Earticle

摘要: 本研究是一项叙述性调查研究, 旨在于了解早期镇痛孕妇的妊娠压力, 状态焦虑, 胎 教实践与胎儿依恋程度等要素之间的关系, 并了解影响胎儿依恋的各项因素, 本文研究对象 为接受早期镇痛治疗而住院的142名孕妇, 资料收集采用自报问卷的形式, 并对2022年5月1日 至11月20日收集的资料, 使用SPSS 25.0程序进行了分析􀕶研究结果显示, 研究对象对胎儿的 依恋与妊娠压力(r=.170, p=.043), 胎教实践(r=.437, p<.001)呈现出显著正相关, 与状态焦虑 (r=-175, p=.037)则呈现出显著负相关􀕶针对胎儿依恋的影响因素调查结果为如下, 胎教实践 (β=.395, p=.001), 妊娠压力(β=.185, p=.030), 是否进行产前培训(β=.168, p=.027), 其解 释力为22.6%(F=7.850, p<.001), 因此, 为增进早期镇痛孕妇对胎儿的依恋, 可对因早期镇 痛住院的孕妇, 开发并应用多种胎教活动项目, 提高胎教实践.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence fetal attachment by considering pregnancy stress, state anxiety, taegyo practice in pregnant women with preterm labor. The study was conducted using descriptive survey, among 142 patients from May 1 to November 20, 2022. Responses were analyzed using SPSS WIN 25.0. As a result, the subject's attachment to the fetus showed a significant positive correlation with pregnancy stress(r=.170, p=.043) and taegyo practice(r=.437, p<.001), and a significant negative correlation was found with state anxiety(r=-.175, p=.037). Factors influencing fetal attachment were taegyo practice(β=.395, p=.001), pregnancy stress(β=.185, p=.030), and prenatal education(β=.168, p=.027), and the explanatory power was 22.6%(F=7.850, p<.001). Therefore, in order to improve attachment to the fetus in pregnant women in early labor, it is necessary to develop and apply various prenatal education activity programs to increase the practice of prenatal education even though they are hospitalized in the ward due to premature labor.

Although Korea practices the state pension system, the age for state pension has been heightened by decrease in income replacement rate that took place during the revision to resolve the insecurity of pension finance. In 2012, revision on“Prohibition of Discrimination on Age in Employment and Employment Promotion for the Aged Act (Employment Promotion for the Aged Act)”stipulated 60 as the retirement age, yet it is inevitable for many elderly people to experience blank in income. In general, almost every major developed countries tend to heighten the age for receiving state pension, search for the way to promote employment of the aged and connect the retirement age with the age qualified for receiving pension, to resolve insecurity of pension finance. However, it is hard to say that such law and policy that intentionally connects the retirement from the labor market with the age of receiving state pension exists in Korea. Japan connected the end of employment with supply of pension through the 2012 revision on ｢Aged Employment Promotion Law｣. Initiated from 2013, the purpose of Japan's Aged Employment Promotion Law is to resolve the blank in income from the inclined age for pension supply, poverty problem and job insecurity that the aged experience due to aging. This implies that considering the speed of aging in Korea, we should also establish legal environment that secures people to work until 65, as Japan did through the introduction of retirement age expansion system. However, legalizing the expansion of retiring age to 65 like Japan might impose a burden on employers by decreasing the competitiveness of firms and generating generation gap surrounding young people and jobs. Unlike Japan, in Korea, the stipulated retiring age written on group agreements or employment rules is in many cases not kept, and introduction of ‘65 retiring age system’ might not work as effectively as it did in Japan. Involuntary retirement in early period such as voluntary resignation and resign from advice, and frequent reconstruction in firms are generalized in Korea, and job insecurity is continuing. Under such situation, the effect of the ‘legalization’ of 60 as an retiring age would be limited. Especially in current status where irrational seniority-based wage system that deepens the inconsistency between income and productivity is kept, the effect would be minimal. To resolve such problem, strengthened link between the state pension law and Employment Promotion for the Aged Act is required. For stable income security for the aged, the retiring age should be expanded sequently from 61 to 65 based on the age for pension after the retiring age of 60, as in case of Japan. Also, on the one hand, we should support citizens by establishing diverse grants or funds through current employment stabilization project and introducing salary peak system. On the other hand, we should establish wage subsidy which is directly paid to the working elderly, and also establish pension for promotion of employment for the aged on the state pension law. Also, in case of incumbent elderly employees, stipulating the retiring age should be obliged. At the same time, the existent seniority-based wage system should be revised into the wage system that reflects productivity, and diverse policies reconstructing labor supply system to promote employment should be established, to help settling the legalization of practical retiring age system. In conclusion, Korea should not burden the next generation by adopting the system of Japan and managing public pension based on generational support, but should aim for “young, old balance” that does not assumes generational inequality.

본 연구에서는 건축 문화재 원형유지의 기본이 되는 손상 방지 조치로서 선행 연구인 정기조사 ‧ 안전점검 ‧ 진동계측 ‧ 재해 영향 조사에 이어서 후속으로 현장점검, 역사문화환경 보존지역 내 법적 ‧ 기술적 검토 조치, ICT 기반 건축 문화재 재해위험 관리 시스템 구축 운영 등에 대하여 문화재청(국립문화재연구소 포함)에서 이루어지고 있는 실무 내용을 중심으로 상세히 고찰하였다. 이는 문화재청에서 건축 문화재 원형유지를 위해 법령에 의거하여 과학적, 체계적, 합리적이면서 실질적 ‧ 다층적 으로 건축 문화재 손상방지 실무 업무를 추진하고 있음을 고찰할 수 있는 사료인 동시에 국내외의 급변하는 문화재 환경 속 에서 국제적 경쟁력을 갖춘 우리나라 문화재청의 문화재 보존 ‧ 관리 정책을 이해하는 사료로서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다.

This study examined in detail three basic matters concerning damage prevention measures that are fundamental to the preservation of the authenticity of architectural cultural heritage, focused on the practical content being carried out by the Cultural Heritage Administration (including the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage): on-site inspections, legal reviews and measures in the historical and cultural environment preservation areas, and ICT-based architectural cultural heritage disaster risk management system. This means not only that the CHA of Korea is carrying out practical and multi-layered activities to prevent damage to cultural heritage based on legal regulations, with rationality, systematicity, and scientific characteristic. but the cultural heritage management policy of the CHA has international competitiveness amid the rapidly changing cultural heritage environment.

본 연구에서는 건축 문화재 원형유지의 가장 기본이 되는 손상 방지 조치와 관련하여 당해 문화재에 대한 손상 방지 조치 인 정기조사 ‧ 안전점검 ‧ 진동계측과 문화재 주변 환경에 대한 손상 방지 조치인 환경영향 조사 등 4가지 사항에 대하여 문 화재청(국립문화재연구소 포함)에서 이루어지고 있는 실무 내용을 중심으로 상세히 고찰하였다. 이는 문화재청에서 건축 문화재 원형유지를 위한 보존관리 노력과 관련하여 합리성 ‧ 체계성 ‧ 과학성을 갖추고 법 규정 등에 근거하여 실질적 ‧ 다층 적으로 문화재 손상방지 실무 업무를 추진하고 있음을 고찰할 수 있는 사료로서의 의미는 물론이고 급변하는 문화재 환경 속에서 국제적 경쟁력을 갖춘 우리나라 문화재청의 문화재 관리 정책을 이해하는 사료로서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다.

This study examined in detail four basic matters concerning damage prevention measures that are the most fundamental to the preservation of the authenticity of architectural cultural heritage, focused on the practical content being carried out by the Cultural Heritage Administration (including the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage): Regular Surveys, Safety inspections, and Ambient Vibration Measurements to prevent damage to the cultural heritage concerned, and disaster impact surveys to prevent damage to the environment near the cultural heritage. This means not only that the CHA of Korea is carrying out practical and multi-layered activities to prevent damage to cultural heritage based on legal regulations, with rationality, systematicity, and scientific characteristic. but the cultural heritage management policy of the CHA has international competitiveness amid the rapidly changing cultural heritage environment.

In the current world, with the massive scale of SOC construction, it is difficult to diagnose and check all of a bridge's abnormal states with even the experts' eyes for maintenance. It is because we should spend huge costs and time on maintenance. Still, there are not many alternative ways to inspect bridges remotely regarding accuracy or reality. Therefore, we remark on the advantages and disadvantages of previous methods through practices in SOC maintenance. To inspect the abnormal state of the Bridge, we suggest inspecting bridges with an Augmented Reality (AR) mechanism to reduce cost, human resource consumption, and the risk of work. Through the proposed approach, we expect that it provides ways to solve massive construction problems with software-based technologies.

Outro of special Issue

Throughout 2014 and 2015 Russia annexed Crimea and helped secessionist forces in Eastern Ukraine. However, interventions are nothing new to modern Russia. In 2008 Russia invaded Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally after the Russo-Georgian War. The question arises: what drives Russia’s leaders, namely President Putin, to acquire new territories? Normative theories have proven inadequate at predicting Putin’s decision- making in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and thus, this paper analyzes these developments through the lens of practice theory. This paper proposes that Putin’s innate learning during his upbringing, and during his time in the Комите?т госуда?рственной безопа?сности (KGB), has tempered his diplomatic practice. Surrounding himself with likeminded policymakers, and embedding a carefully crafted propaganda image, we call it a new Putinism, has prevailed in Russian diplomatic practice. This proposed concept is based on five premises: Russian ethno-centrism, not being scared of the global West, secrecy, disdain for multilateral institutions, and the creation of a Russian sphere of influence. The paper concludes that Russia is likely to continue annexing close-by lands as a way of legitimizing the regime of President Putin.

This paper reinvestigates anti-Catholic legal practice during King Sunjo’s reign (r. 1800–1834) by examining how the ruling elites recalibrated their legal approach across the persecutions of 1801, 1815, and 1827. Focusing on the interaction between political considerations, legal reasoning, and penal implementation, it argues that the legal practice gradually shifted from highly politicized punitive measures toward a more standardized and institutionalized framework for dealing with Catholic converts. Drawing on both Joseon official records and church archival materials, the study highlights two major transformations. First, the court officials gradually abandoned the application of explicitly political criminal charges, such as rebellion-related crimes and moral-political transgressions, and instead relied more consistently on the “making magical inscriptions and magical incantations” (jo yoseo yoeon 造妖書妖言) article as a general legal basis for prosecuting Catholic converts. Second, the function of indeterminate penal exile (jeongbae) evolved from a broadly applied punitive measure in 1801 into a strategic legal tool that both punished converts and encouraged apostasy in later persecutions. By situating individual cases of exile, release, and delayed execution within these broader shifts in legal practice, this paper demonstrates that late Joseon anti-Catholic legal practice was not simply suppressive but also adaptive, contributing to the emergence of strategic leniency in state penalties.

The mantra of the philosophical practice movement is that philosophy is philosophizing. From the perspective of application, philosophy is an effective therapy for mental illness, leading to the doctrine “analysis is therapy.” Furthermore, the analytical method applied in therapy must be based on dialogue. Therefore, “dialogue is therapy” is a more profound thought. Tracing back to ancient Socratic philosophy and linking the object of philosophy with its efficacy, we find that philosophical practice not only embodies the philosophical nature of returning to “soul dialogue” but also restores the ancient tenet of “mental therapy” in philosophy. Thus, philosophical practice undoubtedly assists in “returning to the original and opening up the new.”

Research-Practice Partnerships (RPPs) have been championed as a promising strategy to align research with the real-time priorities of policymakers and practitioners engaged in early childhood education (ECE) systems. Yet comparative studies of large-scale RPPs exploring the viewpoints of state-level stakeholders, particularly in the ECE context, remain limited. This paper presents a cross-case study of three RPPs focused on equity-driven quality improvements of state pre-K. We conducted a thematic analysis of 67 interviews, 33 observations, and over 200 documents, and identified critical elements of continuous quality improvement (CQI) at scale: (1) collective inquiry and consensus-building, (2) relational trust, (3) equitable collaborations, and (4) multiple liaisons to ensure sustainability. Furthermore, RPPs strengthened CQI by co-designing learning agendas, facilitating data collection and analysis, and shifting data use from accountability to improvement. Findings highlight the strengths, challenges, and opportunities of the RPPs, and offer implications for future partnership-driven improvements of ECE systems.

What government does/fails to do is conveyed to the public largely by records and information of various types in the public service, without which there will be no government. When records are poorly managed, much time is involved in sorting and locating needed information from large volumes of records. The rate of records misplaced or lost from which useful information for decision making is usually obtained makes it difficult to provide concise and up-to-date records of both past and present operations, raising the challenge of effective record-keeping. Thus this study examined records management practices in selected local government councils in Ogun State, Nigeria, adopting the descriptive survey research method using questionnaires for data collection. Its population comprised 415 records of personnel in the selected councils, of which 208 were sampled using simple random technique. From the 208 copies of the questionnaire administered on the registry personnel, 150 copies were useable, with a 72.12% response rate. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. The results indicated a prevalence of paper as the dominant medium for recording/conveying information in the councils with most of these being either in active state, semi-active, and vital and were kept and maintained in the registry, while in-active records were kept in the records store. Storage facilities for record-keeping were insufficient. Security measures against unauthorized access to records were by restrictions and subject users to managerial clearance. The study concluded that council records were in chaos and recommended the formulation of coherent records management policy, adequate budgetary provision, and adequate finance.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women in Malaysia. Despite the campaigns undertaken to raise the awareness of the public regarding breast cancer, breast cancer screening rates are still low in the country. The community pharmacist, as one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners, could play a role in the provision of breast cancer health promotion services to the community. However, there are no documented data regarding the community pharmacists' involvement in breast cancer related health promotion activities. Hence, this study was conducted to examine self-reported knowledge, practice and perception of community pharmacists on provision of breast cancer health promotion services and to investigate the barriers that limit their involvement. This cross-sectional survey conducted between May to September 2010, included a sample of 35 community pharmacists working in the districts of Hulu Langat and Sepang in state of Selangor. A 22-item validated questionnaire that included both closed and Lickert scale questions was used to interview those pharmacists who gave their informed consent to participate in the study. The data was analysed using SPSS. Only 11.3% of the community pharmacists answered all the questions on the knowledge section correctly. The mean overall knowledge of the community pharmacists on risk factors of breast cancer and screening recommendations is 56%. None of the respondents was currently involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Lack of time (80%), lack of breast cancer educational materials (77.1%) and lack of training (62.9%) were the top three mentioned barriers. Despite these barriers, 94.3% (33) of the community pharmacists agreed that they should be involved in breast cancer health promotion activities. Hence, there is need to equip community pharmacists with necessary training and knowledge to enable them to contribute their share towards prevention and screening of breast cancer.

최근 전 세계 주요 국가들은 본격적으로 OECD의 BEPS 프로젝트의 이행을 위해 Action 최종보고서의 권고사항을 내국세법에 입법화하고, 세무조사에 반영하는 등 자국의 과세권 강화에 집중하는 모습이다. 특히 유럽연합 집행위원회(European Commission)는 유명 다국적기업들의 유해조세제도(Harmful Tax Practice)에 대응하기 위한 국가 보조(State Aid) 조사를 활발히 진행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 OECD와 유럽연합(European Union)의 유해조세경쟁(Harmful Tax Competition)과 관련한 논의의 연혁부터 최근의 BEPS 프로젝트를 통한 유해조세환경 대응 관련 권고사항을 살펴보고, 유럽연합의 국가 보조 관련 규정과 집행위원회의 국가 보조 조사 결과 및 이와 관련한 미국의 입장에서의 주요 쟁점과 최근 국제적 동향에 대한 시사점을 검토하였다. 유럽연합 집행위원회는 아일랜드 - Apple, 벨기에 - 초과이익 감면 및 룩셈부르크 - Amazon 사건의 조세 예규에 대한 국가 보조 조사를 통해 최대 130억 유로(약 17조 4,800억 원) 규모의 미지급된 세금과 해당 이자를 지급받도록 하는 원상회복(Recovery) 조치 결정을 하였다. 유럽연합 집행위원회가 대규모 세금을 추징하면서 최종 결정을 내린 사건 외에도 추가적으로 진행 중인 조사 사건이 있기 때문에 유럽연합과 조사대상 다국적기업이 사업 활동을 영위하고 있는 해외 각국 간의 조세 분쟁 대상이 될 세금의 규모는 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상된다. BEPS 프로젝트의 본격적인 실행이 개시되면서 이행당사자인 국가 간의 분쟁과 과세당국 및 납세자 간의 분쟁은 증가하고 있고, 궁극적으로 국제거래를 영위하고 있는 다국적기업의 긴장감은 고조되고 있다. 이러한 국제조세 환경에서 최근의 유해조세제도 대응과 관련한 국제적 동향에 따른 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유럽연합 집행위원회의 국가 보조 조사는 당분간 지속될 것이므로 현재까지 주요 쟁점이 된 조세 예규를 통해 상대적 혜택을 받은 다국적기업과 해당 다국적기업이 사업을 영위하는 국가 및 유럽연합 간의 조세 분쟁이 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 둘째, BEPS 참여국들은 과세의 형평성을 갖춰서 국가 간 과세권 다툼이 더욱 심화되지 않도록 국제적 공조에 집중하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 일방 국가에서 부여한 조세 예규의 유효성이 보장 받지 못할 가능성이 존재하기 때문에 국가 입장에서는 이러한 조세 예규의 처리절차에서부터 특정 기업에 선택적 조세혜택을 부여하는 것이 아닌지에 대한 분석이나 현행 제도에 대한 제개정이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 넷째, 기업 입장에서는 경제적 실질에 부합하도록 정교한 조세 정책(Tax Policy)을 수립하고, 공정 경쟁을 저해하지 않는 거래의 실행이 필요할 것이다. 결과적으로 국가 입장에서는 BEPS 프로젝트의 3대 중점 과제인 일관성, 실재성 및 투명성에 따른 합리적인 제도 개선의 이행과 국제적 공조에 앞장서고, 다국적기업 입장에서는 관련 규정을 인지하여 준수해 나가야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Recently, major countries around the world have been focusing on strengthening their taxation rights by enacting legislations in accordance with the recommendations in the final reports of the BEPS Project and reflecting the recommendations in tax audits in order to implement the OECD’s BEPS Project. In particular, the European Commission (“EC”) is actively conducting state aid investigations to counter harmful tax practices of renowned multinational enterprises. Therefore, the examination of this study starts from the history of the OECD’s discussions on harmful tax competition and BEPS Project’s recommendations on countering harmful tax practices. The study then further reviews the regulations related to the European Union’s (“EU”) state aid control and the EC’s state aid investigation cases, as well as the U.S.’ position on the state aid measures and comprehensive implications thereof. Based on the examination of Ireland - Apple, Belgium - “excess profit” tax scheme, and Luxembourg ? Amazon cases, the EC provided decisions for the relevant countries to recover unpaid taxes plus interest of up to maximum 13 billion Euro (approximately 17.48 trillion Korean Won). In addition to the final decisions made by the EC on the recovery of a significant tax amount, as there are also other ongoing state aid investigations, the tax amounts subject to tax disputes between the EU and other residence countries of multinational enterprises would increase significantly. With the implementation of the BEPS Project in full force, conflicts are increasing between participating countries and also between tax authorities and taxpayers. Ultimately, tensions are rising among the multinational enterprises that are engaged in international transactions. As a result, the implications from the recent global developments on countering harmful tax practices are as follows. First, as the EC's state aid investigations would continue for some time, it is expected that tax disputes would increase among multinational enterprises that received favorable tax treatments through tax rulings on major issues, countries concerned with the multinational enterprises’ global business operations, and the EU. Second, for countries participating in the BEPS Project, it would be necessary to focus more on cooperation with other countries and on the equity of taxation, in order to minimize conflicts of taxation rights among countries. Third, because the validity of unilateral tax rulings is no longer guaranteed, countries would need to evaluate their tax ruling processes and whether they are granting selective tax benefits to certain enterprises, and to amend the current tax ruling system if necessary. Fourth, for multinational enterprises, it would be necessary to establish a more precise tax policy which conforms to the arm’s length principle in line with the economic substance and also to not conduct transactions that impede fair competition. As a result, it is believed that countries would need to focus on the implementation and amendment of regulations, and international cooperation, in accordance with the three main objectives of the BEPS Project: consistency, substance, and transparency. Multinational enterprises, on the other hand, would need to fully understand and comply with the relevant regulations.

국제사법재판소는, 2008년 12월 23일 독일이 이탈리아를 상대로 제소한 국가관할권 면제 사건의 2012년 2월 3일 판결에서, 제2차 세계대전 중 독일군의 행위의 불법 여부가 아니라, 이탈리아 법원의 독일에 대한 국가면제의 인정 여부가 쟁점이라고 지적했다. 국제사법재판소는 현행 국제관습법하에서 국가가 국제인권법 위반을 이유로 기소됐다고 해서 국가면제를 박탈당하지 않는다고 했다. 국제사법재판소는 독일군의 행위가 강행규범에 위배된다고 하더라도, 국제관습법상 외국에 대한 국가면제의 부여와 강행규범의 위반은 서로 충돌하지 않는다고 했다. 국가면제의 인정은 절차적인 것이지만, 강행규범의 위반은 실체적인 것이기 때문이다. 국제사법재판소는 국가면제의 적용을 반대하는 이탈리아와 국가면제의 적용을 주장한 독일의 입장을 검토하여, 국가면제가 적용돼야 한다는 독일의 청구를 인용한다고 판결했다. 그러나 이탈리아 법원과 헌법재판소가 국제사법재판소의 판결을 부인하는 결정과 판결을 잇달아 내리자, 독일은 2022년 4월 국제사법재판소에 이탈리아를 상대로 두 번째 제소했다. 독일은 이탈리아가 국제사법재판소의 판결을 의도적으로 위반했으므로 이를 시정하고, 위반이 반복되지 않도록 보장해줄 것을 요청했다. 이탈리아는 과거 피해자에 대한 배상기금을 조성하는 법을 제정하여 독일과의 갈등을 일단락 지었고, 2023년 7월 이탈리아 헌법재판소는 이 법이 합헌이라고 확인했다. 한국과 일본의 과거사 문제에 대한 갈등과 해결도 이탈리아의 경우와 유사하게 전개되었다. 한일 양국의 2015년 12월 위안부 합의와 2023년 3월 강제징용 배상에 대한 정치적 해결로 갈등은 일단 봉합되었지만, 완전한 사법적 해결은 미완의 상태라 할 수 있다. 이탈리아의 국가면제에 대한 사법부의 오랜 혼란과 정부의 정치적·외교적 해결을 주목하여, 국내에서도 과거사 문제에 대한 입법적·사법적 보완 조치를 취할 필요가 있다.

In its February 3, 2012 judgment in the Jurisdictional Immunity of the State case brought by Germany against Italy on December 23, 2008, the International Court of Justice noted that the Italian court's denial of state immunity to Germany was at issue, not the illegality of German military actions during World War II. The Court noted that under current customary international law, a state is not deprived of its immunity merely because it is accused of violating international human rights law. Even if the actions of the German army violated jus cogens (peremptory norms), the ICJ held that under customary international law, the granting of state immunity to a foreign state and the violation of jus cogens do not conflict with each other. This is because the recognition of state immunity is procedural, whereas a violation of jus cogens is substantive. After reviewing the positions of Italy, which argued against the application of state immunity, and Germany, which argued for the application of state immunity, the ICJ found in favor of Germany's claim that state immunity should apply. However, after a series of decisions and rulings by Italian courts and the Constitutional Court rejecting the ICJ's ruling, Germany brought a second action against Italy before the ICJ in April 2022. Germany claimed that Italy had intentionally violated the ICJ's judgment and requested that Italy remedy the violation and ensure that it would not be repeated. Italy resolved the conflict with Germany by enacting a law establishing a reparations fund for past victims, and in July 2023, the Italian Constitutional Court confirmed that the law was constitutional. The conflict and resolution of past history issues in Korea and Japan has unfolded similarly to the Italian case. While the December 2015 comfort women agreement and the March 2023 political settlement on forced labor compensation between Korea and Japan have resolved the conflict, a full judicial resolution remains incomplete. In light of the judiciary's longstanding confusion over state immunity and the government's political and diplomatic resolution in Italy, it is necessary to take complementary legislative and judicial measures on past history issues in Korea.

오늘날 국제사회는 GGE와 OEWG라는 UN의 두 포럼을 통하여 사이버공간에 어떠한 국제법이 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 논의하고 있다. 사이버공간을 규율하는 국제법의 확인 혹은 창설은 국가 간 회의를 통한 협상을 거쳐야 하며, 이러한 협상 과정에서 가장 중요한 작업은 국가들의 주요 입장과 국가실행의 공유라 할 것이다. 아직 초기 단계에 머무르고 있는 OEWG와 달리, 제6차 GGE 참가국은 자발적 국가 기여를 통하여 사이버공간에 적용되는 국제법에 관한 자국의 견해와 국가실행을 밝히고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 국제법의 여러 쟁점 가운데 jus ad bellum을 특정하여, 무력사용금지 원칙과 국가의 자위권 행사가 사이버공간에서 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지에 관한 주요국의 국가실행을 총체적으로 분석하고 있다. 이들 자발적 국가 기여는 어떠한 사이버공격이 국가에 대한 무력사용 혹은 무력공격을 구성할 수 있는지, 어떠한 상황에서 국가는 사이버공격에 대응하여 자위권을 발동할 수 있는지 등에 관한 구체적 법리와 기준을 제시하고 있다. GGE와 OEWG 보고서는 UN 헌장이 국가의 정보통신기술 이용에 적용된다는 원칙을 천명하고 있으므로, UN 헌장 및 국제관습법에 그 근간을 두고 있는 jus ad bellum은 응당 사이버공간에 적용된다. 이러한 기본적 원칙에서 더 나아가, 자발적 국가 기여 제도를 통한 국가실행의 공유와 그에 대한 공동의 이해는 사이버 수단을 이용한 국가의 무력사용ㆍ무력공격을 규율할 수 있는 국제법을 형성하고, 그 실체적 내용을 밝히는 작업에 박차를 가할 것이다.

The international community is now discussing how international law applies to cyberspace through two UN forums, the GGE and the OEWG. The international law-making process prerequisites negotiation between States, which requires sharing and exchanging state practice for common understandings. In this vein, this article examines the GGE States’ view and assessment of the jus ad bellum applicable to cyberspace by analyzing the UN official compendium of voluntary national contributions. The sixth GGE Report explicitly stipulates that the UN Charter applies to the States’ use of ICTs. It confirms an international consensus that the jus ad bellum laid down under the Charter can regulate malicious cyber operations constituting a use of force or an armed attack. The remaining issue, however, is the clarification. The GGE Report does not specify substantial contents of jus ad bellum, such as principles of necessity and proportionality required for invoking self-defense against cyber attacks. A comprehensive analysis of the voluntary national contributions submitted by each State would clarify what concrete actions States could take to invoke such principle. By exploring States’ position thereon, the article draws common legal grounds of jus ad bellum applicable to cyberspace.