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For the purpose of setting the foundation for future TLA studies, this paper critically reviewed empirical research on variables having an impact on third-language (L3) acquisition. The strong influence of age was examined either exclusively or in relation to bilingualism. Next, regarding language dominance, the sample study found that the amount of L3 instruction was not very helpful to the Spanish-dominant group in terms of borrowings and lexical interventions. Additionally, the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure cannot be ignored. With respect to gender, in the exemplar study, boys achieved higher English scores due to lower classroom anxiety. In addition, multiple factors were sometimes combined to gain a better understanding of the TLA. In that respect, the language distance can also add a layer. Finally, the present paper concludes with suggestions for conducting further research both in Korean and in non-Korean contexts.

This review discusses about the critical topics of the Korean word recognition study during last 30 years and suggests the directions for constructing a Korean word recognition model. In this review, some questions that were intensely investigated are introduced, and the directions for the future studies are suggested. In addition, some topics that were not studied as compared to other languages are introduced. This review contains letter perception, processing unit of word processing, influential variables, and the quality of information processing. The review has concentrated on the main theoretical perspectives and the directions of the future studies on each topic.

A nodeless variables finite element method for analysis of two-dimensional, steady-state viscous incompressible flow is presented. The finite element equations are derived from the governing Navier-Stokes differential equations and a corresponding computer program is developed. The proposed method is evaluated by solving the examples of the lubricant flow in journal bearing and the flow in the lid-driven cavity. An adaptive meshing technique is incorporated to improve the solution accuracy and, at the same time, to reduce the analysis computational time. The efficiency of the combined adaptive meshing technique and the nodeless variables finite element method is illustrated by using the example of the flow past two fences in a channel.

Purpose. The number of elders in institutions has increased as family supporting systems have changed in Korea. The purpose of this study were to understand the life satisfaction among elders in institutions and to identify the factors influencing on life satisfaction. Methods. The instruments used were Yun(1982)'s scale modified Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale for Happiness(MUNSH) in life satisfaction, ADL and IADL in activity level, Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS) in depression and Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire(NSSQ) scale in social support. Also, Perceived health status was measured by Visual Graphic Rating Scale. The subject of this study is 107 cognitively intact and ambulatory elders in 7 institutions in Daegu city and Kyungpook province. The data have been collected from May 1 to June 30, 2001. For the analysis of collected data, frequency analysis, mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis by SPSS win(version 9.0) program. Results. Life satisfaction for the elders in institutions showed negative correlation with SDS, and positive correlation with activity level. The regression form of the stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate the influencing factors of life satisfaction for the elders in institutions was expressed by y =90.988-0. 733x1-0.188x2-0.069x3-0.565x4 (xl: SDS x2: Social support x3: Activity level x4: Monthly pocket Money) and 57.9% of varience in life satisfaction was explained by the model. Conclusion. The factors influencing on life satisfaction among the elders in institutions were SDS, social support, activity level and monthly pocket money. According to the results of this study, depression, social support and activity level are considered the prime causal factors for life satisfaction.

Objective To assess the predictive variables after sonographically guided corticosteroid injection in carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods A prospective, observational study was carried out on 25 wrists of 20 consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, confirmed by the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine criteria, which includes clinical history, symptoms, and evidence of slowing of distal median nerve conduction. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) were asked to the patients before and 4 weeks after the procedure. On a basis of VAS difference before and after the procedure, we divided the patients into two groups: more than 50% of VAS improving (good response group) and less than 50% of VAS improving (poor response group). Also, nerve conduction studies and ultrasound evaluations were performed prior to sonographically guided corticosteroid injection and at 4 weeks after the procedure. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of median nerve at maximal swelling point around wrist was measured by manual tracing using ultrasonography. With assessments mentioned above, we tried to assess predictive variables for prognosis after sonographically guided corticosteroid injection in carpal tunnel syndrome. Results The CSA of median nerve at wrist measured before the procedure was significantly larger in good response group than in poor response group. Furthermore, the CSA of median nerve at wrist, symptom severity scale of BCTQ, motor/sensory latency and sensory amplitude were correlated with VAS improving. Conclusion The CSA of median nerve at wrist is the strongest predictive value for sonographically guided corticosteroid injection in mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Kinesio Taping (KT) and the Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver (ADIM) on the gait patterns of young adults with excessive anterior pelvic tilt, and to provide a clinical rationale for selecting appropriate interventions. Methods: A total of 24 young adults with anterior pelvic tilt were finally selected and randomly assigned to either the ADIM group (n=12) or the KT group (n=12). The ADIM group performed training using a Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback Unit to activate deep abdominal muscles and stabilize the pelvis. Each ADIM session consisted of five repetitions, with each repetition involving a 10-second hold followed by a 5-second rest. For the KT group, Kinesio Taping was applied to facilitate rectus abdominis activity and provide a mechanical correction effect to induce posterior pelvic tilt. To objectively analyze spatiotemporal gait parameters, measurements were conducted using a computerized gait analysis system. The assessed gait parameters included spatiotemporal variables such as step length, single support phase, double support phase, stance phase, swing phase, and gait speed. Results: Statistically significant group-by-time interactions were observed for step length, single support phase, double support phase, stance phase, and swing phase (p<0.05). However, no significant interaction was found between group and time for gait speed (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KT intervention induces more pronounced immediate improvements in spatiotemporal gait parameters compared to a short-term ADIM session in young adults with excessive anterior pelvic tilt.

Gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM) process reduces the required injection pressure during mold filling stage as well as the shrinkage and warpage of the part and cycle time. Despite of these advantages, this process needs new parameters and makes the application more difficult because gas and melt interact during the injection molding process. Important GAIM factors involved in this process are gas penetration design, locations of gas injection points, shot size, delay time to inject gas as well as common injection molding parameters. In this study, the experiments are conducted to investigate effects of GAIM process variables on the gas penetration for PP (Polypropylene) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) moldings by changing the gas injection point. Taguchi method is used for the design of the experiments. When the gas is injected at a cavity's center, the most effective factor is the shot size. When the gas is injected at a cavity's end, the most effective factor is the melt temperature. The injection speed is also an effective factor in GAIM process.

Rabri is a concentrated whole milk product from India that has been heat desiccated and sweetened. Herbs are reported to possess therapeutic properties. The addition of these herbs in the food enhances the functionality of the food. Herbal apple rabri was prepared by adding two herbs (brahmi and shatavari). The herbal apple rabri was optimized based on its organoleptic attributes. The sensory evaluation revealed that adding brahmi up to 2.5% and shatavari up to 1.5% is acceptable. The optimized rabri was further analyzed for its texture profile. The shelf life was evaluated based on the physicochemical, antioxidant, phenolics, and microbial content like total plate count and yeast and molds count. The DPPH inhibition activity shows that the optimized rabri has antioxidant potential (58.41 ± 0.03%) compared to control rabri (34.30 ± 0.04%) due to adding herbs. The microbial spoilage in the optimized sample was less as compared to the control sample.

Objective To compare the urodynamic study variables at the onset of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) between the overactive and underactive bladders in patients with spinal cord injury who presented with VUR.Methods A total of 28 (13 cases of detrusor overactivity and 15 detrusor underactivity) men were enrolled. We compared the urodynamic variables between the two groups; detrusor pressure and bladder compliance, the infused volume at the onset of VUR measured on a voiding cystourethrography and cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, and bladder compliance during filling cystometry were recorded.Results At the onset of VUR, the bladder volume and compliance, except for the detrusor pressure, showed a significant difference between the two groups. The detrusor pressure, bladder volume, and bladder compliance relative to the cystometric capacity showed a significant difference between the two groups. The detrusor pressure, bladder volume, and bladder compliance at the onset of VUR relative to the cystometric bladder capacity did not show any significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion There were differences in some variables at the onset of VUR depending on the type of neurogenic bladder. The VUR occurred at a lower capacity in neurogenic bladder with detrusor overactivity than in neurogenic bladder with detrusor underactivity at the same pressure. VUR occurred at a lower intravesical pressure compared to that known as the critical detrusor pressure (≥40 cm H2O) required for the development of VUR. The results of our study demonstrate that the detrusor pressure should be maintained lower than the well known effective critical detrusor pressure for the prevention and treatment of VUR.

This study investigated the electrochemical recovery of palladi ed for palladium leaching. Thehigh acidity of HCl solution and the low concentration of Pd ions increased the cathodic overpotential and reduced the limitingcurrent density. Lowering the current density produced dense deposits; however, they were under high tensile stress. Raising thetemperature affected both the densification and the stress, which enabled the attainment of dense Pd deposits under low stress.Lowering the current density and raising the temperature up to 70oC was recommended for the recovery of palladium as soundbulk Pd deposits. Current efficiency was over 85% at the initial stage of recovery and gradually decreased with the passage oftime. The reduction of the Pd ion concentration during the batch-type recovery may decrease the current efficiency, since a lowPd ion concentration results in a low limiting current density.

Background: The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is the most important index for accurately measuring cardiopulmonary function in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. However, the relationship between the OUES variables and important cardiopulmonary function parameters remain unelucidated for patients with acute ischemic heart disease, which accounts for the largest proportion of heart disease. Objects: The present cross sectional clinical study aimed to determine the multiple relationships among the cardiopulmonary function variables mentioned above in adults with acute ischemic heart disease. Methods: A convenience sample of 110 adult inpatients with ischemic heart disease (age: 57.4 ± 11.3 y; 95 males, 15 females) was enrolled at the hospital cardiac rehabilitation center. The correlation between the important cardiopulmonary function indicators including peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak), minute ventilation (VE)/carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) slope, heart rate recovery (HRR), and ejection fraction (EF) and OUES was confirmed. Results: This study showed that OUES was highly correlated with VO₂ peak, VE/VCO₂ slope, and HRR parameters. Conclusion: The OUES can be used as an accurate indicator for cardiopulmonary function. There are other factors that influence aerobic capacity besides EF, so there is no correlation with EF. Effective cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs can be designed based on OUES during submaximal exercise in patients with acute ischemic heart disease.

This paper presents the applications of Kriging spatial interpolation methods for meteorologic variables, including temperature and relative humidity, in regions of Vietnam. Three types of interpolation methods are used, which are as follows: Ordinary Kriging, Universal Kriging, and Universal Kriging plus Digital Elevation model correction. The input meteorologic data was collected from 98 ground weather stations throughout Vietnam and the outputs were interpolated temperature and relative humidity gridded fields, along with their error maps. The experimental results showed that Universal Kriging plus the digital elevation model correction method outperformed the two other methods when applied to temperature. The interpolation effectiveness of Ordinary Kriging and Universal Kriging were almost the same when applied to both temperature and relative humidity.

Background Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease characterized by interrupting the brain's blood supply or bleeding within brain tissue. It results in loss of brain function and primarily affects motor and sensory nerves. Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability and impairs mobility, and its incidence is expected to rise with population aging. After a stroke, characteristics such as decreased walking speed and asymmetry are observed. Identifying abnormal gait patterns is important for improving the quality of life and health of elderly individuals. Purpose This study aims to identify the characteristics of plantar pressure distribution and patterns on the paretic side using a plantar pressure measurement system in elderly stroke patients aged 65 and older. Study design Cross-sectional study Methods We are sixteen stroke patients aged 65 and older living in the community who were recruited. Gait variables and plantar pressure variables were measured using plantar pressure measurement equipment. For gait variables, temporal variables such as stride time, step time, stance phase, swing phase, single support, double support, and cadence were measured and calculated. For plantar pressure variables, max force, mean pressure, contact areas, and contact time were measured. The analysis was divided into seven regions to identify the characteristics of plantar pressure distribution and patterns on the paretic side. Results In the gait variables, the asymmetry between the paretic and non-paretic sides was confirmed in all variables except for stride time. In the plantar pressure distribution and pattern, in most areas, the non-paralytic side showed greater maximum force, average pressure, contact area, and contact time than the paralytic side. Regarding plantar pressure distribution and patterns, the paretic side predominantly used the lateral regions (Lateral Midfoot, Lateral Forefoot), and the inability to use the anterior regions (Toes, Hallux, Medial Forefoot, Lateral Forefoot) resulted in a pattern where propulsion could not be generated. Conclusions If such asymmetrical gait persists, orthopedic joint deformities may occur, and mobility restrictions could decrease quality of life. The results of this study are expected to serve as objective data for designing and developing rehabilitation programs to restore muscle strength and balance to achieve gait symmetry.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of growing condition variables on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) productivity. A total of 197 alfalfa yield results were acquired from the alfalfa field trials conducted by the South Korean National Agricultural Cooperative Federation or Rural Development Administration between 1983 and 2008. The corresponding climate and soil data were collected from the database of the Korean Meteorological Administration. Twenty-three growing condition variables were developed as explaining variables for alfalfa forage biomass production. Among them, twelve variables were chosen based on the significance of the partial-correlation coefficients or potential agricultural values. The selected partial correlation coefficients between the variables and alfalfa forage biomass ranged from ?0.021 to 0.696. The influence of the selected twelve variables on yearly alfalfa production was summarized into three dominant factors through factor analysis. Along with the accumulated temperature variables, the loading scores of the daily mean temperature higher than 25℃ were over 0.88 in factor 1. The sunshine duration at temperature between 0℃?25℃ was 0.939 in factor 2. Precipitation days were 0.82, which was the greatest in factor 3. Stepwise regression applied with the three dominant factors resulted in the coefficients of factors 1, 2, and 3 for 0.633, 0.485, and 0.115, respectively, and the R-square of the model was 0.602. The environmental conditions limiting alfalfa growth, such as daily temperature higher than 25℃ or daily mean temperature affected annual alfalfa production most substantially among the growing condition variables. Therefore, future cultivar selection should consider the capability of alfalfa to be tolerant to extreme summer weather along with biomass production potential.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare velocity, acceleration, and upper limb kinematic variables during the execution of the knife-hand block between skilled and less-skilled Taekwondo Poomsae athletes. Methods: A total of sixteen athletes were classified into skilled and less-skilled groups based on their competition history. Two-dimensional video analysis was performed to measure peak velocity, positive and negative peak accelerations, elbow angles, wrist extension angles, and fingertip height during the knife-hand block. Results: Skilled athletes demonstrated significantly greater positive and negative peak accelerations (p<0.05), indicating superior dynamic movement characteristics. However, no significant differences were observed between groups in peak velocity, elbow angle, wrist angle, or fingertip height, which are related to movement accuracy. Conclusion: These findings suggest that acceleration parameters may be more sensitive indicators of movement proficiency and expressive performance than velocity or positional accuracy alone. Training programs should incorporate strategies to improve both technical precision and dynamic movement qualities to enhance overall Poomsae performance.

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the blood fatigue variables caused by isokinetic and isotonic exercise training. METHODS: Ten healthy adult males with at least one year of athletic experience participated. The participants performed the isokinetic circuit exercise program first, followed by an isotonic circuit exercise program. A two-hour break was allowed between the isokinetic circuit exercise program and the isotonic circuit exercise program. The circuit exercise program consisted of four items (Squat, Deadlift, Shoulder press, and Bench press). The blood samples were analyzed for the LDH, CPK, and Cortisol levels. RESULTS: The LDH level in the isokinetic group was significantly different from the isotonic group. In particular, the change in LDH level in the isokinetic group was 33.30% lower than that of the isotonic group. The serum CPK level of the isokinetic group showed a 10.03% lower decrease than the isotonic group, but the difference was not significant. The Cortisol level was relatively unchanged in the isotonic group, but it decreased in the isokinetic group. On the other hand, the Cortisol level did not show a significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The isokinetic group showed alleviation of the three indices, unlike the isotonic group. Further studies associated with the changes in blood fatigue variables through various exercise programs and exercise intensity will be needed.

This study aimed to assess the causality of different climate variables on the production of whole crop maize (Zea mays L.; WCM) in the central inland region of the Korea. Furthermore, the effect of these climate variables was also determined by looking at direct and indirect pathways during the stages before and after silking. The WCM metadata (n = 640) were collected from the Rural Development Administration’s reports of new variety adaptability from 1985?2011 (27 years). The climate data was collected based on year and location from the Korean Meteorology Administration’s weather information system. Causality, in this study, was defined by various cause-and-effect relationships between climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall amount, sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity in the seeding to silking stage and the silking to harvesting stage. All climate variables except wind speed were different before and after the silking stage, which indicates the silking occurred during the period when the Korean season changed from spring to summer. Therefore, the structure of causality was constructed by taking account of the climate variables that were divided by the silking stage. In particular, the indirect effect of rainfall through the appropriate temperature range was different before and after the silking stage. The damage caused by heat-humidity was having effect before the silking stage while the damage caused by night-heat was not affecting WCM production. There was a large variation in soil surface temperature and rainfall before and after the silking stage. Over 350 mm of rainfall affected dry matter yield (DMY) when soil surface temperatures were less than 22℃ before the silking stage. Over 900 mm of rainfall also affected DMY when soil surface temperatures were over 27℃ after the silking stage. For the longitudinal effects of soil surface temperature and rainfall amount, less than 22℃ soil surface temperature and over 300 mm of rainfall before the silking stage affected yield through over 26℃ soil surface temperature and less than 900 mm rainfall after the silking stage, respectively.

Objective To analyze the differences in the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) variables of hemiplegic patients compared with a control group, and between the affected and unaffected limbs of hemiplegic patients using foot scans. Methods Patients (n=20) with hemiplegia and healthy volunteers (n=20) underwent vertical force analysis. We measured the following: the first and second peak forces (F1, F2) and the percent stances at which they occurred (T1, T2); the vertical force impulse (VFI) and stance times. The GRF results were compared between the hemiplegic patients and control individuals, and between the affected and unaffected limbs of hemiplegic patients. Additionally, we analyzed the impulse of the unaffected limb according to the motor assessment scale (MAS), Brunnstrom stage, and a Timed Up and Go Test. Results The F1s and F2s of the affected and unaffected limbs were significantly less than those of the normal control individuals (p<0.05). The T1s of both the affected and unaffected limbs of the patients were greater than control individuals, whilst the T2s were lower (p<0.05). Greater impulses and stance times were recorded on both sides of the patients than in the limbs of the control individuals (p<0.05). The MAS, Brunnstrom stage and Timed Up and Go Test results were significantly correlated with the VFI of the unaffected limbs (p<0.05).Conclusion The high impulse values of the unaffected limb were associated with complications during gait rehabilitation. Therefore, these results suggest that unaffected limbs should also be taken into consideration in these patients.

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the kinematic variables during walking on a downhill ramp according to the shoe heel height. METHODS: The subjects were 10 adult women with no history of musculoskeletal disorders who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using a motion analysis system (VICON) consisting of six infrared cameras. The slope was 120 cm in width, 200 cm in length, and 15 in inclination. To confirm the change in gait parameters (stride length, gait speed) and lower extremity joint angle according to the heel heights of the shoes, flat, 5 cm, and 10 cm heel shoes were prepared and walked alternately. RESULTS: As a result, both the stride length and walking speed showed significant differences according to the heel height between flat and 10 cm (p<.05). In the sagittal plane, there was no significant difference in the hip joint and knee joint, but a significant difference was observed in all events in the ankle joint on all heel heights (p<.05). In particular, the heel strike and mid stance events showed significant differences among all height conditions (p<.05). No significant difference was observed in any of the joint angle changes in the frontal plane (p>.05). CONCLUSION: As the shoe heel height increased, the instability increased and efforts to secure the stability were made, leading to a shortened stride length, walking speed, and angle of the ankle joint.