Earticle

본 연구는 수사경과자의 인식을 중심으로 수사경찰의 직무만족에 미치는 영향 요인 을 고찰하고, 이를 바탕으로 수사경찰의 직무만족을제고하여 이들의 발전방향을제시 하는 데에 목적이 있다. 남녀 141명을 대상으로 자기평가 기입법에 의한 설문조사를 실 시하였고, 요인 분석 및 상관관계 분석 등을 실시하였다. 수사경찰의 직무만족도 향상을 위한 정책 제언은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 업무량 개선이 필요하다. 업무량 과다는 수사경찰에 있어서 고질적인 병폐로 지적되어 왔으며, 이에 따른 타 부서 이동 및 수사경과제 포기 등이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 업무량 개선을 위해서는 수사경찰의 증원이 필수적이다. 둘째, 전문성 확보이다. 수사경찰의 전문성 확보는 체계적인 교육을 통한 균질화와 정예화가 이루어 져야 한다. 셋째, 근무조건 개선이다. 수사경찰의 근무조건 개선 및 발전을 위한 다각적인 방안들 이 모색되어야 한다. 넷째, 사회적지지 확보가 필요하다. 수사경찰의 장점 및 애로사항 등에 대한 대국민적 홍보활동이 강화되어야 한다. 본 연구는 표본조사 방식으로 제한된 인원만을 대상으로 진행되어, 수사경찰 직무만족도와 관련된 보다 광범위한 요인에 대한 충분한 분석을 제공하지 못하였으며, 수사 경찰에 대한 인식의 변화나 각 요인의 시간적 변화를 반영하지 못하였다. 향후 연구에서 이러한 사안들이 보완되어야 할 것이다.

This study aims to examine the factors that influence the job satisfaction of investigative police officers, focusing on their perceptions and suggesting the direction for their development by enhancing their job satisfaction. A self-assessment questionnaire survey was conducted on 141 men and women, and factor analysis and correlation analysis were performed. The policy recommendations for improving the job satisfaction of investigative police officers are as follows. First, the workload needs to be improved. Excessive workload has been pointed out as a chronic problem for investigative police officers, resulting in frequent transfers to other departments and abandonment of investigative tasks. To improve the workload, it is essential to increase the number of investigative police officers. Second, it is necessary to secure professionalism. To ensure the professionalism of the investigative police, homogenization and elaboration should be done through systematic training. Third, improve working conditions. Various ways should be explored to improve and develop the working conditions of the investigative police. Fourth, it is necessary to secure social support. Publicity about the advantages and difficulties of the investigative police should be strengthened. This study was conducted with a limited number of respondents using a sample survey method, which did not provide sufficient analysis of the broader factors related to the job satisfaction of investigative police officers. It did not reflect changes in perceptions of investigative police officers or changes in each factor over time. These issues should be addressed in future research.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the workload, work-related symptoms, perceived rewards, and expected rewards of frontline and non-frontline nurses during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and investigates the organizational strategies required by nurses to cope with its prolongment. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 99 nurses, including frontline (n=67) and non-frontline nurses (n=32) working in a tertiary hospital with a dedicated ward for COVID-19 was conducted. The data were collected from December 2021 to January 2022. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the x 2 test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent t-tests, and Mann Whitney U test. Results: Non-frontline nurses had heavier workloads and more severe work-related symptoms including burnout, stress, and fatigue than frontline nurses. Nurses’ perceived rewards for infection management and control were not equally distributed between the two groups. Nurses expected financial rewards including non-financial and reputation-related rewards. Conclusion: To prepare for future pandemics, medical stakeholders should develop effective strategies that include workforce management, equity-based rewards systems, and regular education and training in infection management and control for healthcare professionals.

PurposeThis scoping review aimed to evaluate current evidence regarding the application of artificial intelligence (AI)-based triage systems in emergency departments (EDs), with a focus on their contributions to workload reduction, patient safety, and decision-making accuracy from a nursing perspective. MethodsA scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Six electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, JSTOR, IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published between January 2014 and December 2024. Studies were included if they applied AI techniques to ED triage and reported outcomes related to workload, safety, or triage performance. Data were extracted and thematically analyzed to identify key contributions of AI-based triage systems. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. ResultsThree major themes were identified: (1) improvement in decision-making accuracy through AI-assisted triage models, (2) reduction in clinician workload, and (3) enhanced identification of critically ill patients contributing to patient safety. Some models achieved high predictive performance, with Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve scores reaching up to 0.96. However, heterogeneity in study designs and limited nurse involvement restricted the generalizability and clinical applicability of these studies. ConclusionThis review synthesizes existing literature on AI-supported triage systems in emergency care and provides foundational insights into their potential to support nursing decision-making. Future research should focus on nurse-centered system design, usability testing in real-world settings, and evaluation of clinical outcomes to ensure effective and ethical integration into nursing practice.

본 연구는 민간항공 조종사 훈련 및 평가에 중요하게 고려되고 있는 8가지 핵심 역량 향상을 위한 기초자료 마련을 위해 수행되었으며, 그 중 가장 중요하다고 판단되는 상황인식(situation awareness) 및 작업부하 관리에 대해 분석하였다. 예비 조종사를 대상으로 항공기 접근 및 착륙 단계를 진행하는 동안 PM(pilot monitoring) 역할을 수행하며 인식하는 항공기 상황과 작업부하량에 대해 평가하였다. 평가 시나리오는 기본비행훈련장치(basic aviation training device)를 사용하여 지형적 상황인식, 공간/시간적 상황인식, 시스템 상황인식, 환경적 상황인식을 평가할 수 있는 요소로 구성하였으며, 모니터링 도중 의도적인 주의분산 상황을 추가하였다. 연구 결과, 전체 비행 단계에 대한 상황인식은 32.3%이고, 지형적 상황인식(60.3%)이 가장 높고, 시스템 상황인식(18%)이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. NASA-TLX 평가방법으로 측정한 작업부하량은 10.8점(20점 만점)으로 나타났다. 또한, 기초공중항법학을 수강한 예비 조종사들이 대체로 높은 상황인식을 하였고, 작업부하 결과는 지형적 상황인식과 밀접한 상관관계를 가지고 있었다.

An empirical analysis was conducted on the workload of helicopter pilots flying in high-risk flight environments such as ground obstacles and weather effects at low altitudes. To evaluate the workload, an independent sample t-test was performed using the NASA-TLX evaluation method most suitable for the aviation field, and the workload score was calculated by applying the analytical stratification method (AHP) to compare and analyze private and commercial pilots. There is a significant difference in mean between private and commercial pilots and the result of work load was obtained over 70%. This paper studied the 'surprise and startle effect' on the helicopter field for the first time. In the future, it is intended to contribute to the safe operation of helicopters by presenting a method for effective safety management by utilizing it in the field of education and training for helicopter pilots and providing basic data for preventing accidents caused by human error.

Following the strong rebound of domestic air traffic in Korea, low-cost carriers (LCCs) now operate high-frequency short-haul networks. This study investigates whether flight delays increase pilot workload and whether workload contributes to human error. Survey data from 181 LCC pilots were analyzed using SPSS, including correlation, regression, and mediation analyses. Results show that delays significantly increase workload and human error, with workload partially mediating the relationship between delays and human error. The findings indicate that delays pose a structural safety risk by heightening fatigue and time pressure. Practical and policy implications emphasize incorporating workload and fatigue considerations into delay management to maintain safety in high-frequency operations.

Recently, flipped classrooms have received increasing research interest in various disciplines (Gaughan, 2014). Although researchers have identified major psychological factors affecting the quality of the flipped classroom, these factors have not been systematically or simultaneously examined. Drawing on the questionnaire data obtained from 39 university second-language learners of different achievement profiles, this study explores the relative effects of students’ accepted workload, preferred form of work (group vs. individual) and perceived usefulness of flipped classrooms on these learners’ perceptions and acceptance of a flipped classroom. Additionally, based on these university L2 learners’ questionnaire responses, we examined if achievement levels (high vs. low achievers) would modulate the effects of the aforementioned factors. The results showed that high achievers could accept 2 hours of preparatory work prior to class, but that low achievers could only accept 1 hour of work. Additionally, while high achievers prefer individual work, low achievers like to work in groups. Based on the findings of the study, pedagogical implications for the implementation of the flipped classroom for mixed-level students are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether postural control would differ under various gaze tasks while standing in a wide or nar-row stance between healthy young and old people, and also investigate whether postural sway and cognitive workload are affected by dual- task balance. Ten young and 10 healthy old people participated in this study. Each participant stood upright under four gaze conditions (fixa-tion, saccade, pursuit, vestibular-ocular reflex) and two stance condi-tions (wide and narrow stance) in a total of 16 trials. Postural sway was measured by the mean sway amplitude of the center of pressure in the medial-lateral and anteriorposterior directions. Cognitive workload was measured through pupil response as an index of cognitive activity (ICA) by using Eye tracking system and Eyeworks. The results showed that postural sway significantly reduced when performing saccadic eye movement in both groups but greater postural sway was evoked in ves-tibular-ocular reflex condition. In addition, although old people had a significant increase in ICA compared to the young, there were no sig-nificant differences among all the gaze conditions in old people. These results confirmed that saccadic eye movements are the most beneficial for reducing postural sway regardless of aging and also provide some insight that pupil response represents an indicator of cognitive workload during dual-task balance context. These findings suggest that eye move-ment exercises may be considered as an effective intervention to im-prove postural control so a fall prevention program applying eye move-ment should be extended to individuals who are at risk of falling.

작업부하 산정 모델을 개발하기 위해 인간-기계 시스템 환경에서 작업자의 작업성 취 및 생산성에 영향을 미치는 내적·외적 작업부하 요인들을 발견하여 이를 모델개발 에 고려하였다. 이들 작업부하 요인들이 작업자에 감지되는 정도에 대한 반응을 5점 척도를 도입하여 숫자가 아닌 자연어로 할 수 있게 하였으며 이렇게 작업자에 의해 주관적으로 판단된 작업스트레스 요인들은 각기 다른 가중치를 판단하기 위해 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)를 사용하여 작업자가 직접 느끼는 작업부하 스트레스 정도를 비교판단 하게 하였고 이렇게 개념화된 모델을 실제 산업현장에서 사용할 수 있도록 컴퓨터를 통한 시험적인 작업부하 분석시스템을 개발하였다. 본 연구에 대한 검증을 위하여 실제 산업체에 종사하는 작업자들을 대상으로 인간공학적 작업부하 모델을 적용하여 측정하고 이를 작업자의 생리학적인 변화와의 관계를 비교 분석하여 본 결과 본 논문에서 개발된 모델은 작업부하 스트레스를 비교적 정확하게 측정할 수 있어서 앞으로 산업현장에 적용될 수 있는 신뢰성 있는 연구로 판단된다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine nursing workload associated with patient and anesthetic factors in the post-anesthesia care unit(PACU). Method: The data used in this study were collected from February 26th, 2008 to May 16th, 2008. The subjects were 828patients and collected data were analyzed by using SPSS program. Results: It was found that there were statistical differences in gender, age, past history, type of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia, type of surgery. The mean PRN for nursing workload was 25 for below 17 years, and 27.5 for above 61 years. The mean PRN for nursing workload was 27 for general anesthesia, and 16 for regional anesthesia. The mean PRN for nursing workload was 29 for orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery, and 23 for ophthalmology. The mean PRN for nursing workload was 24.6 for below 1hour in duration of anesthesia, and 27.5 for above 2hours in duration of anesthesia. Conclusion: This study was carried out to examine nursing workload in the PACU. The results from this study will be help to improve nursing in PACU through efficient distribution of nursing workload in PACU.

목적: 본 연구는 체계적 문헌고찰 및 메타분석을 통해 중환자실 간호사의 업무부담과 관련된 요인을 파악하고, 간호 인력 배치 기준의 발전 방향을 모색하기 위한 기본자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구에는 2000년부터 발표된 한국어 또는 영어로 된 중환자실에서 근무하는 간호사와 관련된 업무부담에 대한 정량적 연구가 포함되었다. 검색어로는 ‘중환자실', ‘간호 업무부담'을 병합하는 용어가 사용되었으며, RISS, DBpia, MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science 등의 데이터베이스가 활용되었다. 분석문헌의 질 평가는 Joanna Briggs Institute의 Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies를 사용하여 시행하였다. 또한 JAMOVI 프로그램을 이용하여 상관관계 또는 회귀 분석 자료를 가진 7개 연구에 대한 효과크기의 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 중환자실 간호사의 업무부담에 대한 16개 연구에서 총 20개의 환자 및 간호사 관련 요인이 파악되었다. 환자와 관련된 요인으로는 질병의 중증도, 재원 기간, 나이 등이 있었다. 메타분석은 환자의 나이, SAPS 3으로 측정된 중증도, 재원 기간의 세 가지 환자 관련 요인에 대해 시행하였다. SAPS 3으로 측정된 중증도만이 간호사의 업무부담과 유의하게 관련된 것으로 나타났다(Zr=0.16, p<0.001, 95.0% CI=0.09-0.23). 결론: 연구별로 중환자실 및 환자의 특성이 다양하게 나타났으며, 업무부담 및 중증도를 측정하는 척도도 다양하였다. 국내 중환자실의 업무 환경을 반영하고 중환자실 간호사의 업무부담을 평가하는 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors related to the workload of intensive care unit nurses through asystematic literature review and meta-analysis to provide basic data to explore the direction of developmentof nursing staffing standards. Methods: This study involved quantitative studies about nurses working inintensive care units related to nursing workload published in English or Korean since 2000. Search termsincluded 'intensive care unit', 'nursing workload', and their variations. Databases such as RISS, DBpia,MEDLINE(PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were utilized. Quality assessment wasconducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. JAMOVI software facilitated the analysis of effect sizes, employing a meta-analysis approach for 7 studies withcorrelational or regression data. Results: From 16 studies on the workload of intensive care unit nurses, a totalof 20 patient and nurse-related factors were identified. Patient-related factors included severity of illness,length of stay, and age. Meta-analysis was conducted for three patient-related factors: age, severity of illnessmeasured by SAPS 3, and length of stay. Only severity of illness measured by SAPS 3 was significantlyassociated with nurse workload (Zr=0.16, p<.001, 95% CI=0.09-0.24). Conclusion: In previous studies, thecharacteristics of intensive care units and patients varied across studies, and a variety of scales for measuringworkload and severity of illness were also used. Sustained research reflecting domestic intensive care unit workenvironments and assessing the workload of intensive care unit nurses should be imperative.

본 연구는 시내버스운전자와 택시운전자가 운전을 하면서 느끼는 작업부하와 정서상태 그리고 피로의 수준을 알아보고, 작업부하 및 하위부담요인이 피로에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한, 작업부하가 피로에 미치는 영향에서 정서상태가 매개변인의 역할을 하는지도 확인해보고자 하였다. 본 연구에는 시내버스운전자 63명과 택시운전자 48명이 참가하였다. 연구결과, 두 운전자집단 모두에서 작업부하를 많이 느끼는 운전자일수록 피로를 더 많이 호소하는 것으로 나타났다. 작업부하의 하위부담요인이 피로에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과, 정신적 부담이 두 운전자집단의 피로에 공통적으로 영향을 미치고 있었다. 이외에 시간적 부담, 작업의 어려움 그리고 저해요소는 시내버스운전자의 피로에 영향을 미치는 것에 반해 신체적 부담과 노력의 부담은 택시운전자의 피로에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 정서상태의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 두 운전자집단 모두에서 작업부하가 피로에 미치는 영향에 대해 부적정서상태가 매개변인의 역할을 하고 있었다. 시내버스운전자와 택시운전자는 대중교통수단을 운전한다는 측면이 동일하다. 따라서 비슷한 수준의 작업부하와 피로를 보고한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 업무 및 운전환경에 차이가 있기 때문에 그들의 피로에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인이 다름을 확인하였다. 따라서 운수회사가 운전자의 피로를 개인의 문제로만 다룰 것이 아니라 운전자의 업무환경을 개선하기 위해 적극적으로 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

We investigated the influence of workload and its six sub-factors on the bus and taxi drivers’ fatigue, as well as the mediating effects of emotional state on the effect of the workload on the drivers' fatigue. Participants included sixty-three bus drivers and forty-eight taxi drivers. We found workload to have a significant impact on driver fatigue. In our analysis of the six sub-factors of workload and their influence on fatigue, we found that mental demand had significant impacts on each driver group's fatigue. However, temporal demand, performance, and frustration showed significant effects only on bus drivers' fatigue. With respect to taxi drivers, physical demand and effort had an effect on fatigue. Specifically, if drivers are influenced greatly by their workload or a specific sub-factor, fatigue becomes much more pronounced. Also, results from both groups of drivers indicated that a negative emotional state had mediating effects on the workload, influencing their levels of fatigue. Given that both bus and taxi drivers share a driving purpose, they indicated similar levels of workload and fatigue in this study. However, our results confirm different psychological factors influencing the fatigue of each group, a result stemming from a difference in work environments. Given these results, transportation management personnel must make a strong effort to improve the working environment for these two groups of people. Initiatives such as reducing driving time and guaranteeing breaks and mealtimes are suggested.

Even though Korean medical law stipulates that number of patients attended by a nurse is 2.5 for hospitalization and 30 for ambulatory care, the number of patients cared by a nurse per day is much greater than the standard prescribed by the medical law. Current productivity of nurses is not desirable unless the quality of care is considered. And nursing manpower staffing based on neither current nurses' productivity nor standard of medical law cannot respond properly to dynamic situation of the medical services. Under this background, the necessity of more efficient management of nursing manpower occupying 1/3 of total hospital workers has been recognized by many nursing administrators. Many nursing researchers have studied to foretell the nursing manpower objectively on the basis of measured nursing workload according to patient classification as well. Most of These researches, however, have been conducted in the tertiary hospitals, so it is imperative to conduct other researches to predict necessary nursing manpower in the secondary and the primary hospitals. The study was performed to measure nursing workload and predict pertinent nursing manpower to a secondary hospital with 400beds. Nursing workload was surveyed using measuring tool for direct and indirect care hours in a surgical unit and a medical unit. Survey was conducted from Sep.10 to Sep.16 and from Oct.5 to Oct.11, 1994 respectively by two skilled nurses, Subjects were patients, patients' family members and nursing personnels. Results are follows : 1. Patient classification distributed as 22% of class I (mildly ill patient), 57% of class II (moderately ill patient), and 21% of class III (acutely ill patient) in the medical nursing unit, while 23% of class I, 29% of class II, 12% of class III, and 36% of classIV (critically ill patient) in the surgical nursing unit. There was no difference of inpatient number between weekday and weekend. Bed circulation rate was 89% in both units and average patients number per day was 37.4 (total 42beds) in the medical nursing unit, 32.9 (total 37beds) in the medical nursing unit. 2. Direct care hours per day measured as 2.8hrs for class I, 3.3hrs for class II, and 3.5hrs for class III in the medical nursing unit, while 3.1hrs for class I, 3hrs for class II, 2.7hrs for class III, and 2.2hrs for classIV in the surgical nursing unit. Meanwhile, hours for nursing assistant activities per patient by patients' family members were 11mins and 200mins respectively. Direct care hour rate by shift was day 36%, evening 25%, and night 39% in the medical nursing unit, while 40%, 29%, and and 31% respectively in the surgical nursing unit. 3. Measurement and observation activity held 44.2% of direct care activities of nurses and medication 36.7%, communication 11.7%, exercise 1.8%, treatment 1.3%, hygiene 1.3%, elimination and irrigation 1.1%, suction 1%, nutrition 0.5%, thermotherapy 0.3%, oxygen therapy 0.1% in order. 4. Indirect care hours per day were 294.2mins in the medical nursing unit, and 273.9mins in the surgical nursing unit. By shift, evening was the highest in both units. Indirect care hours for each patient were 44.5mins in the medical nursing unit and 46mins in the surgical nursing unit. 5. checking activities including doctor's order, medication, and delivering patients to the next shift occupied 39.7% of indirect care activities, and preparation 26%, recording 23.8%, communication and conference 6.7%, managing equipments 2.1%, messenger activity 1.7% in order. 6. On the ground of these results, nursing manpower needed in a secondary hospital was estimated ; 27 nursing personnels for the medical nursing unit of 37beds, and 20 nursing personnels for the surgical nursing unit of 33beds.

본 연구는 화물차운전자와 승용차운전자를 대상으로 운전피로의 차이에 대해서 알아보고, 작업부담요인들 중에서 운전피로에 영향을 미치는 요인이 무엇인지에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 6개의 작업부담요인이 운전피로에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 두 운전자집단의 운전피로에 신체적 부담이 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 정신적 부담과 시간적 부담은 화물차운전자의 운전피로에만 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 운전피로에 신체적 부담이 영향을 미치는 것은 자세의 구속으로 인한 근육의 경직 등을 부담으로 표현한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그리고 화물차운전자의 운전피로에 정신적 부담과 시간적 부담이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것은 우리나라의 개인물류산업특성상 운행횟수가 금전적 수입을 의미하고 있으므로 시간절약과 관련되어 있다고 볼 수 있는 정신적 부담과 시간적 부담이 운전피로에 작용하였을 가능성이 있다. 이와 같은 본 연구의 결과는 화물차운전자들의 피로로 인한 사고와 그 위험을 줄이기 위한 대책이나 지침을 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

We investigated the difference between truck drivers and other drivers at the aspects of fatigue and the workload influencing on drivers' fatigue. In the result of analyzing about the six sub-factors of NASA -TLX, influencing on the drivers' fatigue, physical demand had significant impacts on two driver group's subjective fatigue. However, mental demand and temporal demand showed significant effect on only truck drivers' subjective fatigue. The physical demand influencing on the drivers' subjective fatigue may be expressed that drivers' muscles stiffness caused by posture restriction in the car. The effect of mental demand and temporal demand on the truck drivers' subjective fatigue had relation to the environment of logistics transportation in Korea. That is, truck drivers are not usually employed by companies but work as individual. For this reason, time equals to money for truck drivers and this affects on mental demand and temporal demand, related with scheduling. We are expecting that this finding would aid to produce a effective measure in order to decrease the truck drivers accidents and the risk on account of fatigue.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the classification of nursing activity and to analyze the time of nursing workload in a new open hospital. The data were collected from 20 nurses working in 6 general nursing units by 4 trained observers. The tools used for this study were an observation recording sheet and a classification sheet of nursing activity. The classification sheet was constructed to be adaptable to each hospital system based on the instrument described in the literature. The results of the study are as follows : The direct nursing activities consisted of 6 sections, 33 subsections and the indirect nursing activities consisted of 14 sections, 53 subsections. The direct nursing activities included medication, measuring and observation, care of therapies, care of physical comfort, laboratory and treatment. The indirect nursing activities included preparation of medical utensils, collection of information and assessment, recording, phone communication, professional interaction related to patients, personal time, assigning work to staff, patient eaucation and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. Nurses spent 127.6min for direct nursing activity during day duty. It was 24.5% of total nursing activity. Within that activity medication had the highest percentage of time(40.09%), followed by communication and education with patient(24.76%), measuring and observation (16.93%), laboratory and treatment (12.85%), care of therapies(3.21%) and care of physical comfort (2.16%). The time breakdown for indirect nursing activities is as follows ; the preparation of medical utensils 22.3%, collection of information and assessment 20.29%, recording 20.27%, phone communication 8.14%, professional interaction related to patients 7.33%, personal time 7.24%, with the remaining timeshared by staffing, patient education and training, interaction with lab, transfer of administration of utensils, checking physician's order, dietary service, management of pollution and contagion, guide direction. In the analysis of the relationships between the working time and the work allocation characters of the nurses(including nurse's experiences. nurse-patients ratio, nurse-rooms ratio, and character of nursing unit) ; There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing times between nurse's career years. There was significant difference in direct nursing time between assigned patient numbers. The nurses assigned larger number of patients spent significantly more time in direct nursing care than that of the smaller. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in indirect nursing workload between the assigned patient numbers. There were no significant differences in direct-indirect nursing time between an allocated patient's room numbers. There was significant difference in working time between working places. The nurse in the medical unit spent more time in direct nursing care than her counterpart in the surgical unit. However there was no difference in direct nursing time between two groups. The study results indicate that nurses spent less time in the direct nursing care than in the previous studies even though the hospital system has been modernized. On the other hand they spent much more time for the coordinating role within the interdisciplinary team and for the overlapping paperwork. Therefore it is recommended that patient oriented job description and more efficient usage of modernized utilities be made.

Purpose: The purposes of this study are to develop critical patients classification system, to establish validity and reliability and to identify the conversion index. Method: The items of WMSCN for ICU were revised at the 256 ICUs of 45 hospitals from WMSN of Walter Reed Army Hospital. Validity through the correlation between direct nursing care hours and WMSCN score and also interrater reliability was conducted at 18 of 45 hospitals. Finally, the conversion index was identified at the 5 of 18 hospitals. Result: The WMSCN consisted of 8 categories and 82 nursing indicators. The average score of WMSCN was decreased from 124.3 to 82.2 after education of guidelines. The scores by nurses were highly correlated with head nurses’(r=.94), and also scores of the WMSCN were highly correlated with the direct nursing care hour(p=.001). Finally, the conversion index was 8.36 minutes. Conclusion: WMSCN is available to classify the nursing workload for critical care patients. The education of guidelines, repeated evaluation of validity and reliability are requisite to use WMSCN effectively. And the conversion index should be adjusted to estimate the appropriate staffing in Korea.