Earticle

본 연구는 다제내성균 환자가 사용한 병실 환경에 대한 환경관리 평가 방법 중 미생물 배양검사와 Adenosin Triphosphate Bioluminescence 방법을 이용하여 오염도를 파악 한 후 환경소독제를 이용하여 소독효과를 평가하고 자 시도되었다. 환경표면은 다제내성균으로 격리된 환자병실을 대상으로 하였다. 검체채취는 인퓨전펌프, IV 폴대, 상두 대, 침대난간, 키보드 혈압기 커프 5곳을 실시하였고 소독 전, 소독 직후, 소독 후 5분 후 ATP와 미생물배양검사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 Infusion pump의 환경표면이 소독 ·후 오염도가 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 또한 IV 폴 대, 침상난간, 키보드는 소독 전후 균 검출이 감소하였다. 즉 정기적인 환경표면소독은 환자에게 감염으로부터 안전한 환경을 제공할 수 있다. 따라서 향후 다기관을 대상으로 소독제의 지속성 등을 평가하여 환경표면 소독방법, 소독주기 등의 지침을 마련하는 것이 필요하다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of disinfection using environmental disinfectant after having assessed the extent of contamination through microbial culture testing and the Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence method among the environmental management evaluation methods used for the environment in the hospital ward of patients infected by multidrug-resistant organisms. This study was conducted with the patient wards isolated due to multidrug-resistant organisms as the environmental surface. Specimens were collected from five locations including infusion pumps, IV poles, bedside cabinets, bed railings, keyboards, and blood pressure measurement cuffs. ATP and microbial culture testing were executed prior to, immediately after, and five minutes post-disinfection. According to the result contamination of the infusion pumps was statistically significantly reduced after disinfection. In addition, the bacteria before and after disinfection reduced in IV pole, bed railing, and keyboard. That is, regular environmental surface disinfection can provide safer environments to patients against infection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish guidelines including disinfection methods and intervals for environmental surfaces by evaluating the persistence of disinfectants at various institutions in the future.

본 연구는 강원도 지역 K 대학교내 방사선촬영 실습실의 진단용 엑스선 발생장치 1대를 선택하여 table, IP cassette, 의료방사선 차폐용 납 가운의 표면 오염도의 세균을 검출하여 적절한 소독관리와 학생들의 손 위생의 필요성 을 알리고자 한다. 그 후 휴지, tissue cleaner, 70% alchol로 소독을 실시하고 즉시 멸균면봉으로 채취하여 표면의 오염 분포상태 및 소독효과를 평가하였다. 표면의 오염 분포도를 측정한 결과는 Apron에서 가장 많은 균이 검출되었고 표면 오염도에 따른 소독효과 평가는 IP cassette에서는 70% Alcohol에서 두드러진 효과가 나타나고 Apron와 Table 의 경우는 Tissue cleaner, 70% Alcohol에서는 소독효과가 동일함을 확인하였다. 따라서 학생들 사이에서 세균 감염 을 방지하기 위하여 실습 전에 기본적인 손 씻기, 주기적인 소독을 하여 감염을 방지하여야 한다.

It is going to select one X-ray generating device for diagnosis in a radiography laboratory at K university in Gangwon-do to detect bacteria on the surface contamination of tables, IP cassettes, and lead gowns for medical radiation shielding and to inform students of the need for proper disinfection control and hand hygiene. Then disinfection was carried out with tissue, tissue cleaner and 70% alchol and immediately collected with sterile cotton swabs to assess the contamination distribution status and disinfection effects of the surface. The results of measuring the degree of contamination on the surface showed that the largest number of bacteria were detected in Apron, and the evaluation of the disinfection effects according to surface contamination showed a noticeable effect at 70% Alcohol in IP Cassette, and the disinfection effect was the same for Apron. Therefore, in order to prevent bacterial infections among students, basic hand washing and regular disinfection should be performed before the practice to prevent infection.

학교에서 의료용 초음파 실습 시 초음파 장치의 Freeze 및 Print Button, 프로브의 Lens, 손잡이, Line 부분 그리고 복부 Phantom에서 가장 접촉이 많은 부위를 임의로 선정하여 프로브에 상제하고 있는 세균을 검출하여 병원균 의 수를 알아보고자 한다. 실험 방법으로는 실험 대상 위치에 균채집용 멸균된 면봉으로 검사 대상 부위를 20번 문지른 후 Lysogeny broth(LB) agar에 도말을 실시한 후 배양기에 넣어 48시간 동안 배양하고 colony forming unit (CFU) 수를 평가하여 프로브 손잡이, 복부 Phantom의 세균 분포정도를 알아보았다. 그 결과 CFU 값은 Lens는 3.0±0.87, Print button는 5.5±1.06, Freeze button은 8.0±4.95, Phantom은 20.0±2.78, Line은 23.5±2.50, 그리고 Probe handle의 값은 35.3±10.75로 측정되었다. 본 연구에서는 의료용 초음파 실습 시 실습 시 장비의 감염관리에 대한 주의를 부각시키고, 나아가서 초음파 장치의 세균 감염률 감소에 확실하게 기여 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

During the medical ultrasound exercise at school, we randomly select parts of the ultrasound device and areas with the most contact in the abdominal phantom to detect bacteria that are above the probe and determine the number of pathogens. I want to find out. The experimental method was rubbed 20 times with the sterilized cotton swab for sterilization and then smeared on Lysogeny broth (LB) agar, put into the incubator and incubated for 48 hours, and the colony forming unit (CFU) count was measured. The bacterial distribution of probe handle and abdominal phantom was evaluated by evaluation .As a result, the CFU value is the lens was 3.0 ± 0.87, print button was 5.5 ± 1.06, freeze button was 8.0 ± 4.95, phantom was 20.0 ± 2.78, line was 23.5 ± 2.50, and probe handle was measured as 35.3 ± 10.75. In this study, it is expected that attention to infection control of equipment during practice during medical ultrasound practice can be highlighted and further contributed to the reduction of bacterial infection rate of ultrasound devices.

본 연구의 목적은 교내 실습실의 유니트체어 수관의 바이오필름을 채취하여 미생물을 분석하고, 기존적인 물빼 기방법과 소독제를 사용하는 방법을 적용하여 미생물 수의 변화를 비교하고자 실시하였다. 교내의 수관으로부터 샘플을 채취한 후 R2A배지를 이용하여 배양하였다. 미생물 동정을 거쳐 분리된 미생물의 균종을 분석하였다. 물빼기에 대한 미생물 감소를 확인하기 위해 30초, 60초, 120초 간격으로 샘플을 채취하였고, 소독제의 효과를 확인하기 위해 소독 후 샘플을 채취하였다. 이렇게 수거된 샘플을 통해 얻은 미생물의 정량적 비교는 SPSS 프로그램을 이용하였다. 결과에 서 동정된 균주는 총 8개로 나타났으며 대부분 그람음성인 Sphingomonas 계열로 확인되었다. 60초의 물빼기를 통해 미생물의 수가 급감하는 것을 확인하였고, 소독 즉시 미생물은 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법과 결과를 바탕으로 소홀하게 관리될 수 있는 유니트체어의 수관을 관리함으로써 교차 감염을 예방하고 체계적인 관리가 가능할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to gather biofilm of unit chair waterline in the laboratory, to analyze microorganisms, to apply the existing draw-off method and the method of using disinfectant, and to compare the change of the number of microorganisms. The water was provided by the waterline of the unitchair, and the gathered samples were cultured with the use of R2A agar plate. Bacterial species separated through the identification of microorganisms were analyzed. To identify the decrease of microorganism for draw-off, samples were gathered in the intervals of 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 120 seconds, and to identify the effect of disinfectant, samples after disinfection were gathered. The quantitative comparison of microorganisms through the gathered samples was done by SPSS program. The number of identified bacteria are 8 species, most of which are gram-negative bacterium, and Sphingomonas type. The rapid decrease of the number of microorganism through draw-off for 60 seconds was confirmed, and microorganisms after disinfection weren't detected right away. Based on the method and result of this study, the water pipe of unit chair, which can be neglected easily, can be managed, so cross infection can be prevented, and systemic management can be possible.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare three surgical scrub methods-4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) with brush, 4% CHG without brush, and waterless scrub using 1% CHG and 61% ethanol combination (alcohol-based agent)-for antimicrobial efficacy. Method: Glove-juice technique was used to evaluate microbial hand counts before surgical scrubs, 1 min and 3 hr after surgical scrubs. Result: Waterless scrub using CHG and ethanol combination resulted in a 4.8-log reduction at 1 min and 4.0-log reduction at 3 hr. CHG without brush resulted in a 4.7-log reduction at 1 min and 3.3-log reduction at 3 hr. The traditional scrub using CHG with brush resulted in a 3.6-log reduction at 1 min and 0.8-log reduction at 3 hr. The waterless scrub and CHG without brush showed significantly higher log reduction (p<.05) than CHG with brush at 1 min and 3 hr after surgical scrub. Waterless scrub showed greater log reductions than CHG without brush, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Waterless scrub using alcohol-based agent showed more persistent and immediate antimicrobial efficacy than either CHG with brush or CHG without brush.

본 연구는 임상간호사들의 벨트형 손소독제 활용에 대한 손소독 수행정도와 수행률, 손소독제 사용 만족도에 대한 효과를 파악하고자 수행된 연구이다. 연구수행을 위해 단일군 전후 유사실험 설계를 이용하였으며, 벨트형 손소독 제 활용에 대한 효과평가는 손소독 수행 정도, 손소독 수행률, 손소독제 사용에 대한 만족도로 자가보고형 설문지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 연구 대상자는 일 지역의 종합병원 병동의 임상간호사 50명을 대상으로 하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 벨트형 손소독제 사용 후의 손소독 수행 정도, 손소독 수행률, 손소독제 사용 만족도가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 벨트형 손소독제는 손소독 수행정도와 손소독 수행률을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 방법임을 확인하였다. 따라서 임상실무에서 벨트형 손소독제를 활용한다면, 손소 독 수행 정도와 수행률 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

The aims of this study was to examine the effect on the hand disinfection performance, the performance rate, and the satisfaction with the use of the belt-type hand sanitizers in clinical nurses. The study is a one group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. Effectiveness of using the belt-type hand sanitizers was measured with a self-reporting questionnaire. As a result, the performance of hand disinfection and the performance rate were significantly higher after using the belt-type hand sanitizers, and also, the satisfaction with the use of the belt-type hand sanitizers was significantly high. The belt-type hand sanitizer is effective method to improve both hand disinfection performance and its performance rate. Therefore, if the belt-type hand sanitizer is used in clinical practice, it may contribute to the improving the hand disinfection performance and its performance rate.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the state of infection control in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) including disinfection methods, disinfection cycles, and exchange cycles for medical devices and to suggest a basic framework which would help develop standardized infection control guidelines. Methods: From a list of NICU equipment developed from the NICUs in 4 tertiary hospitals, a structured questionnaire on 74 types of medical equipment was developed and sent to 31 hospitals by mail. The results were reviewed by panel of experts (56 persons),and analyzed for internal validity by a focus group (4 persons) using guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and the Korean Hospital Nurses Association. Results: The results showed various methods, cycles, disinfectant levels for the disinfectants and exchange cycles in the medical equipment infection control of the 31 hospitals. The focus group developed a 66-item basic framework based on validity testing. Conclusion: From the results of this study, a framework of infection control standards for 66 types of medical equipment in the NICU was developed. It is suggested that further study be done to more precisely establish standard infection control guidelines for NICU medical equipment.

The endophytic bacteria were isolated from the rusty-root ginseng. This isolated bacteria were occurred the rusty-root ginseng with artificial inoculation. For the suppressing of rusty-ginseng, disinfectants, antibiotics, kitosan, microorganisms and metabolites were tested to isolated endophytic bacterium. All of the isolated bacteria strains were sensitive sodium hypochlorite, however, some of isolated bacteria lines were sensitive to other tested materials. For example, D (didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), ClO2, ODDA (octyldecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride + diocyul dimethyl ammonium chloride + alkyl diethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), GD (glutaraldehyde + dimethy cocobenzyl ammonium chloride) suppressed some of bacteria strains. Otherwise, some of antibiotics (e.g. ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline) were sensitive to the isolated bacteria strains. All of isolated bacteria strains were inhibitive to the mixed formation with neomycin and streptomycin, and neomycin and tetracycline. Both sodium hypochlorite and antibiotic mixing of neomycin and tetracycline were effective to prevention of rusty-root ginseng of submerging ginseng in the ginseng field.

본 연구는 음료수 캔 표면의 오염도를 분석하고, 일상생활에서 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 다양한 표면 소독 방법 의 효과를 비교·평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험에서는 손, 물, 휴지, 물티슈, 항균 물티슈를 이용하여 캔 표면을 처리한 후, 처리 전·후의 표면을 채취하여 24시간 동안 배양하였다. 이후 집락 형성 관찰과 광학밀도 측정을 통해 미생물 생장 저해율을 산출하였다. 그 결과, 물 처리 시 약 14.7%, 휴지와 손 처리 시 각각 약 31.9%와 33.5%, 물티슈 처리 시 약 69.1%, 항균 물티슈 처리 시 약 84.9%의 저해율을 보여 항균 물티슈가 가장 높은 소독 효과를 나타냈다. 따라서 음료수 캔 표면을 손, 휴지, 물티슈, 항균 물티슈 등으로 소독하는 것은 표면 미생물의 오염을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있으며, 본 연구 결과는 일상생활에서의 표면 위생관리 및 감염 예방을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to analyze the contamination level of beverage can surfaces and to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of various surface disinfection methods that can be easily applied in daily life. In the experiment, the surfaces of beverage cans were treated using hands, water, tissue, wet wipes, and antibacterial wet wipes. Samples were collected from the surfaces before and after each treatment and incubated for 24 hours. Microbial growth inhibition rates were determined by observing colony formation and measuring optical density. The results showed that the inhibition rates were approximately 14.7% for water treatment, 31.9% and 33.5% for tissue and hand treatments, respectively, 69.1% for wet wipes, and 84.9% for antibacterial wet wipes, indicating that antibacterial wet wipes exhibited the highest disinfection effect. Therefore, disinfecting beverage can surfaces with materials such as tissue, wet wipes, or antibacterial wet wipes can effectively reduce microbial contamination. The findings of this study are expected to serve as fundamental data for surface hygiene management and infection prevention in everyday life.

The use of ethanol sanitizers are on the rise due to the worldwide spread of Covid-19. However, there are some cases of fire and injury caused by various sanitizers containing ethanol, which is a dangerous substance. In this study, we analyzed possibility of ignition of gel-type hand sanitizers spreading on hand, also possibility of explosion of Spray-type sanitizer in enclosed space, accordingly the accurate instruction will suggest to raising awareness of fire from sanitizers.

Due to the recent abnormal temperature phenomenon, smoke screen disinfection is used to control pests relatively easily in livestock houses and farm houses due to severe damage to pests regardless of the season As a result, fire cases are often reported. In this study, the temperature change of the vaporizer during the operation of the fogging machine was measured using a total of three types of fogging machine, and the possibility of fire due to surrounding combustibles was confirmed through reproduction experiments. Through reproduction experiments and fire cases in this study, we would like to suggest safety measures and prevention measures when using a fogging machine.

본 연구의 목적은 건물지붕에서 흘러내리는 빗물의 효용을 극대화하기 위해 시간에 따른 지붕 빗물의 성상을 분석하고,소독하지 않은 저장 빗물과 염소 소독된 저장 빗물의 성상변화를 추적하는데 있다. 이를 위하여, 저장 빗물의 COD, T-N,T-P, 장내미생물, 일반미생물의 시간에 따른 변화를 염소 주입 농도별로 분석하였다. 소독된 저장 빗물의 경우 장내 미생물 및 일반 미생물은 염소 주입 후 2주 이내에 99% 저감을 확인하였다. 따라서, 지붕 빗물을 장기 보관할 경우, 소독 후보관하는 것이 저장 빗물의 수질 유지에 도움을 주며 장기적으로 여러 용도에 사용하기 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to monitor the rainwater flowing from the roof of buildings and to maximize the effectivenessof the rainwater storage. This study also analyses the changes in rainwater characteristics before and after subsequentchlorination disinfection. The stored rainwater was disinfected by chlorine and then analyzed for COD, TN, TP, entericbacteria, and general microbial population changes over time. There was an observed 99% reduction of enteric bacteria andcommon microbes within two weeks after chlorine injection. Thus, chlorine disinfection of rainwater improves water qualityfor long-term storage and future use.

This study was to provide baseline data about knowledge, attitude and practice of skin disinfection and to identify the influencing factors among nurses related to skin disinfection. Methods: The subjects were 174nurses who worked at one Hospital in A city. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires during August,2010. The collected data were analyzed with use of SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: The knowledge of skin disinfection varied significantly according to unit, position and job satisfaction. Nurses' attitude towards skin disinfection differed significantly according to age, unit, career, position and job satisfaction. Nurses' practice of skin disinfection varied according to unit and position. Significant correlations were found between knowledge,attitude and practice. The attitude and knowledge were influencing factors of practice (55.6%). Conclusion: An educational program focusing on changing nurses' knowledge and attitude can be effective for the practice of skin disinfection.

Purpose: There has been a number of reports on elution of bisphenol-A, an endocrine disrupting chemical, from milk bottles, all concerning the potential health effect of the substance. In this study, we measured the elution of bisphenol-A from milk bottles during boiling-water sterilization, to suggest a safe sterilization method. Method: Through the survey of 200 mothers, 78.5% of them expressed their concern on the possible harmful effect of bisphenol-A, which might be eluted from the bottles. And it was found that most mothers use boiling-water to sterilize bottles; duration of boiling bottles could be divided into three groups of 3, 5, and 10 minutes. We measured the elution of bisphenol- A from three different brands of bottles, subject to various mode of sterilization found in the survey. Result: In all the measurements, the concentration of the eluted bisphenol-A was in the range of 0.3 - 0.7 ppb, far below 2.5ppm, the level set up by Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA) for a potential harmful effect. Conclusion: Although trace amount of bisphenol -A can be eluted from polycarbonate milk bottles during sterilization, and bottle feeding, the amount is found to be too small to cause any health related impact for infants.

본 연구는 needleless connector에 부착하는 70% isopropyl alcohol 함유한 소독 캡의 항균 활성 및 지속성을 확인하고자 진행하였다. Needleless connector의 hub에 Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata를 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL 접종 후 1분, 2시간, 4시간 및 7일 동안 실온에 방치하였다. 각 hub의 멸균수 세척액을 배지에 배양하였으며, 2시간 이후부터는 모든 실험 균주의 집락이 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과 needleless connector용 소독 캡의 항균 활성이 7일까지 유지됨을 확인하였으며, 이는 임상 환경에서 소독 캡의 교체 빈도를 감소시켜 환자 처치 시간을 단축시키고, 혈류감염 발생률 감소에 기여함으로써 임상 적용 가능성에 대한 기초자료를 제공한다.

This study was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity and persistence of the disinfection cap containing 70% isopropyl alcohol attached to the needleless connector. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii , Candida albicans , Candida glabrata were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1min, 2hrs, 4hrs, and 7 days after inoculation of 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL at hub of needleless connector. Then, the solution obtained by washing each hub with sterile water was smeared onto the medium. After the culture, no colonies were observed after 2 hours. The results of this study confirmed that the antimicrobial activity of the disinfecting caps for needleless connectors is maintained for up to 7 days. These findings suggest that the clinical application of these caps can reduce the frequency of cap replacement, thereby shortening patient procedure times and contributing to a decrease in the incidence of bloodstream infections, providing fundamental data for their clinical implementation.

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the colony counts by different disinfecting processes and duration of the operation for humidifiers in an intensive care unit (ICU) in Busan. Method: The four steps of disinfecting process were taken with four different humidifiers according to the use of disinfectant (1:100 Deconex?? 50FF/nothing) and refilling water (tap water/distilled water). First, the colony counts using water sample from wick was conducted at 0 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr respectively after turning on the humidifiers. Next, the colony counts using waterdrop from the outlet was done at 0 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr respectively after turning on the humidifiers. Result: No colony was counted after disinfecting with 1:100 Deconex?? 50FF until 72 hr after turning on the humidifiers. However, without disinfecting with Deconex?? 50FF, the colony count was increased in the humidifiers from 24 hr after turning on the humidifiers. The result was the same regardless of the refilling water. Conclusion: According to the results, the study found that disinfection of humidifiers in the ICUs with 1:100 Deconex?? 50FF every 72 hr is effective to remove general bacteria.