Earticle

This study analyzed the error cases of Japanese transitives by Korean learners. As a result, different error patterns were found in the cases where a transitive should be used as passive voice and vice versa. The error cases are as follows: ① In the case where a transitive should be used as passive voice, error cases were found frequently in the order of ⑴ preferring Japanese intransitive expression ⑵ expressing no transitive-intransitive verb pairs as passive voice ⑶ expressing transitive-intransitive verb pairs as passive voice ⑷ expressing「-teoku」as passive voice ⑸ etc. On the other hand, ② in the case where passive voice should be used as a transitive, error cases were found frequently in the order of ⑴ expressing no transitive-intransitive verb pairs as transitives ⑵ overgeneralization ⑶ vocabulary confrontation ⑷ etc. In grammar as it is one of the most difficult parts to master passive voice, this study aims to reconsider passive voice from a grammar educational viewpoint by analyzing the error patterns of passive voice focused on intransitives.

本稿では他動詞を中心に韓国人日本語学習者の誤用の実体を分析した。その結果、他動詞を受身形にしなければならない場合と受身形を他動詞にしなければならない場合で誤用のパターンが異っていた。その結果を示すと、①他動詞を受身形しなければならない場合は、⑴日本語の自動詞的表現の影響⑵無対他動詞の受身表現の影響⑶有対他動詞の受身表現の影響⑷「ておく」の影響⑸その他によるもので、②受身形を他動詞にしなければならない場合は、⑴無対他動詞の他動詞の表現⑵過剰一般化の影響⑶語彙的対立形の影響⑷その他によるものであった。受身表現は習得しにくい代表的な文法項目であり、今後、自動詞を中心に受身表現の誤用のパターンを分析し、文法教育的な観点から受身表現を見直してみたいと思う。

In multimedia transition systems, data usually is divided into levels according to their different importance. For these systems, unequal error protection (UEP) techniques are the powerful methods to guarantee lower BER for the more important classes. Puncturing patterns are very important for turbo codes to produce different code rates. Also, different puncturing patterns can give different BER distributions so that UEP can be obtained. In this paper we will study the affection of puncturing pattern to the BER distribution and present a new scheme of designing the puncturing patterns for turbo codes so that the strong unequal error protection is obtained. In this scheme the puncturing is only carried on the two parity check sequences and an idea of “gradually sparsing” is employed. Simulation results show that, compared with other puncturing schemes, this scheme can provide strong error protection for some bits without apparent degradation for other bits.

This study aims to examine the interlanguage pattern of Korean word order by inductively analyzing errors of word order according to proficiency and L1 of Korean learners and confirming the distribution of word order error types. For this, the study identified the acquisition patterns of Korean word order based on 567,000 word Learners Corpus of 3,600 samples constructed by the National Institute of Korean Language. The analysis results are as follows: First, 157 word order errors were found in 149 Korean learners. Among them, Korean learners have the highest number of adverb word order errors which appeared 81 times (51.6%), followed by noun word order errors which appeared 50 times (31.8%). Discourse word order errors appeared 13 times (8.3%), sentence word order errors appeared 11 times (7.0%) and other word order errors appeared 2 times (1.3%) in this order. Second, the error frequency of adverb word order was the highest in common among beginner, intermediate, and advanced, and the error frequency of noun word order was the second highest. Though learners of beginner and intermediate level and learners of advanced and intermediated level each have differences in the error frequency ranking of sentence word order and discourse word order, it was not statistically significant. Third, the acquisition distribution of word order according to learner’s L1 was found to be statistically significant in the adverb order and the noun word order. In the case of adverb word order, Vietnamese learners had fewer errors in adverb word order than other learners, while Japanese learners had more adverb word order errors. Next, in the case of noun word order, Vietnamese learners had more noun word order errors than other learners of Korean, but English learners of Korean found fewer noun word order errors.

본고에서는 TV드라마창작 수업에서 빈번히 발견되는 작문상의 오류를유형화함으로써 전공 글쓰기 지도의 효과적인 방안을 모색하고자 했다. 문예창작 전공 대학생들의 실제 습작 사례를 바탕으로 글쓰기 오류의 유형을추출하고 그 개선방향을 제시하는 데 논의의 초점을 맞추었다. 이를 위해서울 소재 S대학교 예술창작학부의 2016년 전공 교과목 ‘TV드라마 창작실습’ 수강생들을 표본 집단으로 설정하고, 이들이 제출한 일련의 ‘과제글’을주된 텍스트로 삼아 분석하였다. 과제글은 글쓰기의 단계에 따라 수업 중에실습된 시놉시스, 구성표, 원고의 3가지 종류로, 각각의 종류별로 작문 오류의 유형이 추출되었다. 아울러 학습자들의 과제글에 대한 교수자의 개별 ‘코멘트’를 보조 자료로 활용하여 오류 사례별 구체적 지도 방안을 적시하였다. 특히 텍스트 분석 과정에서 본고는 문법적 차원보다는 ‘장르 적합성’ 에 주목하고자 했다. 장르 기반 작문 이론에 입각해 TV드라마라는 특수한글쓰기 장르가 요구하는 형식과 내용상의 규범에 어울리는지 아닌지를 기준으로 학습자들의 글쓰기 사례에 대해 오류 판단을 하고, 이에 근거해 오류의 유형을 총 9가지로 분류하여 논하였다. 시놉시스 과제글의 경우 비윤리적 소재의 취급, 편성분량의 간과, 주제의식의 혼란 등이 대표적 오류 유형으로 나타났으며, 구성표 과제글에서는 장면의 남발과 누락, 행위요소의결핍, 장면전환의 임의성 등의 오류가 발견되었다. 원고 과제글의 경우 직설적 표현의 과잉, 영상과 대사의 연계성 결여, 지문의 서사적 오용 등의 오류가 빈번하게 관찰되었다. 이상의 오류 사례는 대부분 학습자들의 ‘장르 변별성 혼동’ 문제로 귀결되며, 결국 실효성 있는 TV드라마 창작을 위해서는인접 예술(문학)과 변별되는 고유한 속성에 대한 집중적 교육이 요청된다.

The aim of this study is at making pattern of writing error in subject of Creating television drama, and searching for effective guidance method of writing in a special study field. For the purpose, this study focused on analyzing actual cases of university student’s works in major of Creating literature. Students attended at ‘Exercise of creating television drama’ that is a major subject of the college of Creation arts in S university located in seoul fixed as a sample group, their homeworks is analyzed as main text. Analysis is progressed according to their three kinds of homeworks that is synopsis, construction chart, script. And professor’s comments used as subtext for improvement method of writing. Specially, this study pay attention to suitability of genre, not to grammar. According to be suitable for canon of form and content in the television drama genre, whether the students’s writing is error is judged. And based on this judgement, total pattern of writing error is classified nine kinds. In synopsis, pattern of writing error was found out treatment of immoral subject, ignorance of time arrangement, confusion of setting up theme, In construction chart, pattern of writing error was found out overissue and ommission of scenes, lack of action element, optional management of scene connection. In script, pattern of writing error was found out overmuch of indicative expression, lack of connection between image and speech, misuse of direction.

본 논문에서는 상황인지 시스템의 상황정보를 사용자 행동패턴 단위로 인식하여 사용자의 평균패턴과 비교하여 위치를 예측하고 새로운 행동 패턴이 입력될 경우 자가 학습하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 과거 상황정보 3가지와 현재 상황정보 1가지를 연결하여 상황정보들 간의 상호 관계의미를 지닌 행동 패턴 단위로 데이터베이스에 저장시켜 사용자의 이전 상황과 현재 상황을 평균 패턴으로 검색하여 검색된 평균 패턴들 중에 가중치가 높은 상위 4가지 패턴을 예측한다. 만일, 예측 되지 않은 경우 사용자의 평균 패턴이 시행착오 학습 작업된다. 제안된 Average pattern - Trial and Error Learning기법을 이용한 위치 예측 알고리즘은 트레이닝된 상황에서 평균적으로 95.67% 예측이 성공하였다. 이 방식은 행동패턴 단위를 사용하여 사용자의 평균 패턴을 분석하여 예측 정확도를 높이고, 데이터베이스 탐색 시 유동적인 단위보다 탐색 시간이 감소되며, 기존의 없는 행동패턴에 대해서는 탐색 없이 학습이 되어 한정된 시간 내에 사용자가 원하는 서비스 해주어야 할 실시간 시스템에서의 예측시간을 확정해준다.

In this paper, we propose a context-aware system to predict one’s location in behavior patterns of users. If a new behavior pattern is entered, the system runs a perceptual learning process. While running, the system uses the past three statuses and the current status information and obtains a relationship with the link. The relationship is an average pattern, which is stored and referred in a database system. The proposed system predicts the top four patterns having a high weight value among the average patterns. We suggest an algorithm by making an average pattern and using the trial-error learning method. The system offers a suitable service by considering user’s characteristics and recognizing user’s average pattern in context-aware environments. However, this paper uses just the user’s location data. Even though the system uses the average patterns and trial-error learning for the various variables of context information, the real-time response will be stable and rapid. The proposed scheme has a tendency for the accuracy of prediction to gradually enhance getting the average patterns to increase and the trial-error learning times to decrease. This algorithm will improve the accuracy and reliability of prediction for the incremental context information by incorporating various context information data and provide optimum services to users by suggesting an intellectual reasoning and prediction method based on hierarchical context information.

In this paper, a two-stage recognition approach based on error pattern hypotheses is proposed to reduce errors of a connected digit recognizer. In the approach, a conventional recognizer is first used to produce N-best candidate strings, and then error patterns are hypothesized by examining the candidate strings. For substitution error pattern hypotheses, error-pattern-dependent classifiers having more discriminative power than the first-stage classifier are used ; and for insertion and deletion errors, word duration and energy contour information are exploited are exploited to discriminated confusing pairs. Simulation results showed that the proposed approach achieves 15% decrease in word error rate for speaker-independent Korean connected digit recognition when a hidden Markov model-based recognizer is used for the first-stage classifier.

This paper presents the new hybrid data mining technique using error pattern, modeling of improving classification accuracy. The proposed method improves classification accuracy by combining two different supervised learning methods. The main algorithm generates error pattern modeling between the two supervised learning methods(ex: Neural Networks, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression and so on.) The Proposed modeling method has been applied to the simulation of 10,000 data sets generated by Normal and exponential random distribution. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed method is superior to the existing methods like Logistic regression and Discriminant analysis.

Collaborative filtering approach for recommender systems are now widely applied in e-commerce to assist customers to find their needs from many that are frequently available. this approach makes recommendations for users based on the opinions to similar users in the system. But this approach is opened to users who present their preference to items or acquire the preference information form other users, noise in the system makes significant problem for accurate recommendation. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the standard deviation of preference ratings for each user and the estimated ratings of them. The result shows that the possibility of the pre-filtering condition which detecting the factor of bad effect on the prediction of user's preference. It is expected that using this result will reduce the possibility of bad effect on recommender systems.

이 연구는 베트남어권 한국어 학습자의 관형사형 어미의 사용 오류 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 베트남어와 한국어는 언어 유형론적으로 차이가 있어 베트남인 한국어 학습자들은 한국어의 내포문 학습에 어려움을 느끼고 있다. 본고에서 이를 위한 연구의 시론으로서 베트남어권 한국어 학습자이 관형사형 어미 사용 오류 양상을 살피고 분석하였다. 베트남어권 한국어 학습자 오류 주석 말뭉치에서 총 487개 표본, 1,459 어절의 관형사형 전성어미 자료를 추출하고 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모든 급수에서 ‘을/ㄹ’어미 사용에 오류가 제일 많이 발생하였다. 둘째, 베트남어에 없는 ‘ㄹ’ 음소의 발음 오류, 불규칙 활용과 동사․형용사의 혼동 문제 때문에 발생하는 형태 활용 오류, 내포절의 시제 사용에 대한 통사 오류를 보였다. 셋째, 오류 유형별로는 1급일 때는 누락 오류가, 2급부터는 대치 오류가 가장 많이 발생하였다. 오류의 원인은 관형사형 전성어미에 대한 이해와 한국어 문장 구조의 이해 부족으로 파악하였다.

Denasalization that nasals are replaced by stops is an unusual error pattern related to manner of articulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of denasalization and to scrutinize the nasal production according to phonological context for typically developing children and children with speech sound disorders(SSD). 220 typically developing children and 48 SSD children from 2~6 years of age were tested with a formal word test, and those who demonstrate denasalization were selected. In addition, the nasal production of SSD children with denasalization were analyzed for the correctness and the error types using the formal word test and spontaneous conversation. The results were as follows: (1) Denasalization was shown in below 10% of 2-3 years of age with typically developing children and in above 20% of 2-5 years of age with SSD. (2) The SSD children who demonstrate denasalization were categorized into 4 types according to the error context of nasals; nasal errors with all word positions, nasal errors with word-final and word-medial positions, nasal errors with word-medial position preceding vowels, and nasal errors with word-medial position preceding obstruents. These results indicate that denasalization is a clinically important error pattern, and word-medial position preceding obstruents is an essential context for denasalization in terms of Korean phonotactics.

글쓰기에서는 과정뿐 아니라 띄어쓰기와 같은 형식적인 부분도 중요하다. 그러나 대학생들은 실제 글쓰기에서 많은 형식적 오류를 범하고 있다. 이 연구는 빈번히 발생하는 띄어쓰기 오류를 유형화하고 적절한 띄어쓰기 지도 방안을 마련하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 대학생들의 띄어쓰기 오류 유형은 크게 ‘띄어 써야 할 것을 붙여 쓴 유형’과 ‘붙여 써야 할 것을 띄어 쓴 유형’으로 나눌 수 있다. 붙여 쓴 오류가 띄어 쓴 오류보다 월등히 많았는데, 이는 띄어서 쓰기보다는 가능한 한 붙여 쓰는 학생들의 띄어쓰기 경향을 반영한다. 학생들이 가장 빈번하게 범하는 띄어쓰기 오류는 띄어 써야 할 ‘명사+명사’ 결합을 붙여 쓰는 유형이다. 그 다음으로 의존명사를 앞 성분과 띄어 쓰지 않는 유형이며, 명사를 수식하는 성분과 수식을 받는 명사를 붙여 쓰는 오류도 많았다. 띄어 쓴 오류로는 종속적 성격을 지닌 조사와 접사를 독립적 성분으로부터 띄어 쓴 경우가 자주 발견되었으며, 한 단어를 두 단어로 잘못 분석하여 띄어 쓴 경우도 있었다. 또한 띄어쓰기의 일관성에 대한 문제도 지적되었다. 이 문제는 규정에서 인정한 예외들 때문에 발생하는데, 띄어쓰기 예외 규정을 적용하기 위해서는 한 가지 조건을 염두에 두어야 한다. 한 편의 글에서는 일관된 원칙을 적용해야 하는 것이다. 학생들이 띄어쓰기 오류를 범하는 원인은 내부적 원인과 외부적 원인으로 규정할 수 있다. 내부적 원인은 띄어쓰기와 관련된 문법 지식의 부족을 가리키며, 외부적 원인은 띄어쓰기에 부정적 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 말한다. 띄어쓰기 오류를 줄이기 위해서는 대학의 글쓰기 수업에서 띄어쓰기를 포함한 어문규정을 반드시 지도해야 하는데, 이때에는 띄어쓰기의 ‘기본 원칙’을 충실히 전달해야 하며 띄어쓰기의 일관성을 강조해야 한다. 또한 오류 유형에 따라 지도 내용을 구성해야 한다. 마지막으로 효과적인 콘텐츠를 활용하여 띄어쓰기를 지도하는 것도 좋은 방법이다.

The formal part as well as the process is important for the writing. But the college students make many formal errors in writing. The purpose of this paper is to pattern out the frequent word spacing error, to come up with effective plans for guidance on the word spacing. The error pattern of word spacing is divided into two groups, the error pattern of non-spacing instead of word spacing and the error pattern of spacing instead of non-spacing. The former occurs more frequently than the latter. This is the reflection of the tendency to seek the non-spacing than the spacing as far as possible. The most frequent non-spacing error is the non-spacing 'noun+noun' pattern. In the second place, there is non-spacing 'preceding component +bound noun' pattern, and 'modifying component+noun' pattern. Meanwhile, spacing error pattern occurs in the spacing postposition and affix from preceding independent component. And Some students separate one word into two words. This paper also places emphasis on the consistency of word spacing in the same work, and points out inner and outer cause of word spacing error. The students must be taught the orthography including word spacing in the writing class. The teachers have to deliver the fundamental principle of word spacing, to emphasize consistency of word spacing, to construct the guidance details according to the error pattern, and to guide students through the word spacing on ways of using the effective contents.

This paper analyzes the pattern of error of the formal type [nai] form of noun sentences and adjective sentences, and examines the strategy on [nai] form of output for the Korean learners of Japanese language. The first survey shows the rate of error of [nai] form in the order of noun sentence 〈 i adjective sentence 〈 na adjective sentence. To correct the error of [nai] form, inflection rule for noun sentence and na adjective sentence and inflection rule for i adjective sentence were distinguished and explained; then shadowing practice was carried out before a test. The result shows there was decrease in the error of [nai] type/form in almost all parts of speech. However, i adjective sentence had highest rate of error of [nai] form compared to noun sentence and na adjective sentence. As the reports of previous research, learning of [nai] form of i adjective sentence seems to take the longest time. In case of Korean learners of Japanese language, there is interference of the mother tongue in [nai] form of noun sentence, and they use [additional] strategy of using 「jyanai」 in [nai] type/form of i adjective sentence and 「? nai」 in [nai] form of na adjective sentence.

패턴인식과 영상처리 응용에 이용되는 자승오차 패턴 클러스터링 알고리듬은 특징벡터 행렬의 연산에 상당한 처리시간은 요구한다. 그러므로 본 논문은 병렬처리와 파이프라인 특성을 갖는 잉여수체계를 이용한 고속의 자승오차 패턴 클러스터링 프로세서를 제안한다. 제안된 자승오차 패턴 클러스터링 프로세서는 영상분할 실험으로부터 의미있는 영역으로 나눌 수 있는 클러스터의 수에 대하여 만족할 만한 오차를 보이며 80287 수치 연산용 프로세서보다 약 200배 빠름을 보인다. 그 결과 대규모의 데이타를 실시간으로 처리하여야 하는 응용분야에 효과적으로 이용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Squared-error Pattern Clustering algorithm used in unsupervised pattern recognition and image processing application demands substantial processing time for operation of feature vector matrix. So, this paper propose the fast squared-error Pattern Clustering Processor using the Residue Number System which have been the nature of parallel processing and pipeline. The proposed Squared-error Pattern Clustering Processor illustrate satisfiable error rate for Cluster number which can be divide meaningful region and about 200 times faster than 80287 coprocessor from experiments result of image segmentation. In this result, it is useful to real-time processing application for large data.

이 연구는 무안군에 소재한 문화재 안내문의 언어 사용 실태를 살펴 문제점을 분석하고 개선 방향을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 무안군 문화재 19건의 안내문을 대상으로 어휘･문장･문단의 측면에서 어떤 오류가 나타나는지를 분석하였다. 분석한 결과, 오류율이 가장 높은 유형은 명사+명사 구성에서의 띄어쓰기였으며 두 번째로 오류율이 높은 유형은 들여쓰기였다. 이러한 오류를 줄이기 위해서는 오류 발생의 문제점을 인지하고 규정을 제대로 숙지해야 한다. 이 연구의 오류 분석 작업 결과는 무안군의 문화재 안내문 정비에 실제로 적용할 수 있을 것이다. 오류 분석을 통해 일반인들이 이해하기 쉬운 개선된 안내문으로 작성된 안내판이 만들어진다면 문화재의 배경과 특성을 이해하는 데에 드는 여러 노력을 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems and seek improvement by examining the actual use of language in notice on cultural properties located in Muan-gun. We analyzed what kind of errors appeared in terms of vocabulary, sentences, and paragraphs in 19 cases of cultural properties in Muan-gun. As a result of the analysis, the type with the highest error rate was the space in the noun+noun composition, and the type with the second highest error rate was indentation. In order to reduce such errors, it is necessary to recognize the problem of error occurrence and to properly understand the regulations. The results of error analysis in this study can be applied in practice to the maintenance of notice on cultural properties in Muan-gun. If information boards written with improved notice that is easy to understand by the general is made through error analysis, it will be possible to reduce the effort required to understand the background and characteristics of cultural properties.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Korean learners' actual `-hada' suffix usage errors through the learner corpus to find the characteristics of each proficiency level and language region. In vocabulary learning, vocabulary is expanded by using `-hada' as a suffix, but learners are prone to errors due to the various types of `-hada'. As a part of a study to understand how these various types of `hada' are used by learners, this research attempts to identify the error patterns in the use of the suffix `-hada'. Therefore, through the Korean language learner corpus, this research classifies the omission of the `-hada' suffix, replacement with other affixes, unnecessary addition of the suffix, and mis-conjugation/misspelling errors to determine what errors occur depending on the proficiency level and language region. The most common error was substitution error, and the majority were substitution with `-dweda(되다)' suffix. Mis-conjugation/misspelling errors are the next most common, and the omission error was next, followed by the addition error.

This study aims to examine the interlanguage pattern of Korean word order by inductively analyzing errors of word order according to proficiency and L1 of Korean learners and confirming the distribution of word order error types. For this, the study identified the acquisition patterns of Korean word order based on 567,000 word Learners Corpus of 3,600 samples constructed by the National Institute of Korean Language. The analysis results are as follows: First, 157 word order errors were found in 149 Korean learners. Among them, Korean learners have the highest number of adverb word order errors which appeared 81 times (51.6%), followed by noun word order errors which appeared 50 times (31.8%). Discourse word order errors appeared 13 times (8.3%), sentence word order errors appeared 11 times (7.0%) and other word order errors appeared 2 times (1.3%) in this order. Second, the error frequency of adverb word order was the highest in common among beginner, intermediate, and advanced, and the error frequency of noun word order was the second highest. Though learners of beginner and intermediate level and learners of advanced and intermediated level each have differences in the error frequency ranking of sentence word order and discourse word order, it was not statistically significant. Third, the acquisition distribution of word order according to learner’s L1 was found to be statistically significant in the adverb order and the noun word order. In the case of adverb word order, Vietnamese learners had fewer errors in adverb word order than other learners, while Japanese learners had more adverb word order errors. Next, in the case of noun word order, Vietnamese learners had more noun word order errors than other learners of Korean, but English learners of Korean found fewer noun word order errors.