Earticle

웰빙식품, 건강에 대한 관심 증대로 버섯의 소비량은 꾸준히 증가하고 있으나, 주로 생버섯으로 소비되 고 2차 가공식품의 기능성 구명으로 새로운 용도 개발 연구는 미진한 상황이다. 버섯의 고부가가치 창 출을 위해서는 버섯의 생산 및 단순가공형 산업에서 탈피하여 새로운 신기능성 구명 연구를 통해 새로 운 미래 바이오산업 확대를 위한 용도 창출을 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구내용은 버섯류 35종 에 대한 전립선암세포내 PSA발현 억제 효능 및 이를 통해 확인된 버섯자원들의 함유성분 중 암에 관 련된 화합물들에 대한 구조적 상관관계를 분석하였다. 35종의 버섯류는 99% 에탄올 추출 및 물로 추출 후 동결건조하여 공시재료로 사용하였다. 그 결과 35종의 버섯중 느티만가닥(Hypsizigus marmoreus), 눈 꽃동충하초(Cordyceps takaomontana), 차가버섯(Inonotus obliquus), 동충하초(Cordyceps sinensis), 양송이 (Agaricus bisporus) 등에서 전립선암세포내 PSA 발현을 억제하는 효과를 보였다. 이들 버섯들은 면역력 을 높이는데 유효한 성분인 베타글루칸이 다량으로 함유되어 있어 면역력증진에 따른 전립선암세포의 증식 억제에 효과를 나타내고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 녹각영지버섯 추출물의 항산화 효과 및 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ로 자극 된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 항산화 효과 및 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. 녹각영지버섯의 항산화 활성 을 확인하기 위하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)과 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical 소거 활성 및 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 생성량을 측정한 결과, DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거효과에 대한 IC50은 각각, 80.74, 52.28 ㎍/ml의 radical 소거능이 관찰되었으며 ROS 생성량은 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고, RAW 264.7 대식세포를 이용하여 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 ROS 및 nitric oxide (NO) 생성량을 측정한 결과, 활성산소 종 ROS와 염증 매개물질인 NO는 투여농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 염증과 관련된 inflammatory cytokine의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 억제하여 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 녹각영지버섯 추출물은 항산화 및 항염증을 지닌 기능성 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

This study is on the analysis of annual total power output of transparent thin-film PV windows which are integrated into the building envelope instead of traditional windows. 3 installation angles of vertical, horizontal and 30° inclination are investigated. To measure a power out of PV windows, full scale mock-up house was designed and constructed. The power performance of PV window system was analyzed for horizontal angle, declination angle and vertical angle according to incline angle. Monitoring data are gathered from November 2006 to August 2007 and statistical analysis is performed to analysis a characteristics of power performance of transparent PV windows. Results show that annual power output of PV window with horizontal angle is 1,042kWh/kWp/year, declination angle 1347kWh/kWp/year and vertical angle 586 kWh/kWp/year.

Window System has a problem with insulation on building wall comparison with other portions. Recently, in all over the world, technologies and research for improvement of insulation performance with window system were actively studied. This study has been considered about components of window system and evaluated insulation performance of triple window system through the tests of U-Value of window system and simulated model. It was evaluated window system that widely used in domestic or overseas. Therm5.0 and Window6.0 were used for simulation available for heat analysis from stationary state of two-dimensional simulated model. As a result, the best components of each portion on window system were PVC frame, Plastic spacer and Low-e glass and the super insulation window system was triple glazing window system applied these components. The U-Value of this super insulation triple window system was 1.325 W/㎡K and it will be expected saving energy window system.

Background: The study was conducted to elucidate the extraction conditions under which white ginseng has cognition-improving efficacy. Methods and Results: Extracts from white ginseng under different solvent and temperature conditions were analyzed for ginsenoside content and inhibitory effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and acetylcholinesterase. The total ginsenoside contents and amounts of ginsenoside Rb1 plus ginsenoside Rg1 from the 1st extracts (prepared with EtOH/H2O as solvent) were higher than those from the 2nd extracts (extracted with H2O after the 1st EtOH/H2O extraction). The contents in the 1st and 2nd extracts produced at 80℃ were also higher than those obtained at 50℃. Samples from the 1st extraction at 80℃ indicated higher inhibitory activities on NMDA receptors-whose excessive activation is thought to mediate the calcium-dependent neurotoxicity associated with several neurodegenerative diseases-than those from the 2nd extraction. Among the samples prepared at varying temperatures, the extract prepared at 50℃ showed the highest suppression activity on NMDA receptors. Note, however, that the extracts from the 2nd extraction at 50℃ inhibited acetylcholinesterase-whose inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive deficits and memory malfunction-more effectively than those from the 1st extraction. Conclusions: To enhance the cognition-improving activity of white ginseng extract, it is suggested that the extracts be utilized after being combined the 1st extracts (made with EtOH/H2O solvent) and the 2nd extracts (prepared with H2O) at low temperature.

study investigated the effects of rain shelter controlled cultivation and adapted seeding times on the stable seed production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Methods and Results: Seed germination was conducted under 10 condition compose to control, water washing, cold storage at 4℃ for 15 days, seed sterilization with a benomyl pesticides, hormone treated seed by submerging in 100 ppm GA3 with the cold storage at 20℃ and 25℃, darkness in a covered petridish and illuminated with a 1,500 Lux lamp. There were three cultivation type, open cultivation with non-woven fabric mulching, cultivation with a vinyl covering and rain sheltered in a plastic greenhouse. Sowing dates were April 27, May 18, June 7 and June 28, 2013. Plants were spaced 10 ㎝ apart in rows 30 ㎝ apart. Mixed oil cake fertilizer, N-P2O5-K2O (12-10-10) was applied at 600 ㎏• 10 a−1. Conclusions: Optimum germination occured in darkness at 25℃ and cold storage after submerging in GA3. The highest seed yields (4.5 ㎏• 10 a−1) occurred in the plastic greenhouse for the April 25 sowing. The highest root yield (17%) was found on April 1, under greenhouse conditions

Background : A new extraction method-heated ultrasonic extraction was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the extraction of major ginsenosides from ginseng extract; this new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was compared with the official extraction method of Korean industrial standards and standard for health functional food. Methods and Results : Ginsenoside compounds were analyzed for 35 minutes by the new HPLC analysis method using a Halo® RP-Amide column. The new HPLC analysis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of each ginsenoside. The correlation coefficients (r2) for the calibration curves of the ginsenoside compounds were over 0.9997 in terms of linearity. The heated ultrasonic extraction method using ultrasonication for 30 minutes at 50℃ yielded higher amount of ginsenosides than the extraction method of the Korean industrial standards owing to the enhancement of extraction efficiency. Conclusions : Compared to the other extraction methods, the heated ultrasonic extraction method yielded a higher amount of ginsenoside Rb1 than Rg1 index compounds for the quality evaluation of ginseng roots.

In this study, we tried to offer the possibility of White Hibiscus syriacus L. (WHS) flower extracts as a preventive and improving agent of osteoporosis that bone mass reduction is induced by an decrease of osteoblast involved in bone formation and increase of bone resorption by osteoclast activity. As a results, it was found to have antioxidant activity and contain a flavonoid contents (47.74 ㎎/g) of the WHS flower. There was cytotoxicity at more than 250 ㎍/㎖ concentration of WHS flower extract of RANKL-induced osteoclast in RAW264.7. There were no significant inhibited TRAP activity in the WHS leaf and stem. However, it was confirmed that it is significantly inhibited the differentiation activity of osteoclasts in 50 and 100 ㎍/㎖ concentration of cells of stability levels of only WHS flower extracts (p < 0.01). The WHS flower prominently inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation activity by decreased calcitonin receptor and TRAP mRNA (p < 0.01). These results indicate that of osteoclasts differentiation activity is inhibited by protection of oxidative stress due to the antioxidant activity of the WHS flower. Therefore, suggesting the WHS flower may be a presents the possibility as a preventive and therapeutic agents for osteoporosis.

This study was carried out to evaluate the preventive effect of three forms of Korean ginseng roots (fresh, white and red) against bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity in mouse male germ cells (GC-2spd, TM3, TM4). ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation were measured by DCF-DA (2’,7’-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate) assay. Also, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis- related genes, Bax (pro-apoptotic gene) and Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic gene). ROS generation was increased by 50 μM BPA, but definitely decreased by treatment with Korean ginseng extracts (fresh, white and red) in mouse male germ cells. In especial, Korean fresh ginseng extract reduced significantly ROS production to normal control. In addition, Korean fresh and white ginseng extracts suppressed the apoptosis of mouse male germ cells by fine-tuning mRNA levels of apoptotic genes changed by BPA. In general, Korean fresh ginseng extract was more effective than white ginseng extract for reducing BPAinduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse male germ cells. Therefore, Korean fresh and white ginseng may help to alleviate biphenol A toxicity in mouse male germ cells.

This study was conducted to improve the postharvest storage techniques of managing and storing seeds, totest qualities and viabilities of the seeds and to examine the germination rate and the protein expression of Achyranthesjaponica Nakai. The seeds collected from different areas of Je-Cheon and Gwang-Ju were stored with different temperaturesand durations. Two plant growth regulators and two seed priming were treated to investigate their effect on the germinationrates and the days required for germination. The weight of one hundred seed collected in Gwang-Ju was heavier than thosein Je-Cheon. Seed length collected in Gwang-Ju was also longer about 5.12 ㎜ than those in Je-Cheon about 4.90 ㎜ andseed width was longer in Gwang-Ju than those in Je-Cheon. The rates of seed germination in two different collection areaswere higher about 2.9 to 13.0% in Gwang-Ju compared to those in Je-Cheon. Comparing its rates with the storing temperaturesand durations, they were not clearly different in between 4℃ and 25℃ and they also were gradually decreased withgetting longer storing durations. The germination rates treated by plant growth regulators were higher with GA3 than thosewith Kinetin. The highest seed germination rate was appeared at 50 ppm of GA3. Comparing its rates with different seedpriming, they were relatively higher with KNO3 than those with PEG6000. In protein expression patterns between before thegerminating and after the germinating of seeds, more and clear bands were appeared in the seed after the germination comparedto those before the germination of seeds, especially 10 ~ 20 kDa. These results showing more and clear bands weremore clearly appeared in Gwang-Ju compared to Je-Cheon. Comparing the protein expression with plant growth regulatorsand seed primings, GA3 was better expression than those with Kinetin and KNO3 was better than those with PEG6000. Moreand clear bands were closely related to the germination rates of seeds and more detailed studies would be required.

Polygonatum is a genus placed in the family Liliaceae, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and16 of the species are grown naturally in Korea. In oriental medicine, the rhizomes of Polygonatum have been used as two differentmedicines, Okjuk (Polygonati odorati Rhizoma) and Hwangjeong (Polygonati Rhizoma). However, it is difficult toidentify the morphological and chemical differences between the medicinal groups and thus easy to confuse the one with theother. Therefore, a clear classification standard needs to be established so as to be able to discriminate between them. In thestudy, the morphological characteristics of the plants, Polygonatum spp., were examined. Then, the differences in SNPsamong the DNA sequences of 7 of the Polygonatum spp. and 1 of the Disporum spp. were analyzed by DNA barcoding withrpoC1, rpoB2, matK, and psbA-trnH of the cpDNA region. In the results, three regions, rpoC1, rpoB2, and matK were usefulfor discriminating the species, P. stenophyllum and P. sibiricum. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate the individualgermplasm within the species by using the combination of the results obtained from rpoB2, rpoC1, and matK.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality. In search of a natural products capable of inhibiting this multidrug resistant bacteria, we have investigated the antimicrobialactivity of brazilein (BRZ) isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae) against 8 different strains of Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus). New antimicrobial activity was found using the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), brothdilution as well as checkerboard method. Against the 8 strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of BRZ were in therange of 62.5-500㎍/mL. From those results we performed the checkerboard test to determine the synergism of BRZ incombination with Hygromycin-b (HgB) against 4 strains. The combined activity of BRZ and HgB against 4 strains resultedin a fractional inhibitory concentrations index (FICI) ranging from 0.18-0.5. The effect of BRZ with HgB was found to besynergistic. We found that BRZ reduced the MICs of HgB. BRZ and HgB could lead to the development of new combinationantibiotics against MRSA infection.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of seeds, the germination rates and the days required forgermination, to examine the patterns of protein expressions during the germination and to improve the techniques of managingand storing seeds and viability of the seeds of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. After collecting and harvestingseeds, they were classified to white and brown colors of seed coat through testing their seed size, weight, and quality. Thegermination rates, the days required for germination, and the protein expressions were examined with different colors ofseed coats, storing temperatures and durations by treating the different plant growth regulators and primings. One hundredseed weight of white color was heavier about 1.17 g than those of brown one about 0.81 g. The germination rates in whitecolor of seed coat was higher, 3.05 ~ 5.75%, than those in brown one. Its rates were decreased with getting longer in storagedurations. There was no big differences on germination rates between storage temperatures. The plant growth regulator ofGA3 and Kinetin was affected to improve the seed germination. GA3 increased the seed germination clearly at 25 ppm level,while kinetin increased it gradually from 25 to 100 ppm levels. In germination by seed primings, PEG6000 made higher germinationrate with increasing their levels, whereas KNO3 increased the germination until 100 mM level and then decreasedit with 200 mM unlike PEG6000. The protein expressed during the seed germination were appeared more and clearer bandsin the seed after germination, especially 20 ~ 30 kDa, compared to those in the seed before germination. These results showingmore and clearer bands were positively related to the germination rates which were different by seed colors, storage temperaturesand durations, and plant growth regulators and primings.

This experiment was carried out to establish the optimum cutting time, plant growth regulator, and bed-soilfor rooting by greenwood cutting of Schisandra chinensis. Approximately 7 ㎝ long-shoots of greenwood cuttings weretransplanted by various cutting times, plant growth regulators, and bed-soils in the plastic-film house. The rooting rate ofgreenwood cutting was 12.5% in the April 5th, 73.5% in the May 8th, and 75.5% in the August 5th. The number and lengthof primary root in greenwood cutting were more in the early May than those in the early August. For mass propagation ofSchisandra chinensis. using greenwood cutting, shoots were treated with plant growth regulators on May to increase rootingrate. Rooting rate was 100% with IAA 50 ㎎/ℓ , 92.9% with NAA 100 ㎎/ℓ , and NAA 1,000 ㎎/ℓ , for 60 min. To selecteffective media for rooting, various medias for bed-soil were treated by single and mixture form for 100 days after cutting. Rooting rate was 91.8% in the single treatment of peat moss or decomposition of granite soil, and this result was better thanthose in other treatment. The treatment by 1 : 1 mixture of peat moss and horticulture bed soil was rooting with 94.0% bestrooting rate.

This study was investigated to evaluate germination rate of Astragalus membranaceus B. in Korea as affected by storage temperature, germination temperature and storage period of seed. The highest germination rate was obtained from condition of 25℃ in germination temperature. Seeds were stored at ?20℃ and 5℃ for 8 weeks has showed higher germination rate than one at room temperatures. The germination rates showed significantly difference by harvested year of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The seed of A. membranaceus in harvested year of 2011 and 2012 had germinated well. On the other hand, seeds in harvested year of 2010 were not nearly germinated. Consequently, the longer storage period after seed harvest lower germination rate and seed vigor as well.

Studies were carried to evaluated the influence of storage method by temperatures and fillers on yield andquality of seed rhizome in turmeric. Seed rhizome was stored at styrofoam box filled with rice hull and sand (3:1) or vermiculitefor 30, 60 and 90 days at different temperatures (5, 10 and 15℃. compared to traditional method (rhizome only). Parameters were obtained for weight loss, cold injury, percentage of decayed in stored rhizome during storage periods. Also,the germination, growth pattern and yield from stored rhizome has been investigated. It was confirmed that storage of turmericin stored with filled with vermiculite helps in prevention of rhizomes from microbial and fungal attack. The storage ofrhizomes in styrofoam box without any filler at low temperature below 10℃. is not advocated due to heavy losses weightand decayed in management of postharvest for turmeric rhizome. Germination percentage, growth pattern and yield wasmaximum for rhizomes stored at styrofoam box filled with vermiculite for 90 days at 15℃. The paper outlines a briefattempt to assess the efficacy of non-chemical methods including optimal storage method (temperature and filler) of controlof decay and moisture losses during storage of turmeric.

This study was carried out to compare the characteristics of seed germination and the first stage of growth in Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) by different light conditions such ass fluorescent light, dark and light emitting diode (LED). There was not much difference from the germination rate of C. wilfordii (Maxim.) in different light conditions for 10 days. The highest of germination rate occurred over 91.11 percentage by LED red condition at 26℃. Also mean germination velocity and promptness index were represented the highest results of 2.3 ea/day and 52.67 under red light, respectively. But mean germination time under both LED red and blue light was represented low data that it takes over three days for germinating of seed. Even though handling both LED red and blue lights, the germination uniformity was not constant. These results may help our understanding of variations in germination characteristics for C. wilfordii (Maxim.) seeds treated under different light conditions.