Earticle

SOA 기반의 응용 프로그램의 개발이 급격히 진전되는 시점에서 이에 따른 SOA 기반 소프트 웨어의 품질평가는 중요하며 특히, 이러한 품질에 영향을 주는 중요한 요인 중의 하나가 시스템 의 복잡도임을 고려할 때 SOA 기반 소프트웨어의 복잡도 측정은 중요하다. 따라서 본 논문에 서는 SOA기반 소프트웨어의 구조적 복잡도를 측정할 수 있는 메트릭을 제안한다. 제안한 메트 릭은 시스템의 구조적인 관점에서 서비스의 크기, 서비스의 깊이 및 상호종속도로 구성된다. 마 지막으로 제안한 메트릭을 예제에 적용하여 본다.

It is very important to evaluate the quality of softwares based on SOA, which develops rapidly. Particularly, one of the most important properties influencing on the quality of system is complexity. Therefore, we propose the metrics for measuring a structural complexity of softwares bsed on SOA. The proposed metrics is composed of the size of a service, the depth of a service and interdependency from the viewpoint of system structure, and finally we applied the proposed metric to an example.

This experimental study investigated the generalization of relative clause instruction in foreign language learning. Three groups of Korean middle school students were given an hour formal instruction in the formation of one type of English relative clauses (i.e., subject, direct object, or object of preposition). Another group that served as a control group received no instruction in relative clause formation. Statistical analyses of pretest and post-test results showed first that the experimental groups significantly improved in the scores on the formation of relatives targeted in instruction and that instruction in more complex relatives resulted in generalization to uninstructed less complex relatives, and not reverse. Also the results suggested that the difficulty of genitive relatives was decided by the structural distance between the gap and the head.

The main purpose of this study is to diagnose validity and effectiveness of directive sentence in Korean textbook for foreign learner using the corpus-based approach. It evaluates directive sentences according to textbook's level by three criteria such as structural complexity, variations of grammatical forms and words, and validity of using grammatical forms and words fit to the certain level. In structural complexity diagnosis, frequencies in use of words, clauses per directive sentence which are shown in every sentence are measured in an assumption that the level of textbook became higher; the complexity of directive sentence is higher. In variations in words and expressions diagnosis, the cumulative frequencies in use of various forms are evaluated in directive sentence. In validity of using words and expressions of communication diagnosis, it will be investigated whether the directive sentence are constructed with words and expressions which are studied and understandable, by comparing with the list of words and expressions of the textbooks. It may be expected that the result of this study can be utilized in developing textbook and language proficiency test such as TOPIK.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the structural complexity of craniofacial trabecular bone in multiple myeloma by fractal analysis of panoramic and lateral skull radiography, and to compare the fractal dimension values of healthy patients (HPs), pre-treatment patients (PTPs), and patients during bisphosphonate treatment (DTPs). Materials and Methods: Pairs of digital panoramic and lateral skull radiographs of 84 PTPs and 72 DTPs were selected. After application of exclusion criteria, 43 panoramic and 84 lateral skull radiographs of PTPs, 56 panoramic and 72 lateral skull radiographs of DTPs, and 99 panoramic radiographs of age- and sex-matched HPs were selected. The fractal dimension values from panoramic radiographs were compared among HPs, PTPs, and DTPs and between anatomical locations within patient groups using analysis of variance with the Tukey test. Fractal dimension values from lateral skull radiographs were compared between PTPs and DTPs using the Student t-test. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between the mandible from panoramic radiographs and the skull from lateral skull radiographs. Intra-examiner agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (α=0.05). Results: The fractal dimension values were not significantly different among HPs, PTPs, and DTPs on panoramic radiographs or between PTPs and DTPs on lateral skull radiographs (P>0.05). The mandibular body presented the highest fractal dimension values (P≤0.05). The fractal dimension values of the mandible and skull in PTPs and DTPs were not correlated. Conclusion: Fractal analysis was not sensitive for distinguishing craniofacial trabecular bone complexity in multiple myeloma patients using panoramic and lateral skull radiography.

Multilingualism is known to be influential in subsequent language learning due to linguistic transfer (Flynn et al. 2004; Bardel and Falk 2007; Rothman 2011; Westergaard et al. 2017) or enhanced metalinguistic awareness achieved from L2 learning experience (Thomas 1988; Klein 1995; Sanz 2000; Jaensch 2009; Park and Starr 2015). This study examines the complexity of word order scrambling in L3 Korean from cross-linguistic perspective, and investigates the influence of L2 learning experience in L3 acquisition by novice early bilingual learners (English-Chinese/Malay) in Singapore (n=148). An untimed grammaticality judgement task (GJT), which manipulates Case-assigning cues (e.g. word order, animacy and case-marking morphemes) for competition, was employed to investigate an impact of word order scrambling and item grammaticality. Given different cue hierarchy among involved languages, learners experience a challenge in unlearning L1 reliance on word order and animacy cues in Case assignment and adjusting to the novel cue hierarchy of L3 Korean. Conflicting information between animacy cue and word order cue triggers negative judgment on the GJT regardless of the sentences’ true grammaticality. Irrespective of typological proximity of L2, L2 learning experience is found to be facilitative in the acquisition of scrambled structure of L3, conditionally on ungrammatical sentences. We argue that these findings imply that general L2 learning experience benefits learners with control ability to effectively conform to a new cue hierarchy based on L3 exposure, and that such enhanced metalinguistic awareness is more visible when learners are handling tasks that require explicit knowledge.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of structural complexity and technical proficiency on treatment outcome of the clinical departments in general hospitals and to verify the conceptual independency of the two variables. Methods: Discharge summary data of 4,528 cerebrovascular diseases patients who underwent surgery during a month period between 2008 and 2011 were analyzed. The analytic model included the independent variables such as surgery volume and number of disease diagnosis in a neurosurgery department. The dependent variables were length of stay and mortality rate. Hierarchical logistic regression and poisson regression model were applied to test the hypothesis. Results: Results showed a high level of complexity departments have a low length of stay and mortality. Also, a high level technical proficiency had a significant negative relationship with the length of stay and mortality rate. In addition, a conceptual independency between the two variables was verified. Conclusions: The studies that intend to analyze surgery volume and mortality rate relationship should consider structural complexity as well as technical proficiency for more rigorous study design.

Background: The volume of surgery has been examined as a major source of variation in outcome after surgery. This study investigated the direct effect of surgery volume to in hospitals mortality and the moderating effect of structural complexity-the level of diversity and sophistication of technology a hospital applied in patient care-to the volume outcome relationship. Methods: Discharge summary data of 11,827 cancer patients who underwent surgery and were discharged during a month period in 2010 and 2011 were analyzed. The analytic model included the independent variables such as surgery volume of a hospital, structural complexity measured by the number of diagnosis a hospital examined, and their interaction term. This study used a hierarchical logistic regression model to test for an association between hospital complexity and mortality rates and to test for the moderating effect in the volume outcome relationship. Results: As structural complexity increased the probability of in-hospital mortality after cancer surgery reduced. The interaction term between surgery volume and structural complexity was also statistically significant. The interaction effect was the strongest among the patients group who had surgery in low volume hospitals. Conclusion: The structural complexity and volume of surgery should be considered simultaneously in studying volume outcome relationship and in developing policies that aim to reduce mortality after cancer surgery.

This experimental study investigated the generalization of relative clause instruction in foreign language learning. Three groups of Korean middle school students were given an hour formal instruction in the formation of one type of English relative clauses (i.e., subject, direct object, or object of preposition). Another group that served as a control group received no instruction in relative clause formation. Statistical analyses of pretest and post-test results showed first that the experimental groups significantly improved in the scores on the formation of relatives targeted in instruction and that instruction in more complex relatives resulted in generalization to uninstructed less complex relatives, and not reverse. Also the results suggested that the difficulty of genitive relatives was decided by the structural distance between the gap and the head.

본 연구는 한국의 4년제 대학을 대상으로 행정 농도(administrative intensity)의 결정요인을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 크고 복잡한 조직의 행정 농도는 항상 증가하는가? 이에 대한 답을 구하는 것은 공공 조직의 관료제적 특성에 대한 이해를 높이는 것과 연관이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 한국 4년제 대학을 대상으로 조직 규모와 구조 복잡성이 행정 농도와 비선형적인 관계를 갖는지 여부를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 조직 규모가 클수록 행정 농도는 낮아지다가 일정 수준이 넘어서면 오히려 행정 농도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 조직 규모와 행정 농도의 U자 형태의 비선형적인 관계는 대학의 전임교원 대비 행정 직원의 비중으로 측정한 협의의 행정 농도와 전임교원 대비 전체 직원 비중으로 측정한 광의의 행정 농도 모두에서 나타났다. 다음으로 대학 조직의 구조 복잡성은 협의의 행정 농도와는 통계적으로 유의한 관계를 갖지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 구조적 복잡성은 광의의 행정 농도와 역시 비선형적인 관계를 가졌다. 이는 대학 내 학과 수가 일정 수준까지 증가하면 행정 농도가 낮아지지만 임계점을 넘어서면 이를 관리하기 위해 행정 농도가 증가함을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 대학 조직의 규모와 복잡성이 초반에는 행정 농도를 감소시키는 규모와 범위의 경제(economy of scale and scope) 효과를 가지지만 변곡점을 지나면 오히려 규모와 범위의 불경제(diseconomy of scale and scope)가 나타나는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구는 한국 대학의 행정 농도의 결정 요인을 탐색하여 관료제적 관리 구조의 특성이 갖는 중요성을 환기시키고자 하였다.

This study analyzes the determinants of the administrative intensity of higher education institutions in South Korea. For the analysis, we conceptualize administrative intensity, which has been relatively less noticeable in prior research, as a structural variable representing the bureaucratic structure of the organization. Specifically, administrative intensity is measured by the indirect human resources supporting the core personnel producing the services or outputs directly within the organization. In doing so, we recall the importance of the internal characteristics of the bureaucratic structure. This article therefore analyzes empirically whether organizational size and structural complexity have a nonlinear relationship to the bureaucratic component. We find that organization size and administrative intensity have a nonlinear relationship. Specifically, administrative intensity at first decreased as organization size grew, but then increased after a certain point. This nonlinear relationship (U-shaped) was shown both in the case of restricted administrative intensity, which is measured by the percentage of solely administrative staff in relation to full-time faculty members, and in the case of broad administrative intensity as measured by the percentage of full-time employees in relation to faculty members. The structural complexity of the organization was found to have no statistically significant relationship with restricted administrative intensity. However, horizontal complexity also has a nonlinear relationship to broad administrative intensity. This means that if the number of departments in a university increases to a certain level, administrative intensity will decrease, but if the threshold is exceeded, administrative intensity will increase. These results suggest that the size and complexity of a university may have an economy of scale that reduces administrative intensity at first, but then results in a diseconomy of scale after passing the optimum point.

이 연구의 목적은 관광 장소 브랜딩을 추진하고 있는 여러 지방자치단체에서 지역주민을 잠재적 관광 마케터로 활발히 참여시키는데 유용한 방향과 정책을 마련하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이는 장소 브랜딩을 사회적 기능의 관점으로 이해하고자 하는 접근에서 시작되었고, 지역주민을 고려할 때 장소 브랜드는 복잡성을 가져야 한다는 이론적 배경에 기초하고 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 장소 브랜드 복잡성, 장소 만족도, 장소 정체성, 장소에 대한 전념, 그리고 구전 간의 구조적 관계를 분석하였다. 조사의 대상은 광주광역시 지역주민이며, 2019년 8월 한 달 동안 수집한 총 310부의 조사자료를 실증분석에 활용하였다. 자료의 분석은 빈도분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 확인적 요인분석, 그리고 구조모형분석을 시행하였다. 자료의 분석 결과, 장소 브랜드 복잡성은 장소 만족도, 장소 정체성, 그리고 장소에 대한 전념에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 장소 만족도, 장소 정체성, 그리고 장소에 대한 전념은 구전에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같은 주요 시사점을 제공한다. 장소 브랜드의 복잡성은 지역주민의 적극적인 참여를 통해 높은 수준으로 관리되어야 한다는 이론적 토대를 공고히 한다. 아울러 지방자치단체가 관광 마케팅의 일환으로 장소 브랜드 정책을 수립할 때 지역주민을 적극적으로 참여시킬 수 있는 유용한 방향을 실무적으로 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to provide useful implications for various level of local governments in Korea which are their destinations as attractive brands. In particular, in order to emphasize the local resident participation in local branding, the interrelationships among the place brand complexity, place satisfaction, place identity and intentional for spreading the word of mouth were examined. This study approached the place branding from a social function perspective, and it is also based on the theoretical background that considers place branding as a complex phenomena when considering local residents. A total of 310 samples, collected during the month of August 2019, was used for empirical data analysis. The analysis of the data was conducted to analyze frequency, reliability, correlation, confirmatory factors, and SEM (structural equation modeling). The SEM analysis results are as follows: First, it was found that place brand complexity had a significant influence on place satisfaction, place identity, and place commitment. Second, it was found that place satisfaction, place identity, and place commitment had a significant influence on word of mouth. These results solidify the theoretical foundation that the level of place brand complexity should be managed through the active participation of local residents. In addition, it provides useful directions in practice to actively engage residents when local governments establish a place brand policy as part of tourism marketing.

무정부적 국제체제 속에서 모든 국가는 생존을 추구한다는 ‘생존동기’ 가정은 현실주의 국제정치이론의 대표적 명제로 간주되고 있다. 그러나 현실주의 전통의 긴 역사 속에서 생존동기 가정은 보편적 명제라기보다는 월츠 이후로 나타난 일탈에 가까웠다. 투퀴디데스(Thucydides) 이후 고전적 현실주의자들은 국가행위 동기(motive)의 복합성을 인식했으나, 월츠에 의해 생존동기 ‘편향성(bias)’이 시작되었으며, 그의 후예들에 의해 그 현상이 보편화되었다. 투퀴디데스를 비롯한 고전적 현실주의자들에게 국가 동기의 복합성은 국제정치의 본질적 측면이었으며, 그래서 그들은 국가 동기에 대한 이론을 정립하기 위해 노력했다. 반면에 구조적 현실주의를 제창한 월츠는 간결하고 과학적인 국제체제이론을 만들기 위해 국가 동기를 생존동기로 단순화 하였다. 구조적 현실주의가 국제정치학계를 지배하면서, 국제정치이론에서 국가의 동기에 대한 관심은 거의 사라졌고, 전쟁의 원인 등 국제정치현상을 분석하는 과정에서도 무비판적으로 사용되었다. 이 논문에서는 현실주의 전통에서 생존동기 편향성이 나타나는 과정을 살펴보고, 생존동기 가정을 ‘자존동기’ 가정으로 치환할 경우 무정부상태 하에서 국가들의 행동이 달라진다고 주장하는 ‘구성주의적 현실주의자’들의 논의를 바탕으로 국가 동기의 복합성에 대한 성찰의 필요성을 제기한다.

The assumption that every state pursues security in an anarchical international system is considered a foundational proposition of realist theory. In the long history of the realist tradition, however, this assumption was more of a deviation that has emerged since Waltz, rather than a universal proposition. For classical realists, including Thucydides, the complexity of national motives was considered an essential aspect of international politics, so they sought to establish a theory of national motives. Waltz, who advocated structural realism, reduced the national motive to that of a ‘security-motive’ to propose a simple scientific international system theory, and his intellectual descendants generalized that approach. As structural realism dominated studies of international relations, interest in national motivation waned, while the assumption of ‘security-motive’ has been used uncritically in analyzing international political phenomena, such as the cause of war. This article examines the occurrence of bias in the realist tradition and points out the need for reflection on the complexity of national motives based on the discussion of ‘constructivist realists’. Constructivist realists argue that the behavior of states under anarchy can change when the assumption of 'security-motive' is replaced by the assumption of the ‘self-esteem-motive’.

엔트로피 지표(섀넌 엔트로피, 지니계수, 허시만-허핀달지수)와 경제복잡성(ECI) 지표, 네트워크 분석을 활용하여 국내 반도체 산업의 구조를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 엔트로피 지표를 산업의 계열화/전문화와 연계하고 ECI와 엔트로피 지표의 특성을 상호보완적으로 활용하는 새로운 접근을 시도하였다. 전국 단위로 반도체 산업 관련 업종에 해당하는 기업을 추출하여 기업 홈페이지 및 소개자료 등을 통해 반도체 산업 가치사슬 중 어느 부분에 해당하는지를 분류하는 작업을 실시하였으며, 최종적으로 2,957개 기업을 후공정, 전공정, 소재, 부품, 장비, 설계 기업으로 분류하여 특정하였다. 이 중 거래관계를 추출 가능한 1,212개 기업의 66,210개 거래관계망 정보를 활용하여 실증 연구를 진행하였다. 국내 반도체 산업의 거래 네트워크는 무척도성, 작은세상 특성, 모듈성, 계층성을 모두 보이는 소수 핵심기업 중심 계열화된 네트워크였다. 국내 반도체 산업의 두 가지 구조변화(2020년 거래관계망 계열화, 2023~2024년 복잡성지수 추세 반전)등을 식별할 수 있었다. 2018~2024기간 동안 국내 반도체 산업은 점차 전문화되는 추세였으나 2020년에 일시적으로 계열화 추세를 보였다. 소·부·장 산업은 비교적 전문화되어 있고 전공정·설계는 계열화되어 있었다. 광역지자체별로 살펴보면 경기·충남·충북 등 전통적 반도체 산업 중심지의 계열화 수준이 높았으나, 경제복잡성 지수는 경남·부산에서 높게 나타났다. 경남·부산·광주 등의 경제 복잡성 지수의 약진, 경기·충남·충북의 경제 복잡성 지수 부진은 2023~2024년에 두드러지게 나타났으며, 지역별 기업 영업이익률과도 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 2023년 이후 AI반도체, 전력반도체 육성정책과의 관련성에 대한 심층적인 분석이 필요하다. 최종적으로 비수도권 균형발전 관점 반도체 혁신정책의 효율성을 일정 부분 입증할 수 있었다.

In this study, we empirically analyze the structure of the Korean semiconductor industry by employing entropy-based indicators (Shannon entropy, Gini coefficient, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), the Economic Complexity Index (ECI), and network analysis. Two structural changes in the semiconductor industry were identified: (1) the temporty shift towrds integration in 2020, and (2) the reversal of complexity trends among regions in 2023-2024. At the national level, firms related to the semiconductor sector and their positions within the semiconductor value chain were classified using company websites and descriptive materials. Ultimately, 2,957 firms were categorized into sectors. Among these, transaction data could be extracted for 1,212 firms, yielding 66,210 firm-to-firm transaction records. The transaction network exhibits characteristics of scale-freeness, small-world properties, modularity, and hierarchy, forming an integrated structure centered on a small number of core firms. Between 2018 and 2024, the industry demonstrated a gradual trend toward specialization, although a temporary shift toward integration was observed in 2020. The materials, components, and equipment sectors showed relatively high levels of specialization, whereas the front-end processing and design sectors remained more integrated. At the regional level, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, and Chungbuk displayed high levels of integration, while the ECI values were higher in Gyeongnam and Busan. Notably, the rise in ECI for Gyeongnam, Busan, and Gwangju, alongside the relative decline of Gyeonggi, Chungnam, and Chungbuk, became evident in 2023-2024, suggesting the need for in-depth examination of government initiatives.