Earticle

Background & objectives: Understanding the awareness of policy targets and implementers about safety in the local community is the crucial to establish a systematic community safety policy. The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of local citizens and civil servants regarding community safety and its related factors. Methods: For achieving this research goal, this study conducted survey targeting 538 citizens and 404 civil servants in S-si, Kyunggi-do. Self-administred and web-based survey were used to collect data from April 1st to 16th 2021. Results: Civil servants scored higher in community safety perception than citizens, and S city’s safety interest, information, and participation scores were also higher than those of citizens. Based on the results of multiple regression, thought about in interest of safety in S-si, providing and sharing about safety information to citizens, and participation of community safety policy were significantly associated with perception of community safety. Conclusions: Setting safety as the top priority in S city policy and paying attention to safety by the mayor, public officials, and city council members is an important way to raise citizens' awareness of local safety. Also, efforts at the city level are needed to foster safety knowledge through systematic education on safety.

Background & objectives: Cognitive function decline is a main factor influencing the overall life of the elderly and places a burden of society. The aime of this study was to investigate the risk factors of cognitive function decline of elderly living alone and living with a spouse. Methods: This study used the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2014 to 2018. 243 older adults who lived alone and 1,155 lived with a spouse with the Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination scores in normal range at the time of 2014 were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the difference of risk factors affecting cognitive function decline between in elderly living alone and elderly living with a spouse. Results: Cognitive function decline incidence rate of elderly living alone was 30.5% and the elderly living with a spouse showed 23.0%. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, the risk factors of cognitive function decline in the elderly living alone was age and residential area, while in the elderly living with a spouse were age, education level, social networks, and depression. Conclusions: The factors that affect the cognitive function decline of the elderly living alone and the elderly living with a spouse were different. Accordingly, other measures to prevent cognitive decline are necessary.

The purpose of this study is to verify of an objective process for making architectural space information tangible. Research method is as follows. First, Present modelling techniques that reduce the dimensions of architectural spatial information. Second, Extract data from the observation group with dimensional reduction modelling techniques and then apply it to the cluster analysis method to demonstrate its validity. Third, Apply to the comparison data to verify its validity by comparing and aggregating it with the observation group. The results of the study are as follows. Dimensional reduction modelling techniques were proposed to enable cluster analysis, consisting of lightweight configuration and attribute information based on the physical elements of the building. Cluster analysis was applied so that the building could be clustered according to the characteristics of the building. In addition, the consistency of dimensional reduction modelling techniques was verified in comparison to the probability density function. In the future, studies should continue to be conducted on the types of large paper drawings provided by the National Archives of Korea.

This study is to suggest a context mining technique which making space convergence information tangible in architecture, to prove the reality of physical structure elements which are extracted by applying context mining technique through on-site inspection, and to verify the feasibility of context mining technique. This study uses a method superposing paper maps onto GIS-based electronic maps in order to organize space information into information spaces. The result is as follows. We presented a process superposing the paper maps at National Archives of Korea onto the electronic maps with space convergence information. Second, the physical structure elements which specify the time of making maps were extracted by applying context mining technique. Third, the feasibility of context mining technique was proved by conducting on-site inspection. The extraction of physical structures with historical continuity on a city scale is available in architectural planning only if it is concrete and real. This problem is solved by applying context mining technique which superposes papers maps onto electronic maps. Therefore, studies on applying this context mining technique to architectural planning based on publicity should continue in the future.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a smoking cessation education program and to provide basic data for evaluating program for university students majoring in health sciences. Methods: The education program was developed based on the instructional system design model(ADDIE), that was based on literature review, brainstorming, and interviews of related experts. Education program was implemented for 2 sessions of 3 hours to the 82 university students majoring in health science. Knowledge, competency, and self-efficacy for performance of smoking cessation were analyzed. One group pre- & post-test design was used for evaluation of this program. Results: In the analysis stage, a total of 5 duties, 16 tasks, and 55 task elements were derived. In the design and development stage, based on job analysis, education program contents were composed of understanding tobacco, planning and implementation of smoking cessation program, smoking cessation counseling and drug treatment. After this education program, students achieved remarkable improvement in increasing knowledge, competency, and self-efficacy for smoking cessation counselling and program. Conclusions: It is needed to be included the smoking cessation education in department related to health science regular course.

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of cognitive function decline among community dwelling elderly. Methods : Data were analyzed from the Survey of Living Condition of Elderly panel study. Cognitive function was measured with the MMSE-KC at baseline and year 3. The study subjects were 5,464 community dwelling people aged 65 years or older who had no disability at baseline. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict cognitive function decline. Results : From 2008-2011, 4,417(80.8%) elderly people had no cognitive decline, and 1,074(19.2%) showed cognitive function decline measured by the MMSE-KC. After adjusting for demographics and baseline MMSE-KC score, the best predictors for cognitive function decline at 36 months were diabetes mellitus, smoking, low intensity physical activity, relationship with relatives and friends. Conclusions : Health promotion programs that are focused on the elderly are essential in preventing cognitive function decline. Promoting regular physical activity, and social relationships should be included in health promotion for elderly. When treating patients with diabetes, preventing cognitive impairment should be considered through education and counseling.

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to provide basic data for understanding alcohol drinking behavior and related factors of the refugees from North Korea in order to find the way of improving their health status and quality of life as well as achieving health equality. Methods: The subjects were 153 who settled down in S city from North Korea. Data were collected by a home visiting nurse and a counselor directly using the assessment tools which were applied to the customized home visiting health care services. Results: The most of subjects was very poor in economical status and relatively unstable in family structure. Their drinking rate based on a month was 32.0% that was lower than National Health Interview Survey conducted in 2010. Among lifetime drinkers, 20.6%(13) started alcohol drinking after immigration into South Korea. In multiple logistic regression analysis, probability of alcohol drinking increased in subjects who were below 44 years old, evaluated their health status was good or very good, and lived in South Korea for 10years or over. Conclusions: A consistent and comprehensive health promotion program should be developed for preventing alcohol drinking and binge drinking of the refugees’ from North Korea. Age, subjective health status, and South Korea inclusion period should be considered in developing program.

술은 우리 인간과 떨어질 수 없는 음료로서 적당한 양의 알코올은 식욕을 증진시키고 위액의 분비를 항진시켜 소화능력을 좋게 하며, 중추신경에 작용하여 스트레스를 해소시켜 주고 우리 몸에 유익한 HDL-콜레스테롤을 상승시켜 주기도 한다. 그러나 술을 지나치게 마시면 궤양, 지방간, 알코올성 간염 등을 발병시킬 뿐 아니라 판단이나 감정 조절 능력을 잃게 되며, 운동 기능과 반사 기능이 떨어진다. 또한 뇌혈관 혈액의 알코올 농도를 높임으로써 대뇌의 활동을 억제하여 판단 및 판별 능력을 저하시키며 알코올의 진정효과에 대한 제어가 불가능해져 언행, 감정, 기억력 등에 장애가 오고 이것이 계속되면 사망에까지 이르게 된다(노인철 등, 1997). 우리나라 40대의 사망원인 중 간질환이 높은 위치를 차지하고 있으며(통계청, 2007), 음복문화, 약술문화 등 음주에 대하여 관대한 인식이 형성되어 음주의 폐해가 다른 국가들에 비하여 더욱 가중될 수 있어서 알코올 남용, 알코올 의존의 문제 음주가 다른 국가에 비하여 높다는 보고가 있었다(이정균, 1998). 또한 음주에 의한 사회경제적 비용은 2000년 기준 약 14.5조원으로 GDP의 2.8%에 달하며(전현준, 2003), 이는 여타 주요 선진국에 비하여 높은 수준이었다. WHO, OECD에서는 음주 관련 지표를 표준화하여 제시하고 회원국에 이를 제출하도록 하였다. 또한 선진국의 경우 1970년대부터 음주량 및 음주 실태와 관련된 연구들이 지속적으로 발표되어 왔으며, 이미 국가별로 알코올에 관련된 지표를 개발하여 사용하고 있거나 알코올과 관련된 통계를 주기적으로 생산하고 있다. 미국의 경우 Healthy People 2010의 약물남용 부분에서 알코올 문제를 다루고 있는데 그 목표에 음주 관련 교통사고 사망자 및 부상자 수, 간경변 사망자 수, 음주 관련 응급실 방문, 청소년의 음주 운전자의 자동차 탑승, 음주 관련 폭력, 음주로 인한 생산성 손실, 청소년의 음주 시작 시기, 고등학교 학생의 폭음, 대학생의 폭음, 성인의 폭음, 연간 알코올 소비량, 저위험 음주 초과 음주자 수 등 매우 다양한 지표들을 포함하고 있다(DHHS, 2000a). 또한 이러한 지표는 인종별, 성별, 경제수준별로 구분하여 수집 및 분석되고 있어 알코올 관련 정책이 근거(evidence)에 바탕을 두고 수립되는 기반이 마련되었다고 할 수 있다. 영국에서는 매년 ‘Statistics on alcohol’를 발표하고 있는데, 이 통계집에는 성인 및 청소년의 음주 빈도, 음주량, 주당 알코올 소비량, 알코올에 대한 지식 정도 등을 사회경제적 특성에 따라 산출하여 수록하고 있으며, 가정에서의 알코올 소비량, 알코올 관련 사망 및 의료이용, 알코올 의존, 임신 중 음주, 범죄, 음주 운전, 음주 관련 교통사고 등에 대한 자료를 포함하고 있다(Department of Health, 2004). 우리나라에서 음주 문제가 심각함에도 불구하고 음주 관련 통계 및 지표는 미흡한 실정이다. 우리나라 국민의 음주에 대한 행태를 파악할 수 있는 자료는 국민건강영양조사 등으로 매우 한정적이다. 더욱이 어떠한 항목을 음주관련 통계로 생산할 것인지 어떻게 생산할 것인지에 대한 논의가 미흡하였다고 할 수 있으며 이에 대한 연구도 부족하였다. 그런데 이러한 논의를 위해서는 외국의 음주 관련 통계 및 지표 산출 현황을 고찰하여 우리나라의 실정에 적합하게 적용할 수 있도록 하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 WHO 등 국제기구를 비롯하여 미국, 영국 등 음주관련 통계 및 지표를 체계적으로 생산하고 있는 선진국의 현황을 고찰하고 이를 토대로 한국에 주는 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.

In Korea, since drinking alcohol in mealtime or sacrificial rites has been recognized as culture, alcohol problem has been held in low account. Previous studies showed that Korean economic cost caused by alcohol and alcohol dependency rate were higher than other developed countries. However, discussions and studies about indicators and statistics regarding alcohol are insufficient while alcohol related national reports have been published among the developed countries. This study offers the comprehensive analysis of alcohol indicators and statistics in major foreign countries, and international organizations(eg. OECD, WHO) by reviewing national or international reports and related web-sites. Ultimately it drives policy suggestions for Korea. First of all, in producing the indicators and statistics of alcohol, the foreign countries have various data source despite of duplicating in cost-efficiency aspect. Since Korea has very restricted data source for alcohol statistics especially in quantity, imperfect standardization, and difficulty of local data production. While indicators and statistics about attitude and knowledge of drinking alcohol are found in the many countries' national reports, it is necessary to develop these indicators and producing mechanism adjustable to Korea. Korea has presented the alcohol consumption of adult to international organizations, but it doesn't contain the unofficial alcohol consumption. It is necessary to develop the mechanism of producing statistics for unofficial alcohol consumption. Developed countries and international organizations emphasize the cost of alcohol data. Since Korea has no national statistics about that, consistent support to relating researches.

본 연구에서는 공예 중심 미술치료 프로그램을 개발하고 프로그램이 ADHD 청소년의 정서조절능력과 문제행동에 미치는 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 CTRS를 통하여 선별하였고 중학교 2학년 남학생(만14세) 이다. 대상자는 정서조절 능력이 부족하고 공격적이고 충동적이 성향이 강해서 여러 가지 문제행동을 유발하고학교 부적응을 경험하고 있다. 2015년 4월 4일부터 10월 20일까지 프로그램을 실시하였고 총 21회기로 주 1～2 회기씩 이루어졌다. 각 회기는 중학생의 성장 특성을 고려하여 60～70분으로 집중도 있게 진행하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 이 연구에서는 질적분석 방법으로 HTP 사전․사후 검사 결과와 회기별 작품의 변화과정을 분석하였다. 양적분석 방법으로 정서조절능력 척도와 K-YSR의 문제행동 점수의 사전․사후 검사 결과를 분석하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공예 중심 미술치료가 ADHD 청소년의 정서조절능력을 향상시키는데 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 공예 중심 미술치료가 ADHD 청소년의 문제행동 감소시키는데 효과가 있었다. 이렇게 볼 때, 본 연구에서 개발된 공예 중심 미술치료 프로그램은 향후 ADHD 청소년의 정서조절능력의 향상과 문제행동 감소에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a craft-centered art therapy program and to evaluate the changes it has on the emotion regulation ability and problem behaviors of ADHD adolescents. The participant (client) in this study, selected through CTRS, is a middle school student (15-year-old boy) who has a disorder that affects emotion regulation ability, aggressiveness, and impulsivity which causes various problematic actions. An art therapy program was carried out from April 4th to October 20th of 2015, including 1~2 sessions per week, for 60~70 minutes each with a total of 21 session. The results of the pre-HTP and post-HTP tests and the process of change process in each session work were used for qualitative analysis. The results of the pre-emotional regulation ability test, post-emotional regulation ability test, pre-YSR and post-YSR, were used for quantitative analysis. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the craft-centered art therapy program was effective in the improvement of the emotional regulation disorder of adolescents with ADHD. Second, the craft-centered art therapy program was effective in decreasing problematic behaviors in adolescents with ADHD. Based on the results, in the future, the development of craft-centered art therapy is expected to positively impact on the improvement of emotional regulation abilities and the decrease of problematic behaviors in of adolescents with ADHD.

본 연구에서는 추상표현 중심 미술치료 프로그램을 개발하고 프로그램이 통합학급 장애학생의 내재화 증상에 미치는 효과를 검증하였다. 연구대상은 TRF의 내재화 증상 점수가 임상범위에 해당하는 통합학급 장애학생 10명이며, 연구대상자들을 실험집단과 통제집단으로 균형집단 편성의 방법을 활용하여 무선할당하였다. 실험집단 학생들을 대상으로 2012년 9월 4일부터 11월 23일까지 5명 모두 개별적으로 프로그램을 실시하였고 평균 일주일에 2회기를 기준으로 한 회기당 60분 이상 진행하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 이 연구에서는 양적 자료 분석 방법과 질적 자료 분석 방법을 함께 사용하였다. 질적 자료 분석에서는 프로그램을 적용받은 실험집단 5명의 회기별 작품과 태도의 변화과정을 분석하였다. 양적 자료 분석에서는 프로그램 적용 전‧후의 실험집단과 통제집단 간 TRF 내재화 증상 점수, 하위척도인 불안/우울, 위축/우울 점수에 대한 차검증(두 독립표본 t 검증)을 실시하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프로그램에 참여한 실험집단은 프로그램에 참여하지 않은 통제집단보다 TRF 내재화 증상 점수가 의미있게 더 낮았다. 둘째, 프로그램에 참여한 실험집단은 프로그램에 참여하지 않은 통제집단보다 TRF 불안/우울 하위척도 점수가 의미있게 더 낮았다. 셋째, 프로그램에 참여한 실험집단은 프로그램에 참여하지 않은 통제집단보다 TRF 위축/우울 하위척도 점수가 의미있게 더 낮았다. 넷째, 프로그램에 참여한 실험집단은 회기별 작품과 태도에서 내재화 증상이 많이 감소하였다. 이렇게 볼 때, 본 추상표현 중심 미술치료 프로그램은 향후 내재화 증상을 겪는 통합학급 장애학생들의 정서적 어려움을 완화시켜 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purposes of this study were to develop abstract expression-centered art therapy program and investigate the effects of the program on the symptoms of internalization of students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Based on the results of TRF, ten students with disabilities as well as internalizing symptoms in inclusive classrooms were recruited. This participants were placed by random assignment of balancing group sampling into the control group and the experimental group. An abstract expression-centered art therapy program was carried out 2 sessions a week, total 20, for over 60 minutes each. Qualitative analyses and quantitative were used to examine the effects of program. The change results of each session and attitude were used for qualitative analysis while the results of pre-TRF and post-TRF were used for quantitative analysis. The major findings of the study were as the followings. The major findings of the study were as the followings. First, participants in the experimental group showed internalizing symptoms in change results of each session and attitude significantly lower than before, while participants in the control group showed no differences in internalizing symptoms. Second, participants in the experimental group showed internalizing scores in TRF significantly lower than before, while participants in the control group showed no differences in internalizing symptoms. Third, participants in the experimental group showed anxiety/depression scores in TRF subtest significantly lower than before, while participants in the control group showed no differences in anxiety/depression scores. Fourth, participants in the experimental group showed withdrawn/depression scores in TRF subtest significantly lower than before, while participants in the control group showed no differences in withdrawn/depression scores. Based on the results, abstract expression-centered art therapy program can alleviate internalizing symptoms of students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms and help them adjust school life and have good friendships. And several suggestions were made for the future study.

본 연구에서는 추상표현 중심 미술치료가 중학생의 우울과 대인불안에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 중학교 3학년 여학생(만 15세)으로 우울과 대인불안 수준이 높고 여러 가지 학교 부적응을 경험하고 있다. 추상표현 중심 미술치료는 총 15회기로 주1～2회기씩 이루어졌으며, 각 회기는 중학생의 성장 특성을 고려하여 60～90분으로 집중도 있게 진행하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 추상표현 중심 미술치료가 중학생의 우울을 감소시키는데 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 추상표현 중심 미술치료가 중학생의 대인불안을 감소시키는데 효과가 있었다. 셋째, 중학생의 우울과 대인불안 감소는 5회기부터 15회기까지 꾸준하게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the art therapy focused on abstract expression on the depression and interpersonal anxiety of middle school student. The participant(client) of this study was a middle school student(15-year old girl) with high depression and interpersonal anxiety, and maladjusted in school. An art therapy program focused on abstract expression was carried out 1～2 sessions a week, total 15 session, for 60～90 minutes each. The main results of this study were as follows: First, the art therapy program focused on abstract expression was effective in declining depression of the middle school student. Second, the art therapy program focused on abstract expression was also effective in declining interpersonal anxiety of the middle school student. Third, the depression and interpersonal anxiety of the middle school student were decreased continuously from the 5th session to 15th session.

본 연구는 가사·소년보호·가정보호사건과 관련해서 사회서비스를 제공하는 가정법원 조사관제도의 발전방안에 관한 법관과 조사관의 인식을 파악하기 위하여 전국 84명의 법관과 55명의 조사관(전문조사관 34명, 일반직 조사관 21명)을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 가정법원 조사관에 대한 법관, 법원행정처 등의 인식변화 전문조사관의 충원 가정법원의 확대를 포함한 전반적인 발전방안, 전문조사관으로의 일원화, 교육제도 등에 관한 법관과 조사관의 인식을 알아보는 설문조사를 한 결과 전반에 걸쳐 법관과 전문조사관의 인식이 유사하고 일반직 조사관의 인식과 유의미한 차이를 보였는데, 전자가후자보다 변화에 관한 욕구가 한결같이 더 높게 나타났다. 법관과 전문조사관은 특히 전문조사관으로의 일원화, 전문조사관의 증원, 조사관 연수와 교육체계의 정비와 관련해서 일반직 조사관보다 그 필요성을 더 높게 인식하는 경향이 있었다. 한편 조사관 인력을 전문조사관으로 일원화하는 방안에 관해서는 조사대상자의 대다수가 찬성하였고, 그 이유로 전문성 향상과 업무 연속성 보장을 들었다. 아울러 교육과 관련해서는 전문조사관과 일반직 조사관이 모두 현재의 조사관배치 전후의 교육기간, 내용과 체계를 개선할 필요가 있다고 인식했다. 연구결과를 기초로 조사관제도 발전을 위해 전문 조사인력의 충원, 인력 조직의 전문조사관으로의 일원화, 교육·연수 체계의 정비, 슈퍼비전 체계의 도입,법원행정처 등의 인식변화에 관해 제언했다.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a nationwide sample of 84 judges and 55family court probation officers (34 professional probation officers, 21 general probation officers) to find out their perception on ways to improve the system for family court probation officers. Questions were asked on how the system could be improved such as whether there is a need for change in the perceptions that judges and the office of court administration have toward the system, whether there is a need for an increase in the number of family court probation officers and the number of family courts, etc. Study results revealed that the judges and professional probation officers were similar in their perceptions and were consistent in expressing a statistically higher need for change than the general probation officers. In particular, the former expressed a much higher need for change than the latter especially with respect to items such as unifying the system to just professional probation officers, increasing the number of professional probation officers, and improving the education and training system for family court probation officers. Moreover, the majority of family court probation officers supported unifying the system to just professional probation officers and mentioned the increase in expertise and securing work continuity as reasons for the change. As for education and training, both professional and general probation officers perceived that the duration, content and organization of the current program need to be improved. Implications for ways to improve the system were discussed.

장애인은 비장애인에 비하여 의료적 필요도가 높음에도 불구하고 적절한 의료서비스를 받지 못한다는 연구결과들이 보고되었다. 그러나 관련 요인들로 장애인의 문제, 병의원 시설 등의 물리적 문제에 국한하였고 실제 진료를 하는 의사에 대해서는 관심이 적었다. 본 연구는 의사의 장애인 진료에 대한 태도와 행태를 조사하여 향후 장애인의 의료접근성 향상을 위한 정책 수립의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 시도되었다. 본 연구에서는 11명의 의사를 성, 연령, 고용형태, 진료과를 고려하여 추출한 후 심층 면접하는 질적 연구방법을 사용하였고, 면접 자료는 행동예측통합모형(integrative model of behavioral prediction)을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 의사의 진료행태에 영향을 미치는 요인은 ‘기술’, ‘장애인에 대한 태도’, ‘의사로서의 직업규범’, ‘환경적 제약’으로 나타났다. 기술에서는 교육 및 경험부족, 기술적 부담이 도출되었고, 장애인에 대한 태도는 장애인 및 장애인의 건강에 대한 긍정적 또는 부정적 태도로 구분되었다. 환경적 제약에서는 의료기관이라는 의사를 둘러싼 물리적 제약, 금전적 보상, 비장애인 환자의 장애인에 대한 태도가 도출되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 장애인과 장애인을 진료하는 의료인을 위한 보건의료체계가 구축되어야 하며, 특히 의사들이 장애인 진료를 원활하게 할 수 있도록 보조인력 확충, 의료사고에 대한 제도적 조치, 적절한 진료 보상 등에 대한 정부의 지원이 마련되어야 할 것을 제언한다.

Previous research suggests that the health care needs of people with disabilities are not being met adequately. It is necessary to understand physicians' attitudes so as to provide appropriate health care for disabled people. The purpose of this study was to describe the physicians' attitudes and practice towards patients with disabilities. We conducted of semi-structured qualitative interviewing. Participants were 11 physicians in the variety sample. The survey data were analyzed by integrative model of behavioral prediction. The results showed that 'skill', 'physicians' attitudes', 'Physicians' Norms', 'environmental constraints' factors were associated with physicians' practice towards patients with disabilities. Many physicians were lack of specific knowledge and experience about disabilities and services available for people with disabilities. Physicians provided more aggressive or less responsive to treatment based upon their personal beliefs rather than the medical evidence about disabled patient. And they tended to agree that they were responsible for the medical care of people with disabilities. But, Physicians held psychological burden about medical error in the care process for disabled people. Physicians expressed uncomfortable and several difficulties in treating people who have disabilities. They reported also lacking financial barriers including inadequate remuneration and the absence of special equipment and facilities. Thus this study suggests that physicians with treating disabled people need not only support from government but also additional education and training.