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Developing computer games is a highly specialized process. Adding stereoscopic 3D features to a game canbe time consuming an may lead to a whole new production pipeline. While there products like TRIDEF enablestereoscopic 3D gaming on the user side, many leading game manufacturer consider engines with integratedstereoscopic 3D support like the CRYENGINE or the use of a "ready to use" library for adding stereo 3Dsupport to their game. The french company TRIOVIZ has put a new a stereo 3D software development kit on themarket, witch works on multiple platforms and can easily be integrated on top of existing game structures. Thisarticle addresses what impact the stereo 3D engine has on the game building process. Since stereoscopic 3Dcomputer games will be played on different devices of different sizes with various viewing distances, this articlealso shows which parameters need to be adapted to provide a comfortable stereoscopic viewing experience forthe player.

현재 시장에는 실로 다양한 크기의 터치 디스플레이를 탑재한 기기들이 쏟아져 나오고 있다. 스마트 폰을 비롯한 다양한 디지털 기기들은 각기 다른 크기와 비율의 터치 디스플레이를 탑재하여 출시되고 있으며, 이러한 크기의 다양화는 지속될 것으로 보인다. 그러나 이런 터치 디스플레이 크기와 관련하여, 어떠한 크기가 최적인가에 대한 연구는 제대로 이루어지지 않는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 가장 대중적으로 사용되고 있는 10인치 이하의 휴대용 기기의 터치 디스플레이 크기가 사용자의 정서적 반응과 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 확인하고, 궁극적으로 터치 디스플레이의 최적의 크기를 도출하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 터치 디스플레이의 크기에 따라 정서적 반응과 수행에 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 더불어 기존의 선행 연구들이 대부분 디스플레이의 크기가 크면 클수록 높은 정서적 반응과 더 나은 수행을 보인다는 연구 결과를 제시하였던 것과 달리 각 측정 변인에 따라 그 차이의 양상이 다르다는 것이 나타났다. 특히 수행의 경우, 시야각에 따라 역U자 형태로 나타남을 확인하였으며 시야각 8° ~ 10°에서 가장 높게 수행을 보인다는 연구 결과를 제시한다. 본 연구는 터치 인터페이스를 탑재한 디스플레이의 크기가 정서적 반응과 수행에 미치는 영향을 다각적으로 검증하고, 시거리와 시야각 측정을 통해 수행에 있어 최적의 크기를 도출함으로써 터치 디스플레이 개발과 관련 콘텐츠 구현에 대한 시사점을 제공한다.

There are digital devices with touch display, including smart phones and tablet PCs, currently on market. Touch displays on digital devices have a lot of variation in display sizes and ratios. Despite of this diversification of display size, there was no research what is the optimal size on touch display. Therefore, this study examines the effects of touch display size on users’ emotional responses and performance and finds the optimal size on touch display. As results of present study, there were differences on emotional responses; interest, preference, attention, discomfort, and SCL (arousal), and performance; viewing distance, viewing angle, and game scores. Although most of previous studies showed that large display leads higher emotional responses and better performance than small display, this study finds that pattern of differences varies based on various variables. Especially, performance on touch display shows inverted U-shaped; the peak of curve between viewing angle 8° and 10°. Thus, this study examines the effects on display size with touch interface, and provides implications on development of touch displays and contents.

In recent years, we have witnessed a growing popularity of virtual reality (VR) technology. Understanding the factors that contribute to a comfortable VR viewing experience is crucial for its successful implementation. This study specifically explored the role of gender in determining the ideal viewing distance for VR animation. To do so, we enlisted 100 participants, comprising 41 males and 59 females, and had them engage in a VR animation viewing task, during which we recorded their preferred viewing distances. Our findings revealed that there was no significant distinction between males and females regarding their favored VR animation viewing distances. These results suggest that when creating VR content, gender may not be a noteworthy factor to take into account when determining the optimal viewing distances for a comfortable experience.

The study explores the effects of recording and viewing distances in stereoscopic 3D on presence, perceptual characteristics, and negative experiences. Groups of 20 participants were randomly assigned to each of the three viewing distances, and all participants were exposed to five versions of the stereoscopic 3D music video that differs in recording distance. The results showed that first, viewers felt a higher experience of presence and had a better perception of objects positioned near the cameras. Second, viewers felt a greater perception of screen transmission as the viewing distance increased. Finally, viewers felt a greater negative experiences due to the joint effects of recording and viewing distance. As investigating the influence of stereoscopic 3D content and viewing environments on psychological factors, the study expects to provide a guideline of human factors in 3D.

Large distortion is made by toed-in camera configuration in the TV condition that has short viewing distance, when the gaze position of a stereoscopic image coincides with that of real space. Therefore, in the TV condition, we confirmed that the proper camera configuration is the modified parallel configuration, and found distortionless optimal stereoscopic image condition using this camera configuration.

입체 시각 피로는 3D 영상의 확산을 방해하는 가장 주된 요인으로 알려져 있다. 입체 시각 피로는 수렴과 조절의 불일치에 의하여 유발되는 것으로, 이 현상은 양안 시차를 포함하는 영상을 3D 디스플레이로 제시하는 경우 자극에 의하여 유발된 수렴 거리가 물리적인 조절 거리와 불일치하여 발생한다. 이는 실감을 증진시키기 위하여 입체 자극을 사용하는 경우 언제나 입체 시각 피로를 유발할 가능성이 있음을 의미한다. 따라서 입체 시각 피로를 감소시키기 위하여 직접적인 원인을 제거하려는 노력뿐만 아니라 이를 간접적으로 감소시키기 위한 노력 역시 필요하다. 이런 관점에서 본 연구는 입체 시각 피로에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 높은 상대적 시차, 시청 거리, 시청 방위 요인이 주관적 입체 시각 피로에 미치는 영향을 측정하고 입체 시각 피로를 최소화하기 위한 각 요인의 수준을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 참가자들이 입체 시각 피로를 보고하는 경우는 상대적 시차의 교차 시차 크기가 7분 22초를 넘어설 때, 그리고 수직 시야각이 15도 보다 클 때라는 것을 확인하였다.

3D visual fatigue is known as one of the most important factors that interfere the commercial success of 3D contents. Vergence-accommodation conflict, which is known to occur when an observer watches an image containing binocular disparity presented on a 3D display, has been suggested as a major cause of 3D visual fatigue. This implies that any image incorporating binocular disparity might cause 3D visual fatigue. In order to reduce 3D visual fatigue, it would be necessary to consider indirect ways of reducing 3D visual fatigue as well as eliminating the direct causes of 3D visual fatigue. We have examined the effect of the variables that are expected to affect subjective 3D visual fatigue and these variables included the relative disparity contained in an image, viewing distance and viewing angle. We have also figured out the proper levels of the variables required to minimize 3D visual fatigue. The results indicate that observers began to report significant 3D visual fatigue when the crossed disparity contained in an image exceeded 7.22' and the vertical viewing angle was larger than 15 degree.

본 연구에서는 입체 영상이 가지는 특성과 시청환경의 특성에 따라 입체 영상을 시청할 때 발생할 수 있는 시각적 피로도를 체계적으로 살펴보기 위해 깊이방향의 운동속도와 응시거리 각각을 입체 영상과 시청환경의 대표적인 특성으로 삼고 각 요인에 의해 발생되는 시각적 피로도를 측정하였다. 시각적 피로도는 눈통증 요인, 시각적 스트레스, 어지러움 요인, 신체 통증 요인, 상흐림 요인으로 구성된 피로도 측정도구를 이용하여 주관적인 시각적 피로도를 측정하였다. 실험 1에서는 깊이 방향의 운동속도를 변화시킨 자극을 40분간 제시하면서 10분, 20분, 40분에 시각적 피로도를 측정하였다. 측정결과 전체 피로도 점수는 시청시간이 증가함에 따라 높아졌지만 운동 속도에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 다섯 개의 하위척도들 중 어지러움 하위척도 점수에 서만 운동 속도가 증가할수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 동일한 입체 영상을 응시거리만 변화시켜가면서 시각적 피로도를 측정하였다. 전체 피로도 점수는 시청시간이 증가함에 따라 높아졌지만 응시거리에 따른 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 다섯 개의 하위 척도들 중 상흐림 하위척도 점수에서만 응시거리가 멀어질수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 입체 영상의 특성이나 시청환경에 따라 시각피로도가 변화될 수 있음을 보여주며, 시각피로도를 발생시키는 요인에 따라 각기 다른 종류의 시각피로도가 발생할 수 있음을 보여준다.

The present study have investigated the effect of the characteristics of stereoscopic images and viewing environment on visual fatigue. We manipulated the speed of stereo images with motion-in-depth and viewing distance, which were used as representative variables of the characteristics of stereo image and viewing environment, respectively. Visual fatigue was evaluated with use of a subjective questionnaire which is consisting of 5 different and independent factors: "Eye pain", "Visual stress," "Nauseousness", "Body stiffness", and "Blurriness". In general, when viewing time increased from 10 minutes to 20 and 40 minutes, observers felt severe visual fatigue. Among other factors, only the factor score of "Nauseousness" was significantly increased as the speed of object moving in depth became faster. When viewing distance was increased, the score of "Blurriness" was decreased. These results suggest that different kind of the visual fatigue might be induced depending on characteristics of the stereo images and viewing environment.

인간이 외부 환경에 적절하게 대응하기 위해서는 정확한 시간 지각이 필요함에도 불구하고 다양한 비 시간적(non-temporal) 특성들이 시간 지각에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그동안 시간 지각에 영향을 주는 다양한 요인들이 검증되었지만 참가자와 자극 간의 거리가 시간 지각에 영향을 주는지 직접 검증한 연구는 없다. 본 연구는 자극의 망막상 크기, 물리적 크기, 지각된 크기를 고려하여 관찰 거리가 시간 지각에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 자극의 물리적 크기 및 지각된 크기가 동일한 실험에서 관찰 거리의 효과가 나타나지 않았으며, 자극의 망막상 크기가 동일한 실험에서만 관찰 거리의 효과가 나타났다. 이는 자극의 망막상 크기가 동일한 경우, 관찰 거리가 증가할수록 자극의 물리적 크기 또한 커지기 때문에 자극의 크기가 시간 지각에 영향을 준 결과일 수 있다. 이러한 실험 결과는 정보가 제한되지 않는 경우에 관찰거리가 변화하더라도 대상의 지속시간이 항상성 있게 지각될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Although accurate time perception is necessary to properly respond to the environment, it was discovered that non-temporal features also affect time perception. Previous studies have identified various factors that affect time perception, but there was no attempt to directly investigate the possible effects of the distance between participants and the stimuli on time perception. The current study examined the effects of viewing distance on time perception, by considering the retinal, physical, and perceived size of the stimuli. The viewing distance had no effect when either the physical size or the perceived size of the stimulus was the same. Viewing distance was found only to have an effect when the retinal size of the stimulus was the same. This effect might be a size effect rather than a distance effect because as the viewing distance increases the size should also increase to maintain the retinal size. These results imply that temporal perceptual constancy is preserved irrespective of the viewing distance, when distance information is not limited.

When watching 3D contents, people often experience various visual discomforts like tiredness, dryness, headaches, and dizziness. Previous researches on visual discomfort analyzed and concluded vergence-accommodation conflict, viewing distance, and brightness changes to be the causes of visual discomfort. Yet it is necessary to systematically analyze the visual discomfort due to the changes in object, background brightness and viewing distance. In this paper, we produce four videos that have four different background brightness and two different viewing distances to solve analyze the visual discomfort from watching 3D contents. We measure and analyze eye-blink and saccadic movement, saccadic latency, Nearest Point of Convergence (NPC), and participant survey for amore accurate result compared to previous researches. Our results show that the eye-blink rate and saccadic latency increase when the background is bright and viewing distance is close while the saccadic movement decreases in the same environment. However, NPC only changes when the background brightness changes. We confirm that the bright background and near viewing distance create greater visual discomfort and decrease depth perception abilities.

This study was to subdivide the viewing motivation of observation entertainment for one-person households, which has been becoming a new broadcasting format with the increase of one-person households, through cluster analysis. Through this, the purpose of this study was to understand the effect on intention to visit by indirect experience of places exposed in observation entertainment, and to investigate the moderating effect of psychological distance. The findings of this study are as follows; the viewing motivation for one-person household observation entertainment was divided into four types of clusters, and it was found that there were significant differences in indirect experiences and visit intention, respectively. In addition, it was found that psychological distance moderated the relationship between indirect experiences of places and the intention to visit. Lastly, the results of this study are thought to be able to suggest a practical marketing strategy for market segmentation for the development of tourism products and tourism destinations by analyzing the viewing motivation for cultural contents called observation entertainment evolving into a new genre.