Earticle

인삼(人蔘)과 tocopherol이 흰쥐의 체중증가(體重增加), 혈청(血情)의 testosterone 함량(含量)의 변화(變化), Protein 대사(代謝) 및 스테미너 증진(增進)에 미치는 영향을 비교(比較)검토(檢討)하기 위하여 Srague-Dawley 계(系) 수컷 흰쥐에게 분말형태의 인삼(人蔘)(2.5 g/kg)과 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$(250mg/kg)을 일반사료에 섞어 6주간 투여(投與)하여 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 체중증가량(體重重增加量)은 인삼투여군(人蓼投輿群)과 tocopherol 투여군(投與群)이 모두 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 증가(增加)하였으나 통계적(統計的)인 유의성(有意性)은 보이지 않았다. 2. 혈청중(血淸中)의 testosterone 함량변화(合量變化)에 있어서는 인삼투여군(人蔘投與群)은 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 별다른 차이가 없었으나 tocopherol 투여군(投與群)에서는 유의적(有意的)인 증가(增加)를 나타내었다. (p<0.05). 3. 인삼투여군(人蔘投與群)은 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 albumin, ${\alpha}_1-globulin$, ${\alpha}_2$, ${\gamma}-globulin$ 및 A/G ratio에 있어서는 유의적(有意的)인 차이(差異)가 없었으나 총단백질(總蛋白質)과 ${\beta}-globulin$에 있어서는 유의적(有意的)인 증가(增加)를 나타내었다(p<0.005). 그리고 tocopherol 투여군(投與群)은 총단백질함량(總蛋白質含量)이 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 증가(增加)하였고 (P<0.005) albumin치(値)는 감소(減少)하였으나 통계적(統計的)인 유의성(有意性)은 없었다. 또한 ${\alpha}_1-$, ${\alpha}_2-$, ${\beta}-$, 및 ${\gamma}-globulin$ 함량(合量)은 모두 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 유의적(有意的)으로 증가(增加)하였으며(P<0.001) 이로 인하여 A/G ratio치(値)는 현저하게 감소(滅少)하였다(P<0.001). 4. 스테미너 증진효과를 보기 위하여 인삼(人蓼) 및tocopherol을 투여(投與)한 흰쥐를 동일(同一)한 조건(條件)에서 계속 수영시킨 후 지쳐서 죽을 때까지의 시간(時間)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果) 모두 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 별다른 변화(變化)를 나타내지 않았고 개체(個騷)간의 차이가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Korean ginseng and tocopherol on serum testosterone level, protein metabolism and swimming endurance in rats. Powdered ginseng (2.5 g/kg) and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ (250 mg/kg) were added directly into the basal diet of rats feeding for 6 weeks. The serum testosterone level of ginseng-treated rats had no difference from that of control rats, but the level was slightly increased in tocopherol-treated rats. In the case of ginseng-treated rats, there were no significant difference in the contents of albumin, ${\alpha}_1-globulin$, ${\alpha}_2-globulin$, ${\gamma}-globulin$ and A/G ratio compared with those of the control rats, however, the levels of total protein and ${\beta}-globulin$ were increased significantly(p<0.005). Total protein value of tocopherol-treated rats was higher than that of the control rats(p<0.005). In contrast, albumin content was slightly decreased. The contents of ${\alpha}_1-globulin$, ${\alpha}_2-globulin$, ${\beta}-globuiln$ and ${\gamma}-globulin$ were higher in the rats fed tocopherol diet that those obtained from the control rats. Accordingly A/G value was markedly decreased (p<0.001). In swimming endurance test, both Korean ginseng and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ did not appear to have any effect on rats' stamina.

Objectives: We investigated the effects of Korean gastrodia and bee pollen on testosterone production in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: This study measured the body weight, consumption of food and water, and serum testosterone concentration in SD rats fed for four weeks with gastrodia and bee pollen. Results: The average body weights after four weeks were $375{\pm}2g$ for the control group, $358{\pm}3g$ for gastrodia consumption, and $354{\pm}2g$ and $367{\pm}8g$ for acorn pollen and Siberian gooseberry pollen, respectively. The average food consumption in SD rats over the four weeks in the control was 23.6 g for gastrodia consumption, 24.3 g and 24.9 g for acorn pollen and Siberian gooseberry pollen, respectively. The average water consumption over the four weeks was 38.33 ml in the control group, 35.0 ml for gastrodia treatment, and 33.3 ml and 33.3 ml for acorn pollen and Siberian gooseberry pollen treatment, respectively. The testosterone secretion levels in the serum of male rats were increased by gastrodia, acorn pollen, and Siberian gooseberry pollen (2.68, 3.00, and 3.28 pg/ml, respectively) compared to the control group (2.23 pg/ml). Conclusions: These results suggest that gastrodia or bee pollen may be developed as a complementary medicine to improve sexual hormone production.

While it's been shown that arsenic impairs male reproductive function, it remains unclear whether the mechanism involves an effect on testosterone (T) production. We examined plasma T and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in mice given water containing either 20 or 40 mg/L sodium arsenite (SA). The plasma T levels were lower in SA-treated mice than in controls and correlated well with testicular T levels within individuals. However, SA treatment did not significantly affect plasma LH levels. The ratio of plasma T to LH was reduced by the treatment with 40 mg/L SA. These results suggest arsenic-induced defect in testicular testosterone production in mice.

Previous studies have shown that testosterone activates the GPRC6A-Duox1 axis, resulting in the production of H₂O₂ which leads to the apoptosis of keratinocytes and ultimately hair loss. Here, we elucidated a molecular mechanism by which the non-genomic action of testosterone regulates cellular redox status in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Building upon this molecular understanding, we conducted a high-throughput screening assay of Nox inhibitors from a natural compounds library. This screening identified diterpenoid compounds, specifically Tanshinone I, Tanshinone IIA, Tanshinone IIB, and Cryptotanshinone, derived from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix. The IC₅₀ values for Nox isozymes were found to be 2.6-12.9 μM for Tanshinone I, 1.9-7.2 μM for Tanshinone IIA, 5.2-11.9 μM for Tanshinone IIB, and 2.1-7.9 μM for Cryptotanshinone. Furthermore, 3D computational docking analysis confirmed the structural basis by which Tanshinone compounds inhibit Nox activity. These compounds were observed to substitute for NADPH at the π-π bond site between NADPH and FAD, leading to the suppression of Nox activity. Notably, Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited Nox activity heightened by testosterone, consequently reducing the production of intracellular H₂O₂ and preventing cell apoptosis. In an animal study involving the application of testosterone to the back skin of 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to inhibit hair growth, subsequent treatment with Tanshinone I or Tanshinone IIA alongside testosterone resulted in a substantial increase in hair follicle length compared to testosterone treatment alone. These findings underscore the potential efficacy of Tanshinone I and Tanshinone IIA as therapeutic agents for AGA by inhibiting Nox activity.

This paper is aimed at comparing the changes of immune hormones(IgG), stress hormone (Cortisol), muscle damage hormone (CK) and muscle-growth hormone (IGF-1,Testosterone) when resistance exercise is put on legs through different muscle contraction type. 14 male ,14 female with more than 5 years of resistance exercise experience Isotonic squat, isotonic squat, and jump squat were done for one minute each and a total of five sets were performed with a thirty-second break between each set. Also, blood was taken in a stable condition and after each exercise to analyze immunity-related hormones (IgG), stress hormone (Cortisol), muscle damage hormone (CK) and muscle-growth hormone (IGF-1,Testosterone). One-way ANOVA through SPSS(Ver 15.0) was made to prove the hormone responses depending on different ways of muscular contraction. Tukey was used for post-hoc analysis. Statistical significance level was a=.05. The analysis of IgG between men and women showed a higher signigicant level in women isotonic squat and jump squat (p<.001). The analysis of Cortisol between men and women showed a higher signigicant level in men isotonic squat and jump squat (p<.05). The analysis of CK between men and women showed a higher signigicant level in men isotonic squat, isometricsquat and jump squat (p<.01, p<.001, p<.01). The analysis of Testosterone between men and women showed a higher signigicant level in men isotonic squat , isometricsquat and jump squat (p<.001).

The purpose of this investigation is that, the combination of resistance training exercise based on the way cortisol, IGF-1, testosterone and agonist of the iEMG, MEF changes, total momentum was to compare the effects. After the measurement of 1RM from 12 Physical Education Students in good health. Light to Heavy system and Heavy to Light system was conducted at random for them. Blood samples were collected throughout the pre and post. Result of the investment is that cortisol levels were higher in the LTH system, but IGF-1, testosterone, there was no significantly different. After the bench press, pectoralis major muscle, and triceps brachii’s iEMG were significantly higher in the LTH system. In the HTL system from a set of triceps brachii were significantly higher. The result of comparison about total momentum, the LTH system were significantly higher at 1st set, and the HTL system were higher at 2nd and 3rd set. In conclusion, the secretion of cortisol is depending on the degree of stress, in the case of IGF-1, the secretion is activated with low degree of stress. Started from a low-intensity momentum is more effective way.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of castration method and short-term fattening periods on Hanwoo cattle. Thirty-two Hanwoo calves (average body weight: 148.4 ± 19.8 kg) were used. The calves were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factor according to two castration methods (castration or hemi-castration) and two short-term finishing periods (24 months or 26 months). The final body weight increased significantly as the fattening period increased (p < 0.05), and the average daily weight gain was higher in the hemi-castration groups than in the castration groups (p < 0.05). After surgical castration, testosterone concentration was higher in the hemi-castration group than in the castration group during the entire experimental period (p < 0.05). The rib eye area was wider in the hemi-castration group than in the castration group (p < 0.01).An interaction effect was observed between the castration method and short-term fattening period (p < 0.05). Marbling and auction price scores differed between castration methods and were higher in the castration group than in the hemi-castration group (p < 0.01). Gross receipts and net income increased in the castration group compared to the hemi-castration group (p < 0.01) and showed a tendency to increase with the short-term fattening period, but there was no significant difference. Thus, castration to remove both testicles is essential for economic profit through producing high-quality Korean beef meat, and short-term fattening for 26 months, rather than 24 months, can benefit more by increasing carcass weight and meat quality.

We screened the pharmacological effects of a 50% ethanol extract of Yacon tubers and leaves on spermatogenesis in rats. As a result, we found that Yacon tuber extracts increased sperm number and serum testosterone level in rats. It has been reported that the crude extract of Yacon tubers and leaves contain phenolic acids, such as, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid by HPLC/MS analysis. We were interested in the contributions made by phenolic acid, particularly chlorogenic acid of Yacon tuber extract to the spermatogenic activity. After administering Yacon tuber extract or chlorogenic acid to rats for 5 weeks, numbers of sperm in epididymis were increased by 34% and 20%, respectively. We also administered ferulic acid, which has been reported to be a metabolite of chlorogenic acid and a constituent of Yacon tuber extract to investigate its spermatogenic activity in rats. Yacon tuber extract and ferulic acid increased sperm numbers by 43% and 37%, respectively. And, Yacon tuber extract, and chlorogenic acid showed significantly inhibition effect of testoeterone degradation in rat liver homogenate. We considered that the spermatogenic effect of Yacon tuber extract might be related to phenolic compounds and their inhibitory effect of testosterone degradation. Yacon showed the possibility as ameliorable agents of infertility by sperm deficiency and late onset hypogonadism syndrome with low level of testosterone.

본 연구는 종모돈의 정액성상 동결-융해 후 정자의 생존성 그리고 혈청 중 FSH, LH, estradiol-17β 및 testosterone 농도에 미치는 품종과 계절의 영향을 조사하여 우수한 종모돈의 선발을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 봄, 여름, 가을, 겨울에서 정액량이 많았으며, 정액농도에서는 차이가 없었다. 계절별 정액량은 듀록 및 요크셔종에서 봄철이 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 비하여 많았고, 정자농도는 차이가 없었다. 듀록종과 요크셔종에서 각각 봄철에 생산한 정자가 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 생산한 정자보다 동결-융해 후 정자운동성 및 정상첨체 비율이 높았다. 한편 듀록종과 요크셔종에서 동결-융해 후 정자운동성은 모든 계절에서 요크셔종이 높게 나타났으나, 정상첨체에서는 차이가 없었다. 혈청 중 FSH의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 모든 계절에서 낮은 농도를 나타내었다. 그러나 두 품종 모두에서 각각 계절 간에 차이가 없었다. 혈청 중 LH와 estradiol-17β의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종과 듀록종 간에 차이가 없었다. 또한 두 품종 모두에서 계절 간에 차이가 없었다. 종모돈의 품종별, 계절별 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도를 비교한 결과 요크셔종이 듀록종보다 모든 계절에서 높게 나타났다. 또한 두품종 모두에서 각각 봄철이 여름, 가을 및 겨울철에 비하여 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면, FSH의 농도가 낮을수록 정액생산량이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 혈청 중 testosterone의 농도가 높을수록 동결-융해 정자의 운동성 및 정상첨체의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and serum FSH, LH, estradiol-17β and testosterone concentrations between breeds and among seasons in boars. In all seasons, Yorkshire boars produced higher semen volume compared with Duroc boars, whereas sperm concentration did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Semen volume in spring was higher compared with summer, autumn and winter in both Duroc and Yorkshire boars, but sperm concentration did not differ significantly among seasons. Sperm motility and normal acrosome rate of frozen-thawed sperm produced in spring were higher than those in summer, autumn and winter in both Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Sperm motility of frozen-thawed sperm in Yorkshire boars was higher than that in Duroc boars regardless of seasons. However, normal acrosome rate did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Serum FSH concentration in Yorkshire boars was lower than that in Duroc boars in all seasons. However, there were no significant differences on serum FSH concentration of Duroc and Yorkshire boars among seasons. Serum LH and estradiol-17β concentrations did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Also, there were no significant differences in serum LH and estradiol-17β concentrations of Duroc and Yorkshire boars among seasons. Serum testosterone concentration in Yorkshire boars was higher than that in Duroc boars in all seasons. In both breeds, serum testosterone concentrations were higher in spring than in summer, autumn and winter. In conclusion, when serum FSH concentrations were low, semen volumes were high, and when serum testosterone concentrations were high, sperm motility and normal acrosome rate of frozen-thawed sperm were high.

Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit, a marker found on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), is expressed in Leydig cells, which are testicular interstitial cells. The expression of other ICC markers has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the expression of c-Kit and anoctamin 1 (ANO1), another ICC marker, in mouse testes. In addition, the relationship between c-Kit and ANO1 expression and Leydig cell function was investigated. We observed that c-Kit and ANO1 were predominantly expressed in mouse Leydig cells. The mRNA and protein of c-Kit and ANO1 were expressed in TM3, a mouse Leydig cell line. LH induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, membrane depolarization, and testosterone secretion, whereas these signals were inhibited in the presence of c-Kit and ANO1 inhibitors. These results show that c-Kit and ANO1 are expressed in Leydig cells and are involved in testosterone secretion. Our findings suggest that Leydig cells may act as ICCs in testosterone secretion.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that affects male to aggressively take risks to achieve dominant status. We examine whether CEOs with higher testosterone level make the firms riskier. Since the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) of a male adult is determined by his pubertal testosterone exposure, we measure the fWHR male CEOs in both Execucomp and BoardEx that had CNBC interviews during 1997~2009. Controlling for sample selection bias, CEO’s preference for risky hobbies, and overconfidence, we find that high testosterone CEOs (1) increase firm risk; (2) maintain high leverage ratio; (3) are more acquisitive; and (4) receive high VEGA compensation.

Cordyceps militaris (CM) has been used as a traditional folk medicine to strengthen the immune system and regain energy in Far East Asian countries. Some of men have been suffered from the insufficient secretion of testosterone causing by physical factors, social and psychological factors. Testosterone is an essential steroid hormone controlling male reproductive function. Alternative medicines in plants, fungi, and insects have been studied to enhance sexuality. Cordyceps species including Cordyceps sinensis and C. militaris has been used as for the enhancement of sexual function for hundreds of years. In the present study, we determined the effect of fruiting bodies of C. militaris which cultured on bee drone medium (DCM) on testosterone concentration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Eighteen rats per group were housed to regular diet or diet supplemented with DCM for 4 weeks. Serum was collected from 6 rats per group. Results showed that changes of the body weight, food and water intake of the rats were not observed in this study. However, DCM significantly stimulated testosterone production (p < 0.05) compared to the control. Hence, it suggests that fruiting bodies of C. militaris grown on the bee drone medium might be developed as a complementary medicine to improve sexual hormones.