Earticle

본 연구는 한국인의 미의식과 정신문화가 투영된 한국전통춤의 범주를 설정하고, 유네스코 인류무형문화유산 등재가 지니는 문화사적·정책적 의미를 탐색하는 데 목적을 두었다. 연구방법으로는 역사 문헌과 국내 전승 현황을 분석하여, 역사적 전통과 현대적 전승의 접점인 ‘전형(典型)’의 관점에서 접근하였다. 연구결과, 근대기 무대 예술로 재정 립된 종목들이 현대 한국전통춤의 핵심 기반임을 확인하여 그 범주를 정립하였으며, 유네스코 등재는 한국 예술의 정체성 세계화와 더불어 국가 정책 기조를 기존 ‘보존’ 중심에서 ‘전승과 진흥’이라는 지속 가능한 방향으로 전환하는 계기임을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 한국전통춤의 문화사적 범주를 제안하였고, 이를 바탕으로 유네스코 등재를 위한 정책적 제안을 제시했다는 데 의의가 있으며, 향후 원형 보존과 현대적 재창조를 아우르는 학술적·정책적 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

This study aims to establish the category of Korean traditional dance, in which Korean aesthetic consciousness and spiritual culture are embedded. The purpose is to explore the cultural-historical and policy implications of its inscription on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. By analyzing historical literature and current state of domestic transmission, the study approaches the subject from perspective of ‘typical form [jeonhyeong]’ the intersection of tradition and modern transmission. The results confirm that dance forms redefined as stage arts in the modern era constitute the foundation of contemporary Korean traditional dance Furthermore, UNESCO inscription facilitates the globalization of the identity of Korean arts and shifts the policy paradigm from ‘preservation’ to sustainable ‘transmission and promotion.’ This study is significant in proposing a cultural-historical category for Korean traditional dance and presenting policy recommendations for UNESCO inscription. It serves as a scholarly and policy foundation encompassing both the preservation of archetypal forms and modern re-creation.

This study is an explanation of the original form and typical form of “Gijang Ogu-gut” designated as an intangible cultural property in Busan in 2014. In the Cultural Heritage Protection Act enacted in 1962, the preservation, management, and use of cultural properties is the basic principle of maintaining the original form. However, since intangible culture is different from the tangible, the so-called Intangible Cultural Property Law was newly established in 2016, leading to amendment of the past “original maintenance” to “typical maintenance”. Even if these laws and regulations are revised, the field or the transferees who are handing down intangible cultural properties do not know what to do. This is because the designation and transmission of cultural properties has been passively carried out by the so-called management entity, and the fixed thinking about the original has been the main factor. Therefore, the discussion of the boundary between the original and the typical, and how each item should be transmitted in the future through it, cannot be changed by leaving only the competence of the conqueror. Cultural property experts, Transmitter of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and policymakers must deliberate together and change in the best and reality conditions. Therefore, this study derives the boundary between original and typical for Gijang Ogu-gut, an intangible cultural property of Busan, and discusses the direction of future transmission. 'Busan Gijang Ogu-gut' is a somewhat inaccurate name, and 'Busan Ogu-gut' is a more accurate expression. The so-called Ogu-gut, handed down by Seseupmu(hereditary shaman) on the east coast, is commonly practiced not only in Gijang, but also throughout Busan, and more broadly in the eastern coastal area from Goseong, Gangwon-do to Busan. However, it is said that Ulsan and Busan, where the detailed types are divided regionally, are the southern types of the east coast. so-called “Namdae(南帶, southern area). We do not know the archetypes of this lower stage. There are no literature and multimedia materials left. More importantly, the original local shamans were disappered. The current ancestors are the descendants of Kim Seokchul from North Gyeongsang Province in the 1960s and 70s. For this reason, in order to properly understand Busan Gijang Ogu-gut, one must recognize the difference between Namdae(南帶, southern area) and Andae (內帶, Northern area) on the east coast. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify this point.

본 논문은 통일신라 전형양식의 석탑 기단부 구조를 유형분류하고, 이에 따른 특징을 통해 시기구분과 전개를 파악하여 나아가 편년의 논란이 되는 석탑을 검토하였다. 먼저 석탑의 기단부를 분류하는 기준은 結構構造, 갑석, 하층기단 治石방법을 중심으로, 기단부 아래 혹은 주위의 장치인 塔區, 지대석, 土壇 등을 부가적으로 살펴보았다. 유형분류를 통한 통일시라시대 전형양식의 석탑은 대략 5期의 시대로 구분되었다. 1期(삼국통일~7세기 말경)는 전형양식의 석탑이 출현하는 시기이며, 2期(7세기 말~8세기 전반 경)는 1기의 전형양식의 석탑에서 상층기단 결구구조의 변화를 통하여, 구조적으로 안정적인 석탑 형식으로 정착․정립하는 시기, 3期(8세기 중반~9세기 전반 경)는 정착된 석탑이 정립되어 꾸준히 성행하는 석탑 계열과 이와 전혀 다른 새로운 형식이 나타나는 석탑 계열로 크게 구분할 수 있었다. 따라서 3기는 古式의 정립과 新式으로의 변화가 공존하는 전성기로 통일신라시대 전형양식의 석탑의 전개과정에서 가장 중요한 시기라 할 수 있다. 새로운 형식의 변화로 가장 주목되는 것은 하층기단의 결구구조 변화이며, 이와 함께 이전 시기에 나타나지 않던 새로운 형식과 양식적 변화가 다양하고 왕성하게 제작․표현되던 시기이다. 4期(9세기 전반~9세기 후반 경)에는 3기에 등장했던 여러 新式의 결구구조들 중에서 몇 개의 구조가 정형화되어 전국적으로 성행하는 시기이다. 결구구조에서 이미 정형화를 이루기 때문에 구조적 형식보다 양식적인 요소에서 세분화되고 다양한 변화가 나타난다. 마지막 5期(9세기 말~935년)는 통일신라 석탑 조형이 타성에 젖는 시기로 형식과 양식이 퇴행적인 변화를 보이는 시기이다. 4기의 결구구조가 그대로 사용되거나 변칙적인 형태로 도식화되는 양상을 보인다. 이는 향후 고려 석탑으로의 양식적 이행을 선보여 통일신라석탑 내에서의 또 다른 의미를 갖는다. 이러한 석탑 기단부의 유형분류와 시기구분을 통하여 편년의 논란이 있는 나원리사지 오층석탑과 장항리사지 오층석탑 그리고 창림사지 삼층석탑 및 8세기 석탑의 선후관계 등을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 나원리 석탑은 기존의 8세기 전반설 보다 8세기 중엽(740~760년)경, 장항리 석탑 역시 8세기 전반설 보다 8세기 후기(760~780년)경, 창림사지 석탑은 장항리사지 석탑보다 이후 시기인 8세기 후기~말기에 조성된 것으로 파악하였다. 그리고 8세기에 조성된 석탑들은 대략 구황동 석탑(692~706), 천군동 석탑(약 740년경), 나원리 오층석탑(약 740~760년경), 원원원사지 석탑(760년 전후)․갈항사지 석탑(758)․불국사 석탑(약 760년경), 장항리사지 석탑(760~780년), 창림사지 석탑(780년경 이후)으로의 선후관계를 논할 수 있었다.

This thesis classified the stylobate part of stone pagoda of Unified Silla, separated the period and identified evolution, and reviewed the stone pagoda which became subject to controversy of chronology. Stone pagoda of typical form of Unified Silla can be classified into about 5 stages by grouping the classification depending on features. The 1st stage (unification of three nations ~end of the 7th century) is the period when the stone pagoda of typical form appeared. The 2nd stage(end of the 7th century~ early 8th century) is the period when initial stone pagoda had settled down as the most structurally stable stone pagoda through change in connection structure of the upper layer stylobate from them of the 1st stage. The 3rd stage(middle of the 8th century~ early 9th century) is the period when there were 2 types such as existing type of stone pagoda and totally new type of stone pagoda. Accordingly, 3rd stage can be regarded as the most important period in terms of evolution process of stone pagoda of typical form of Unified Silla when there coexisted change to new type and establishment of old type. What most attracts our attention as change of new form was the change in connection structure of the lower stylobate and along with this, new type of flat stone appeared and change of strut post was identified. The 4th stage (early 9 ~ late 9th century) is the period when only some structures were standardized and prevailed throughout the country out of several new types of connection structure that appeared in the 3rd stage. In terms of trimming stone on the lower layer stylobate, new types appeared which didn’t appear in the 1st stage~3rd stage. 5th stage(end of 9th century~935) is the period when the type and form showed retrogressive change and modeling of stone pagoda of Unified Silla was stuck in a rut. Connection structure of the 4th stage was used as it was or showed the aspect of schematization into the irregular form. and It means everything that some of the type of the stone pagoda in this term lead to them of Goryeo Dynasty. This study examined 5 story stone pagoda at Nawonrisa temple site, 5 story stone pagoda at Janghangrisa temple site and 3 story stone pagoda at Changlimsa temple site, which subject to controversy of chronology, and the stone pagodas were built in 8th century in through separation of period and type of stone pagoda through such Stylobate part structure. As a result of this examination, 5 story stone pagoda at Nawonri temple site was built in the middle of the 8th Century(740~760), not in the early 8th century. 5 story stone pagoda at Janghangri temple site was built the late 8th Century, not in the early 8th century. 3 story stone pagoda at Changlim temple site was built form the late 8th Century to the end of 8th Century, later than Janghangri' stone pagoda and the stone pagodas were built in 8th Centrury were chronicled the order of the stone pagodas, Guwhang-dong's 3 story stone pagoda(692~706), Cheongun-dong's 3 story stone pagoda(about 740), Nawonri's 5 story stone pagoda(about 740~760), Wonwon temple site's 3 story stone pagoda(about 760)?Galhang temple site's 3 story stone pagoda(758), west stone pagoda at Bulguk temple(about 760), Janghangri temple site's stone pagoda(about 760~780), Changlim temple site's 3 story stone pagoda(about 780).