으며, 다의성이 해결되는 동사 위치에서는 ‘자기’를 가진 문장이 ‘자신’을 포함한 문장 보다 빠른 읽기시간을 보였다. 특히 주절의 주어를 수식하는 경우에 보다 빠른 읽기시간을 보였다. 두 재귀대명사 '자기'와 '자신'이 서로 다른 언어학적 특성이 있으며, 전자는 주절의 주어를 선호하지만 후자는 특별한 선호를 보이지 않는 이유를 논의 하였다. 아울러 한국어의 안구 운동 자료 분석 절차를 상세히 소개하였다.

This paper reported an eye-tracking experiment designed to probe how the reference ambiguities of Korean reflexive expressions are resolved during on-line processing. In Korean the reflexives (e.g., 'caki' 'casin') could refer both antecedent NPs in the sentences. We have compared two forms of the reflexive pronouns and the argument information of verbs that could make referential relations unambiguous and measured four indices of eye movements such as the first pass reading times, the re-reading times, the total reading time, and the regression frequency. First, the results of the experiment showed that participants have read ‘caki’ faster than ‘casin’ in the ambiguous region of sentences and in the disambiguation verb. Second, the ‘caki’ in the sentences with the reflexive that refer to main-clause subject were read faster than the sentences with the reflexive that refer to embedded-clause subject in the disambiguation region(i.e., verb). However, the ‘casin’ did not show any differences between the conditions. It was discussed that two different Korean reflexives might have different linguistic properties and their referential resolution processes might be determined by different principles.

GPS 반송파를 사용하여 센티미터 수준 정확도의 동적 측위를 위해서는 반송파 관측데이터에 포함하고 있는 미지정수를 결정하여 정밀한 기하거리로 환산하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 GPS에 의한 실시간 구조물 모니터링에 효율적으로 적용가능한 반송파 관측데이터 순간미지정수 결정 성능향상을 위한 알고리즘을 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 구조물에 설치한 GPS 수신기 이동 범위와 그 네트워크를 수학적으로 모형화하고 '정수제약 최소제곱법'을 통해 정확한 위치를 추정하는 절차를 제안하였다. 이 절차에는 추정해의 신뢰성 향상을 위해 실수해의 과대오차 최소화에 필요한 품질제어와 기하적 구속조건을 이용한 미지정수 타당성 검정을 포함하고 있다. 제안된 순간미지정수 결정절차를 과학기술용 계산용 소프트웨어인 MATLAB에 의해 실시간 적용 가능하도록 구현하고 장대교량에 해당하는 사장교 현장 관측데이터를 처리하여, 그 성능을 미지정수결정 성공률, 통계모형의 영향 그리고 연산시간에 대해 분석하고 결과를 요약하였다.

In order to deliver a centimeter-level kinematic positioning solution with GPS carrier-phase measurements, it is prerequisite to use correctly resolved integer ambiguities. Based on the mathematical modeling of GPS network with application of its geometrical constraints, this research has investigated an instantaneous ambiguity resolution procedure for the so-called 'integer constrained least-squares' technique which can be effectively implemented in real-time structure monitoring. In this process, algorithms of quality control for the float solutions and hypothesis tests using the constrained baseline for the ambiguity validation are included to enhance reliability of the solutions. The proposed procedure has been implemented by MATLAB, the language of technical computing, and processed field trial data obtained at a cable-stayed bridge to access its real-world applicability. The results are summarized in terms of ambiguity successful rates, impact of the stochastical models, and computation time to demonstrate performance of the instantaneous ambiguity resolution proposed.

본 연구는 중의적 해석이 가능한 특정 영어구문에 대해 한국어 모국어화자들의 해석과정을 해당어구의 읽기시간과 신경생리학적 지표로서의 사건관련전위(Event-related Potentials; ERPs)를 이용하여 확인하고자 하였다. 외국어로서의 영어를 처리하는 과정에서의 구문적 중의성이 내포된 미로문장(garden path sentence; GPS)과 이른종결문장(early closure sentence; ECS)을 대상으로 자기 조절 읽기 과제(self-paced reading)를 사용하여, 중의어구가 포함된 실험문장과 중의성이 개재되지 않은 통제문장에서의 반응을 얻었다. 실험결과, 미로문장 통제조건 및 이른종결문장 조건의 중의성 관련어에서 유의미하게 읽기 반응시간이 지연되어 나타났다. 또한 동일 유형의 중의구문에 대한 ERP 실험에서도 차별적 신경활성화 지표를 확인할 수 있었는데, 미로문장 조건에서는 구문재분석 부담이 증가되는 방향의 지표인 P600이 두드러진 데 비해, 이른종결문장 유형은 해당어구의 의미역할 변화를 초래하는 방향으로 해석가능한 N400에서 그 차이가 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 각기 다른 해석방법을 지니는 복문의 상이한 유형이 그 구조의 차이 외에 의미적 해석이 우선적으로 적용될 수 있으며, 중의구조 유형 간 해소과정이 각기 다른 처리단원으로 분리되어 있음을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to find how to process an ambiguous sentence related with garden-path sentence(GPS) and early closure sentence(ECS), and to reveal the difference of contribution between their syntactic and semantic informations using ERPs. Task to be required is to read silently and respond to the presented English phrase by self-paced reading method. Analyses on behavioral response time show the significant delayed response to the controlled GPS and ECS condition. The current ERP results showed that embedded GPS sentences elicited more enhanced P600 but a slight difference of N400 while ECS sentences were more sensitive to N400 than small difference of P600. These results signify that on-line processing of ambiguity-related embedded sentence can be diverged based on the burden of interpretation of the given ambiguous word. Differential ERPs components in each type of experimental sentences suggest that the difficulty of sentential reanalysis as reflected on P600, and the need of the shift on thematic role indexed as N400 respectively were differently involved in processing English ambiguous-embedded sentences.

This paper aims to examine whether the lifestyle of Korean participants influences temporal ambiguity resolution in English and Korean. The experiment investigated lifestyle differences between administrators and university students, focusing on their preferred temporal perspectives. The results indicate that administrators averaged significantly higher conscientiousness scores than students, while students averaged significantly higher procrastination scores than administrators and that administrators were significantly more likely to adopt the Time-moving perspective (responding Monday) than students, while both administrators and students were more likely to adopt the Time-moving perspective. Specifically, in the case of English question, the number of time-moving consistent responses significantly differs between administrators and students, while in the case of Korean question, the number of time-moving consistent responses does not significantly differ between administrators and students. This study shows an influence of lifestyle on Korean people’s temporal perspectives on the movement of events in time. Furthermore this study indicates that Korean participants have a baseline preference for the Time-moving perspective in the interpretation of the ambiguous ‘Wednesday’s meeting’ question.

Choi, Sungho & Lee, Miseon. 2016. Online Resolution of English NP/S Ambiguity in Korean Adult EFL Learners. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 41-1, 165-180. The present study investigated whether Korean adult EFL learners use verb-specific information when reading temporarily ambiguous sentences. In a self-paced reading task, we examined the effect of subcategorization bias of verbs on ambiguity resolution, using two types of biased verbs: S-biased verbs (e.g., The waiter insisted the reservation was made by a woman) and NP-biased verbs (e.g., The waiter confirmed the reservation was made by a woman). The reading times indicate that Korean EFL learners with high proficiency of English do not use verb bias information during online sentence processing. However, the results suggest that our participants’ insufficient experience with English, interacting with their L1 word order, may hinder their using the verb information in online processing. (Hanyang University)

A new method for Chinese word segmentation named Conditional F'||'&'||'BMM (Forward and Backward Maximal Matching) which incorporates both bigram statistics (ie., mutual infonllation and difference of t-test between Chinese characters) and linguistic rules for ambiguity resolution is proposed in this paper The key characteristics of this model are the use of: (i) statistics which can be automatically derived from any raw corpus, (ii) a rule base for disambiguation with consistency and controlled size to be built up in a systematic way.

Rapid and high-precision positioning with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is feasible only when very precise carrier-phase observations can be used. There are two kinds of mathematical models for ambiguity resolution. The first one is based on both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements, and the observation equations are of full rank. The second one is only based on carrier phase measurement, which is a rank-defect model. Though the former is more commonly used, the latter has its own advantage, that is, ambiguity resolution will be freed from the effects of pseudorange multipath. Galileo will be operational. One of the important differences between Galileo and current GPS is that Galileo will provide signals in four frequency bands. With more carrier-phase data available, frequency combinations with long equivalent wavelength can be formed, so Galileo will provide more opportunities for fast and reliable ambiguity resolution than current GPS. This paper tries to investigate phase only fast ambiguity resolution performance with four Galileo frequencies for short baseline. Cascading Ambiguity Resolution (CAR) method with selected optimal frequency combinations and LAMBDA method are used and compared. To validate the resolution, two tests are used and compared. The first one is a ratio test. The second one is lower bound success-rate test. The simulation test results show that, with LAMBDA method, whether with ratio test or lower bound success rate validation criteria, ambiguity can be fixed in several seconds, 8 seconds at most even when 1 sigma of carrier phase noise is 12 mm. While with CAR method, at least about half minute is required even when 1 sigma of carrier phase noise is 3 mm. It shows that LAMBDA method performs obviously better than CAR method.

The present study investigates the questions of (a) how Korean speakers of learning English process locally ambiguous reduced relative clause during on-line comprehension and (b) whether/how task at hands changes second language (L2) processing patterns in ambiguity resolution. Participants read the locally ambiguous sentences that contain reduced relative clauses on a self-paced reading task. The stimuli sentences were manipulated with verb morphology, post-ambiguity cue, and different types of comprehension questions. The results showed that the L2 speakers were able to make use of both verb morphology and post-ambiguity cue information and that the sensitivity was influenced by the question types. The study suggests that the L2 learners are influenced by both verb morphology and cue information when resolving the ambiguity, and that reading goals significantly affects the process of ambiguity resolution. The findings are discussed in light of the good-enough (GE) language processing.

The present study seeks to examine the effects of L1 and L2 processing strategies on proficient second-language learners of English, focusing on the resolutions of RC attachment ambiguities, by comparing native Korean speakers to second-language learners in both their first- and second-language. In the present study, Korean-dominant subjects showed a tendency for forward transfer when resolving RC ambiguities, while English-dominant subjects revealed backward transfer. That is, these subjects, whether Korean- or English-dominant, used the same parsing strategies in processing both languages, and they are the parsing strategies of their dominant language. This suggests that the length and quantity of exposure in their language experience directly relates to the development of their parsing preferences. One conclusion we can reach here is that the parsing preferences of the second language learners of English in this study is not explicable by the Universal Account, due to the fact that different parsing preferences are found within the same language. They are, however, generally compatible with the prediction of the Experience-based Account, which accounts for development of parsing strategies through influence of differences in language experience.

Purpose: Older adults have difficulty processing syntactic complexity due to their declined cognitive skills. The study examined how older adults resolve temporary syntactic ambiguity during on-line sentence processing and which cognitive factors contribute to syntactic ambiguity resolution skills. Methods: Twenty-four young and 34 older adults read sentences containing Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb Phrase (VP) attached Prepositional Phrases (PPs) via a word-by-word self-paced reading paradigm. After selecting a critical word that disambiguates syntactic structure (NP-attached PP or VP-attached PP), residual reading time of the critical word that represents PP-attachment resolution skills was calculated. In addition, neuropsychological tests were administered to measure working memory capacity (the Month Ordering and Digit Ordering Tasks), inhibition (the Stroop), alternate attention (the Trail Making Test), and set-switching skills (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Then, the data were used to analyze relationship among cognitive functions and PP-attachment resolution skills. Results: Both groups required longer processing time to resolve NP-attached PP which was syntactically more ambiguous than VP-attached PP. However, older adults showed declined cognitive skills when compared with young adults. Among these cognitive skills, set-switching skills were associated with overcoming the GP effect in both age groups. Unlike young adults, older adults showed that alternating attention skills were related to resolving PP-attachment ambiguity as well. Conclusions: This study suggest that older adults require additional cognitive skills to resolve PP-attachment ambiguity as well as young adults do. Moreover, other age-related cognitive functions should be considered to understand older adults' sentence processing skills along with working memory capacity.

Modernized GPS will have three frequencies modulated with three signals, which will be accessible to all users in the near future. This new frequency provides an opportunity to resolve the double differenced (DD) integer ambiguity very fast and with almost no baseline constraints. In order to study the performance of triple frequency system for Ambiguity Resolution (AR) over the medium baseline under different ionospheric levels, the Klobuchar Model was implemented and used in our triple simulation to generate the ionospheric delay. Furthermore, the White-Gaussian noise applying to distance-dependent parameters was added to the DD ionospheric delay. For medium baseline (defined as here 20 to 40kms), success rates of AR has been pretty improved. In this paper, the medium baseline AR strategies that take advantage of carrier phase measurement on the third frequency will be discussed.

This paper addresses solutions th the challenges of carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution and cycle slip detection/identification, for maintaining high accuracy of an integrated GPS/Pseudolite/INS system. Such a hybrid positioning and navigation system is an augmentation of standard GPS/INS systems in localized areas. To achieve the goal of high accuracy, the carrier phase measurements with correctly estimated integer ambiguities must be utilized to update the system integration filter's states. The contribution presents an effective approach to increase the reliability and speed of integer ambiguity resolution through using pseudolite and INS measurements, with special emphasis on reducing the ambiguity search space. In addition, an algorithm which can effectively detect and correct the cycle slips is described as well. The algorithm utilizes additional position information provided by the INS, and applies a statistical technique known as th cumulative-sun (CUSUM) test that is very sensitive to abrupt changes of mean values. Results of simulation studies and field tests indicate that the algorithms are performed pretty well, so that the accuracy and performance of the integrated system can be maintained, even if cycle slips exist in the raw GPS measurements.

Commercial uses of GPS have been growing rapidly with applications for aircraft, ship, and land vehicle navigation as well as for surveying and time keeping. The next generation GPS and Japanese QZS (Quasi Zenith Satellite) will provide three different civil signals. Galileo will also provide several types of civil signals. The availability of the third civil frequency has obvious advantages to instantaneous carrier phase accuracy and ambiguity resolution for centimeter level measurements. This paper discusses the effects of additional new civil signals for the high accuracy positioning in urban areas based on simulation using practical raw data. As for constellation, only GPS and GPS+QZS are considered. For positioning, a short distance baseline is assumed in order to disregard atmosphere effects. In this simulation, mask angle and signal conditions were fixed and ambiguity success rates were compared between different triple frequency combination scenarios. The coefficient of reflection was set randomly from 0.05 to 0.5 and the multipath delay was also set randomly from 5-100 m. Visible satellites and signal strength were determined by raw data collected in Tokyo by car. These simulation results have confirmed that the availability of high accuracy positioning will increase in all scenarios if we use GPS+QZS with triple frequencies.

This study investigates the improvement in the theoretical success rate of the integer ambiguity resolution in GPS/GNSS carrier-phase positioning by using many visible satellites. It estimates the dependence of the rate on the baseline length in relative positioning under the condition of the use of double/triple-frequency navigation signals. The calculation results show that the use of 14 navigation satellites (i.e., seven GPS and seven Galileo ones) remarkably improves the success rate under the condition of very short baseline length, compared with the use of seven GPS ones. The numerical reliability of the calculated success rates is strictly tested by examining the tightness of the union and minimum-distance bounds to the rate. These bounds are also shown to be effective to investigate the realization of the high success rates.