Earticle

문화재를 지정ㆍ등록하는 것은 그것이 갖는 가치를 법률에 근거해 보존ㆍ관리 하고 활용하기 위함이다. 그리고 그 문화재의 특성에 적합한 문화재 유형으로 지 정 또는 등록할 때 문화재로서의 가치를 효과적으로 보존할 수 있다. 이에 비추어 긴 역사를 이어온 불교 사찰들은 전각이나 유물들만 개별 문화재로 지정ㆍ등록되어 있을 뿐 사찰 영역이 사적으로 지정된 곳이 많지 않아서 아쉬 움이 크다. 사찰에 있는 전각과 유물 등 개별 문화재만 지정ㆍ등록하고 사찰 영역은 지정하지 않는 것은 문화재로서 사찰이 갖는 가치의 일부에만 주목하는 것으로, 문화재 보존ㆍ관리와 활용에 긍정적이지 않은 영향을 줄 우려가 있다. 예컨대 영광 불갑사는 고대에 형성되어 지금까지 역사를 이어가고 있는 사찰이다. 그런데 지정․등록 문화재가 13건에 이르지만 사찰 영역 자체는 사적으로 지 정되어 있지 않다. 사찰 전각만 문화재로 지정하는 것은 그것이 갖는 건축물로서 의 역사적ㆍ문화적 가치만 인정하는 것인 데 비해, 사찰 영역을 사적으로 지정하는 것은 그 장소 안에서 형성되고 이어져 온 역사와 문화 전체에 주목하는 것이다. 다시 말해 사찰 영역은 장소성을 갖는 문화재이다. 따라서 문화재로서 불갑사가 갖는 역사적ㆍ문화적 의미와 가치를 적극적으로 인식하고 보존ㆍ활용하기 위해서는 문화가 형성되어 이어져 온 공간인 불갑사 영역을 문화재, 즉 사적으로 지정하는 것이 바람직하다. 문화재로서의 장소성이 갖는 가치에 주목해야 한다는 말이다. 문화재는 다양한 가치를 포괄할 수 있는 유형으 로 지정․등록할 때 보존과 활용도 실질적 의미를 가질 수 있는 것이다.

Designating and registering cultural properties serves to preserve, manage, and utilize their value based on law. We can effectively preserve the value of a cultural property by designating or registering it as a type of cultural property appropriate to its characteristics. Accordingly, Buddhist temples with a long history have been designated and registered as individual cultural properties, but it is regrettable that there are not many places where the temple area itself has been designated a historic site (史蹟). Designating and registering only individual cultural properties, such as temple bulidings and relics, and not temple areas as a whole raises the concern that this will have a negative impact on the preservation, management, and utilization of cultural properties. For example, Bulgapsa Temple, located in Yeonggwang-gun, was formed in ancient times and was rebuilt in the 17th century after the two Japanese invasions of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, surviving to the present day. However, while it includes 13 designated and registered cultural properties, the temple area itself has not been designated as a historical site. Designating the temple pavilion alone as a cultural property only recognizes its historical and cultural value as a building, whereas designating the temple area as a historical site would focuses on the history and culture formed and continued within the space. In other words, doing so would recognize that the temple area has sense of place (placeness). Therefore, to actively recognize, preserve, and utilize the historical and cultural meaning and value of Bulgapsa Temple as a cultural property, it is desirable to designate the entire area of Bulgapsa Temple, a space where culture has been formed, as a cultural property. In other words, attention should be paid to the value of sense of place (placeness) as a cultural property, for cultural properties can also have practical meaning in preservation and utilization when designating and registering them as types that can encompass various values.

Purpose: This study investigated differences in the use of life-sustaining treatments during the last six months of life between older adults covered by the National Health Insurance (NHI) and those enrolled in the Medical Aid (MA) program. Methods: A retrospective cohort design was applied using national claims data from the National Health Insurance Service. The study population included individuals aged ≥65 years who died in 2023, with 286,319 decedents (247,935 with NHI and 38,384 with MA) analyzed. We compared hospitalization frequency and duration, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and the use of life-sustaining treatments, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, chemotherapy, transfusions, and vasopressors, between NHI and MA groups. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with adjustments for age, sex, comorbidities, place of death, and advance care planning status. Results: Completion rates of advance directives and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment were lower in MA than in NHI decedents. MA decedents had fewer admissions but significantly longer hospital and ICU stays than NHI decedents. They were less likely to receive mechanical ventilation, chemotherapy, transfusion, and vasopressors but more likely to undergo hemodialysis. Conclusion: Substantial disparities exist in end-of-life care by insurance type, suggesting that socioeconomic inequalities and reimbursement structures influence patterns of intensive care near the end of life. Targeted interventions are needed to ensure equitable, patient-centered end-of-life care for socioeconomically vulnerable older adults.

Internet of Things (IoT) enables different smart environment objects to communicate without involving humans. Recently, IoT has started a new challenge within the healthcare sector called the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The huge amounts of data generated by IoMT entities need to be analyzed in real-time to improve the performance and quality of service of the IoMT applications. Mobile Edge Computing-enabled 5G system is shown as a successful paradigm to address such an obstacle. Numerous frameworks are introduced in literature based on this idea. This paper presents a thorough discussion of MEC-based IoMT healthcare systems.

Objective: South Korea made a list of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for elderly patients in 2015 and has prompted medical professionals to prescribe proper medication by using the drug utilization review (DUR) system. It has been three years since the system was introduced, but related studies have rarely been conducted. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the DUR system on the prescription of PIMs for elderly patients. Methods: The data on the prescription of PIMs for elderly patients (≥ 65 years) who received medical treatment between March 1st and May 31st in 2015 (before introduction of the DUR system) and who received medical treatment between March 1st and May 31st in 2018 (after introduction of the DUR system) were retrospectively collected from electronic medical records. Results: The prescriptions of PIMs decreased from 3,716 (7.7%) to 3,857 (6.9%) (p < 0.001). The prescription of escitalopram and paroxetine, among selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increased significantly, and that of short-acting benzodiazepines also increased significantly from 454 (0.93%) to 624 (1.2%). Conclusion: Prescription of PIMs for elderly patients significantly decreased (p < 0.001) after the DUR system was introduced. Further expanded studies of PIMs need to be conducted for the safety of elderly patients.

저궤도위성의 프로그램 운영의 목적에 따라위성의 탑재체를 외부에서 개발하여 위성 버스에 장착하게 된다. 이때 탑재체의 원격텔레메트리 시스템이 위성버스시스템에 설계된 기존 원격텔레메트리 형태에서 벗어난 새로운 형태를 가질 경우, 기존 원격텔레메트리 시스템에 이를 쉽게 반영하기 힘들었으며, 위성 전체 원격텔레메트리 운영 구조가 기형적인 형태를 가지게 되었다. 즉, 기존 원격텔레메트리 구조와 변경된 구조가 동식에 존재하면서 위성 시험 및 관리, 탑재소프트웨어 개발 면에서 여러 가지 어려움이 제기되었다. 따라서 탑재체의 원격텔레메트리 시스템의 변경에 유연하게 대응할 수 있는 원격텔레메트리 시스템 개발이 필요하다. 또한 저궤도위성의 성능이 고도화됨에 따라 텔레메트리 데이터가 크게 증가하여기존의 텔레메트리 운용 시스템에서는 이들을 효과적으로 수용할 수 없었다. 원격텔레메트리를 전송하는 단위가 고정된 그리드 (Grid) 구조인 텔레메트리전송 체계는 설계상의 오류 발생 가능성이 크며 설계가 진행됨에 따라 새로운 텔레메트리를 전송받기 위해 그리드 전체를 변경해야 했다. 그리드 방식에서는 Dump 데이터의 운용 역시 많은 제한을 받았다. 이러한 약점을 완하기위해 최근 유럽에서 인공위성의 텔레메트리 운용에 이용하고 있는PUS (Packet Utilization Standard)개념을 검토하여 차세대 저궤도위성의 데이터 처리에 이용하고자 한다. 이 개념을 바탕으로 기존 위성 텔레메트리 시스템에서는 제한적으로 사용되었던 Dump 데이터 전송 및 Event 운용을 위성상태데이터와 별도로 운영할 수 있게 설계 하였고, 대량의 위성상태데이터를 효율적으로 운영할 수 있도록 Packet 단위의 위성텔레메트 리 시스템을 설계하였다

The conventional telemetry system of Korean low-earth orbiting satellites has certain limitations in accommodating various missions. As the payload becomes complex, it requires very complicated operational concepts in terms of telemetry. With the current design, the telemetry formats have to be rebuilt whenever new payloads or operation concepts are involved, and many constraints in operation shall be produced due to the lacks of its flexibility. As the capability and performance of a satellite have been improved, the communication structure of the satellite should be improved to gather more telemetry data. For the efficiency of data handling, it is necessary to change the grid based telemetry system in which the downlink interval and types for telemetry was limited. Comparing the fixed data map such as grid type, the packet based telemetry system can be operated as flexible and various types of packet can be designed such as the dump packet and the event packet. The sequence of the packets can be modified or newly defined to manage the massive satellite state of health data. In this paper, a new strategy for the telemetry development partially derived from PUS (Packet Utilization Standard) of European Space Agency, which provides enhanced features for the accommodation of payloads & operational requirements, is presented.

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) × 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0?10 days), grower (11?24 days) and finisher (25?35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.

Morama bean [Tylosema escululetum (Burch.)] is a nutrient-dense underutilized legume that can address proteinenergy and micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. An ethnographic study using a snowball sampling method was conducted in Kweneng, Ghanzi, Southern, and Central districts of Botswana. The survey sought to gather and document information about demographic characteristics, traditional use, cultural norms, harvesting, processing, preservation, and health benefits of morama beans. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used to assess and rate the respondent(s) perceptions on traditional utilization and potential of the bean. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and thematic grouping. It was found that morama bean is distributed in Botswana’s sandy desert regions and is consumed by people who are native or migrated into these areas. Roasting in heated sand (mean = 4.93) and boiling fresh beans with water or milk (mean = 4.49) were the most popular methods of cooking morama beans. Across the four districts, morama bean was found to be an important component in traditional food and medicinal mixtures for undernourished infants, and expectant and lactating mothers, mostly prepared with soft porridge. Respondents cited a significant lack of scientific knowledge about the bean’s medicinal properties (mean = 1.27?1.38), indicating the need for additional research. The nutritious density of morama beans (mean = 4.87) and their potential for processing into value-added products (mean = 4.10) were known to the respondents. As a result, the bean has a high potential to improve food and nutrition security in these communities.

This study investigated the utilization and interrelatedness of Scopus subject categories. To conduct this study, major and minor subject categories of journals listed in the 2017 Scopus index were used. The results showed varying degrees of interrelatedness of subject categories. At the major subject category level, the utilization was the highest in Medicine, while Social Sciences showed a greater degree of interrelatedness in comparison to Medicine. Yet, at the minor subject level, 2700 General Medicine was particularly dominant in terms of utilization and interrelatedness. Moreover, co-occurrences of minor subject categories showed varying degrees of interrelatedness between pairs of minor subject categories. Pairs of minor subject categories showed the following characteristics: a) two subject categories having identical or closely identical descriptions, b) two different categories having an interrelationship by subject areas, and c) one category conceptually encompassing another category. Due to varying degrees of utilization and interrelatedness among subject categories, minor subject categories that may greatly influence the major subject categories in conducting research studies should be investigated in detail.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop the modified research utilization questionnaire (MRUQ) and to establish its content and face validity, construct validity, and reliability. Methods: This study has a multiphase (three phases), methodological, and cross-sectional design. First, research utilization questionnaire (RUQ) was translated into Italian, which is the target language to develop the M-RUQ. Second, the RUQ psychometric proprieties were assessed using exploratory factorial analysis to identify ambiguous or problematic items (e.g., cross-loadings) (cross-sectional sampling A). The RUQ modification (i.e., item deleting, wording modification, and scoring procedure) represented the development of the M-RUQ among Italian nurses. The third phase was aimed to confirm the construct validity of the M-RUQ and to test its stability and internal consistency (crosssectional sampling B). Results: This study's findings show that M-RUQ has a three-dimensional structure and a total of 22 items. The M-RUQ shows evidence of validity and reliability. Precisely, the factorial structure coming from an exploratory factorial analysis on the first sample (n ¼ 504) was confirmed by a final model of confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) on a second sample (n ¼ 362). The final CFA model showed adequate goodness of fit, where all the factor loadings showed values higher than .40. Cronbach's a was satisfactory for each domain and for the overall scale. Furthermore, the M-RUQ showed good stability described by the testeretest. Conclusion: The M-RUQ should be used to assess research utilization among nurses for educational or research purposes to address the practice. Further research about its validity and reliability is suggested.

Purpose The purpose was to determine whether Asian Americans are still seeking familiar and preferred ethnic items and whether they are using them in daily life after they have immigrated to the United States. Methods A descriptive exploratory study design was used. A convenience sample of 224 Asian Americans was recruited from the states of Michigan and Ohio. Results It was found that (a) participants were significantly different in mean age, duration of stay in country of origin and the United States, and proficiency in English; (b) the familiarity, preference and utilization of overall ethnic items were statistically different by ethnic group; (c) overall, familiar feeling with ethnic items had the highest mean score for all ethnic items, and ethnic food was the most familiar, preferred and used item in daily life; (d) Asian Americans who sought more ethnic items had greater proficiency in English and more preference, use and familiarity with ethnic items; and (e) daily use of ethnic items was the best predictor of familiarity, followed by preference, and fluency in English. Conclusion Asian Americans have different backgrounds in terms of customs, food preferences, beliefs, lifestyles, and languages. Despite being in different age groups, having different lengths of stay in the United States, and different countries of origin, a common trait among Asian Americans was that they were consciously seeking ethnic items regardless of ethnic group. Healthcare professionals should consider providing culturally relevant care to Asian Americans to promote their overall health. Future study should focus on exploring the relationship between familiarity, preference, and attitude in health behavior among Asian Americans.

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between cancer history and healthcare utilization among Asians residing in the United States. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis used 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, focusing on the Asian demographic. Multiple logistic regression analyses evaluated the relationships between sociodemographic characteristics, cancer history, and healthcare utilization outcomes. These outcomes included self-rated health, healthcare usage during the previous year, overnight hospitalizations during the previous year, and the establishment of a routine healthcare facility. Results: A total of 2,956 Asian participants were included in our study. We found that cancer history significantly influences self-rated health, the frequency of healthcare visits, and the likelihood of overnight hospital stays. However, it did not significantly correlate with having a consistent healthcare provider. Among the various sociodemographic characteristics, both citizenship and health insurance emerged as influential factors in healthcare utilization among Asians. Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the importance of enhancing the well-being of individuals with a history of cancer, aiming to optimize their access to, and use of, healthcare services. Continued research in this area is essential for the formulation of targeted interventions and policies to bridge health disparities and improve health outcomes of Asian Americans.

Purpose: Falls are a common cause of unintentional injuries in infants. This study was conducted to examine the patterns of healthcare utilization following infant falls in South Korea. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study utilized an online survey designed to gather information regarding the general characteristics of parents and infants, fall-related variables, and healthcare use. Results: The most serious falls identified by parents occurred at an average infant age of 6.97 months. Most fall incidents took place indoors (95.7%), and many occurred under the supervision of caregivers (68.0%). Following the fall, 36.4% of the participants used healthcare services. Logistic regression analysis revealed that healthcare use following an infant fall was significantly associated with being a firstborn child (odds ratio [OR]=5.32, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.19-15.28) and falling from a caregiver's arms (OR=4.22; 95% CI, 1.45-13.68). Conclusion: To prevent and decrease the frequency of infant falls, improvements are needed in both the domestic environment and parenting approaches.

With a growing number of multicultural families, many changes have taken place both at policy and practice levels since mid 2000's. Despite such progress, literature investigating their service use remains scarce. This study is an attempt to identify factors associated with foreign spouses' service utilization behaviors, using the Gelberg-Andersen's Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations as a theoretical framework. This study uses the National Survey on Multicultural Families 2009 for analyses. A total of 6,316 spouses, both male and female were included in the study. Structural equation modeling is employed to identify the associated factors. Findings show that different factors are associated with the use of two domains of services. For adjustment assistance services, the strongest predictor was the country of origin of the spouses. Language ability and perceived need were also significant predictors. For family service use, only a handful number of factors were identified as predictors. These include gender, country of origin, and others. Spouses' perceived need for services was the strongest determinant of use of this particular domain of services. Implications for policy and practice are provided.

This study investigated the organizational cue utilization deficit as a function of test anxiety level. A 2 (cue) x 3 (anxiety) x 3 (testing mode) mixed factorial design employed the experimental material of phrase list developed from the main textbook of subjects' course. The deficit for high test-anxious subjects was generalized to related meaningful and, also, found clearly general occurring for all types of performance measures of the study: The mean performance of high test-anxious subjects tended to be inferior to that of less anxious subjects and their memory were less organized. The retrieval cue was effective only for those subjects who encode superficially and employ more repetitive and less elaboration of structural organization. The results were discussed from an attention as well as arousal-cue-untilization hypothesis.

Purpose: This study compares beneficiaries of Korean Medicaid with those under the National Health Insurance program, seeking to understand how each group utilizes their healthcare. Methods: Data were obtained from a Health Promotion Survey in 2005. Health status was measured by the respondents’ perception of health. Health service utilization included the availability of healthcare services, the type of healthcare institution, and intent to revisit. Predisposing and enabling factors, as well as health care needs were used for this study. Results: Compared to National Health Insurance beneficiaries, Medicaid beneficiaries reported lower levels of health status and fewer enabling factors. They had more chronic diseases and disabilities. Education level, existence of chronic diseases, exercise patterns, and disabilities were associated with health status. Conclusion: We found that Medicaid beneficiaries had fewer resources and higher levels of health needs. As Medicaid is reformed, policy makers and administrators should understand healthcare utilization behaviors of Medicaid beneficiaries and the factors hindering access to care.

Canola meal is derived from the crushing of canola seed for oil extraction. Although it has been used in swine diets for a long time, its inclusion levels have been limited due to concerns regarding its nutritive value primarily arising from results of early studies showing negative effects of dietary canola meal inclusion in swine diets. Such effects were attributable to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF; notably glucosinolates) in canola meal. However, due to advances in genetic improvements of canola that have led to production of cultivars with significantly lower ANF content and improved processing procedures, canola meal with a superior nutritive value for non-ruminant animals is now available. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the recent studies in the use of canola meal as feedstuff for swine, the factors influencing its use and the strategies to overcome them. First a historical overview of the development of canola is provided.

Purposes: The purposes of this study are to describe the health problems experienced by VLBW premature infants and their health care services utilization during the first year of life Method: Eighteen mothers of VLBW premature infants completed a survey questionnaire, asking socioeconomic/demographic information, health/ developmental problems experienced by their infants, and their use of health care services. Results: Of the 18 infants, 78% experienced respiratory problems such as cold/running nose and wheezing during the first year and 33% experienced gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Twelve (67%) infants visited the emergency department at least one time and 10 infants (56%) were hospitalized at least once during their first year of age. Interestingly, infants without chronic lung disease visited the emergency department more than infants without chronic lung disease (p=.213). Infants living in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods were hospitalized more than infants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (p=.000). Conclusions: Health care providers should initiate educating mothers, particularly those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, about post-NICU discharge health care needs of their VLBW premature infants while their infants were still in the NICU so that unnecessary visits to the emergency department and rehospitalizations can be possibly prevented.

Purpose: The government has implemented a pilot project for community care for older adults and the integrated visiting nursing center in Bucheon-si operated by public fund of government to provide visiting nursing service for older adults. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes of the utilization of visiting nursing service at the integrated visiting nursing center in Bucheon-si.Methods: This study linked the personal data from the pilot project for community care with the National Health Insurance data. The final subjects comprised 30 participants and 110 of the matched control group. The length of home stay, hospitalization, and the admission for long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals were measured. Statistical analysis was performed through difference-in-differences analysis using generalized estimating equation and Cox proportional hazards model.Results: The results indicated an increase of 28.2 days for length of home stay and a reduction of 69% in hospitalization from medical institutions and 81% in admission of long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals among participants compared to the control group. Conclusion: The visiting nursing service of the integrated visiting nursing center was effective in extending length of home stay and lowering the hospitalization of medical institutions and admission of long-term care facilities or convalescent hospitals.

To solve the bufferbloat problem, active queue management (AQM) has been recommended but existing AQM algorithms suffer from poor adaptability to dynamic traffics. We develop a novel adaptive AQM algorithm named TODU for a better Trade-Off between queuing Delay and link Utilization. TODU aims to maintain a stable queue length against dynamical network traffics by adapting the drop probability to balance the expected link utilization and queuing delay. We compare TODU with benchmark algorithms in Network Simulator-2 and the results demonstrate that TODU achieves a better trade-off between low queuing latency and high link utilization in a dynamical environment.

We propose an analytic framework to evaluate and map organizations’ interactive communication strategies on the Web. In discussing this approach, we analyzed large international corporations’ Web sites to demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework. We also examined data describing the relationships between such international corporations’ interactive Web utilization and various predictive factors. The results confirmed the recent evolution of large international corporations’ interactive communication strategies employed on their Web sites. Furthermore, the findings suggested that large international corporations’ interactive online communication strategies vary across industrial sectors and firm sizes in important ways.