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This paper analyzes the Korean conjunctives –ko and –ese, and the Turkish converb –Ip, which have various meanings, and reveals their similarities and differences visually using the semantic map model. –ko and –ese are learned at the beginner level but Turkish learners have shown many errors. Those two Korean conjunctives express different temporal meanings, however, the corresponding Turkish converb expressed them in a single form. Korean textbooks have introduced the meanings of –ko and –ese as [sequential] and [continuous], but it can be made more confusing for learners by presenting the meaning using the same term. Therefore, it is necessary to teach the meanings of the two connectives in more detail according to their syntactic characteristics. Since most textbooks of Korean do not clearly present the differences between the –ko and –ese, effective teaching methods for Turkish-speaking learners based on the Focus-on-Form approach are proposed. To teach the conjunctives –ko and –ese, distinguishing between features of different meanings and to recognize those differences is encouraged.

It is difficult for a Korean language learner to understand the difference between the use of locative case markers ‘-e(에)’ and ‘-eseo(에서)’ in most cases, when used as the meaning of ‘place, scope,’ and so on. In general, it is likely that most learners have been taught that ‘-e(에)’ is combined with a static verb and ‘-eseo(에서)’ is combined with a dynamic verb during the early stage of second language acquisition. However, in practice, this kind of ‘selectional restriction’ is not effective in distinguishing ‘-e(에)’ from ‘-eseo(에서)’, especially when the predicate is an adjective or an intransitive verb. This study suggests that educators should avoid the traditional way of distinction, which is centered on predicates, and encourages the teachers of Korean to provide learners with information about the differences in ‘subtle nuances’ of the two locative case markers, focusing on the perspective of the deep semantic structure of the sentence and the semantic elements(meaning of the context，the spatial meaning of the previous noun phrase, time semanteme). The semantic map model, which is a useful tool for inducing the implicative universality of language types, is an effective way to help teachers grasp the difference between the learner's native language and the target language from a cognitive point of view before they conduct a multi-national Korean lesson.

This study created the ‘modality semantic map’ on auxiliary verbs of mandarin inspired by the modality's semantic map of Van der Auwera & Plungian(1998). The findings of the study are as follows. First, according to the analysis of modality meanings of auxiliary verbs on ‘ability’ such as ‘能(neng)’, ‘會(hui)’ and ‘可以(keyi)’, they all showed ‘dynamic modality’, ‘deontic modality’ and ‘epistemic modality’. In particular, ‘dynamic modality’ was quite segmented. Second, according to the analysis of modality meanings of auxiliary verbs on ‘obligation’ such as ‘應該(yinggai)’, ‘得(dei)’, ‘要(yao)’, they all showed ‘deontic modality’ and ‘epistemic modality’. In particular, the ‘deontic modality’ was quite developed. Third, based on the analysis, the ‘conceptual spaces’ of auxiliary verbs were established and laid the basis for understanding the modality system of mandarin effectively and comprehensively. Lastly, the modality semantic map was created in two ‘conceptual spaces.’ The ‘semantic map’ in the study could systematically show the polysemy of a single auxiliary verb and clearly distinguish between close and similar modality meanings. Thus, it suggested a theoretical framework for the integrated education of modal auxiliary verbs of Mandarin.

数词是在日常生活中常用的一个成分，但汉语学界对此进行的研究不多。特别是数词2分化为“两”和“二”的现象没有得到足够的关注。虽然有一些语法书简单的讨论了其使用规则，但经常把很难说明的用法归为例外现象。 古代本来只有一个数词“二”，而上古汉语时代，“两”最初是表示天然成双的事物。后来数词“两”的用法扩展开来的。(参见王力，1980[2008])本文观察到，在汉语不同方言中，“两”的扩张程度以及“二”的缩小程度各不相同。因此，考察不同汉语方言的情况，我们不仅可以看到“两”和“二”的变化路径，而且还可以预测到在普通话中，“两”和“二”今后的演变路径。为了解决这些问题，本文运用语义地图模型(semantic map model)来构建了“两”和“二”的概念空间，并进一步尝试分析了“两”和“二”的扩张和缩小路径和机制。

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语义地图模型(Semantic Map Model)是近年来类型学界备受关注的一个新的研究方法。但中国和韩国的学界尚未广泛应用这一理论。本文将就语义地图模型的基本思路和具体操作方法做个大体介绍(上篇)，并重点介绍语义地图理论在中国和海外的研究情况(下篇)。

语义地图模型(Semantic Map Model)是近年来类型学界备受关注的一个新的研究方法。但中国和韩国的学界尚未广泛应用这一理论。本文将就语义地图模型的基本思路和具体操作方法做个大体介绍(上篇)，并重点介绍语义地图理论在中国和海外的研究情况(下篇)。

어떤 의미영역에 속하는 개념들의 상호관계를 탐구하여 개념지도를 그리고, 특정 언어에서 여러 요소들이 이 개념공간을 분할하는 양상을 의미지도로 그릴 수 있다. 이러한 의미지도 모형은 최근 언어유형론 연구에서 여러 의미영역에 적용되어 괄목할 만한 성과를 내고 있다. 한국어의 여러 어휘요소(털, 섭취 행위, 나무/숲, 색채, 친족) 및 문법요소(문장유형, 질문에 대한 대답, 종속, 부치사, 증거성, 비한정대명사, 계사, 단위사)에 대해서도 의미지도 모형을 적용할 수 있고, 각 영역에서 언어 현상 및 개념공간에 대한 우리의 이해를 깊게 하는 데에 기여할 수 있다.

You can study the relationship among concepts belonging to a semantic domain, and, based on the results, draw the conceptual map of this domain. Furthermore, you can use this universal conceptual map to draw the semantic map of that domain for a particular language. This semantic map shows the way various concepts partition the conceptual domain. Recently this model, known as Semantic Map Model, has been applied successfully to various areas. In this paper, I briefly sketch the application of this model to the task of semantic description of various lexical and grammatical elements in Korean, e.g. hair, eating and drinking, tree/wood, color, kinship; sentence type, patterns of answering to polar questions, subordination, adposition, evidentiality, indefinite pronoun, copula, so-called classifiers, etc. This model contributes much to the descriptive tasks, and can enhance our understanding on the basic concepts and issues related to various linguistic phenomena.

본 연구에서는 개념 / 의미 지도 방법론의 기본 아이디어와 장점, 성립 배경, 그리고 발전 경과를 두루 논의하고 이론적 쟁점에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 의미 지도는 어떤 언어 표현에서 확인되는 의미 구조의 범언어적 규칙성 혹은 보편성을 시각적으로 표상하는 방법을 가리키는 것이다. 먼저 어떤 개념 공간의 내적 구조(개념 지도) 즉 에틱(etic)적인 개념 간의 상관관계를 구성하고, 개별 언어의 어떤 형식이 표시하는 의미 범위(의미 지도) 즉 에믹(emic)적인 범주화의 결과를 시각적으로 보이는 언어유형론적 연구 방법의 하나이다. 수다한 언어 형식과 의미를 대조하고 그 결과를 간결하게 보이기 위해 고안된 방법론의 특성상, 이용되는 데이터의 양적 충분성과 질적 신뢰성, 지도의 구성 방식, 지도의 보편적 타당성 등 여러 측면이 근본적인 차원에서 의심될 수 있다. 그러나 그렇다고는 해도 대조언어학적 혹은 언어유형론적 연구에서 의미 지도 모델이 가지는 강력함과 효용성이부정되거나 무시되기는 어렵다고 본다. 특히 본 연구에서는 의미 지도 모델이 언어와 실재 사이의 복잡한 긴장 관계를 역사적으로 탐구하는 개념사 연구에도 유용할 수 있을 것으로 전망하였으며, 대규모 언어 자료에 기반한 네트워크 시각화 방법 또한 개념사 연구의 한 방법이 될 수 있다고 보았다.

This study aims to examine the basic ideas, utility, background, and methodological development of the semantic map model, and to validate some theoretical issues. The semantic map is a useful tool for visually representing cross-linguistic regularity or universality in the semantic structure of linguistic forms (e.g., morpheme, word, construction, etc.). To compare and contrast the meanings of different linguistic forms employing a semantic map, an internal structure (conceptual map) of a conceptual space is first constructed to characterize the interrelationship among etic concepts, then a semantic range (semantic map) of linguistic forms can be built upon this conceptual map to show the results of emic categorization. This methodology seeks to render outcomes concisely, and there are often questions about the quantitative sufficiency or qualitative reliability of data, as well as about configurational methods and the universal relevance of conceptual maps. Nevertheless, it is hard to deny the power and utility of the semantic map model in contrastive linguistics or in typological studies, since it originates from a long tradition of research into meaning, and it has an intuitive visual clarity. This study also considers the future use of semantic map models and network visualizations which will be based on vast linguistic resources, anticipating how valuable such tools will be for conceptual history research which explores the complex dynamic relationship between language and reality.

This paper disscused that the phenomenon of equivalence between the negative marker '不' and '没' in Modern Chinese. It is an indication that '没' is in the process of usage expansion or usage change. In order to examine this usage change and trend in detail, the usage patterns of negation system and negation marker in Modern Chinese dialects are examined, and semantic maps are utilized as a tool for visible and efficient comparison. Negative markers in single-negative dialects often use the m-system negatives '没', '冇', etc. When the negation systems of the dialects were divided into monolingual and non-monolingual systems, it was found that the 'm' family, which is identical to '没', is dominant in the monolingual negation system, and that various aspects of sameness appear in the non-monolingual system. We believe that these features have influenced the expansion of the usage of '没' in Standard Chinese, and we will study them in more depth through diachronic considerations in future research.

汉语的“上(面/边)”、韩语的“wi(위)/sang(상)”和英语的“on”都具有“射体位于地标之上” 的语义，但是它们表达的抽象意义和时间意义却有所不同。对此，本稿通过语义地图，明示 了“上(面/边)”、“wi(위)/sang(상)”和“on”之间的语义关系。 “上(面/边)”、“wi(위)/sang(상)”和“on”都含有 [上方]、[接触]、[具体] 这些基本的语 义特征，但是语义的扩张方向却各不相同。汉语的“上(面/边)”具有[上方]、[接触]的语义特 征，并从表达“接触的上方”这一具体语义，逐步向表达“抽象空间”的语义进行扩展。韩语固有 词汇“wi(위)”在“空间意义”的语义扩展方式上与汉语的“上(面/边)”相同，并且衍生出了[上方] 的抽象意义。韩语的汉字词汇“sang(상)”与固有词汇“wi(위)”呈现互补，表达了“wi(위)”所不 具备的部分语义英语“on”从[接触]这一语义特征出发，衍生出其他引申义。“on”所引申出的 “时间”义是“上(面/边)”和“wi(위)/sang(상)”所不具备的。由于基本语义和语法化机制的不 同，导致了“上(面/边)”、“wi(위)/sang(상)”和“on”在语义上的差异。尽管如此，“上(面/ 边)”、“wi(위)/sang(상)”和“on”都具有从“位置”到“空间”、从“具体”到“抽象”乃至“时间”等语义 扩张的共性。本稿透过语义地图，用一目了然的方式展现了三种语言在认知上所具有的相关 性。 本稿分析了不同语言的语义扩展方式，找出了不同语言在语义扩张上所具有的相同点和 不同点，期待今后通过对其他语言中具有“空间”概念的词汇所进行的比较和分析，能够勾画出 更广阔、更精密的语义地图。

본고는 부사 ‘还’와 ‘아직·여태’의 통사적 측면을 살펴본 후 의미 확장 현상을 기술하면서 여러 개념들 간에 관련성 정도를 탐색하였다. 또한, 이를 바탕으로 개념공간을 구축한 후 의미지도를 제시하여 세 어휘요소를 대조 분석하여 보편성과과 개별성을 살펴보았다. 중국어 부사 ‘还’는 ‘지속, 중복, 추가, 정도, 어기’의 개념공간으로 구축되는 반면에 한국어 부사 ‘아직’과 ‘여태’는 각각 ‘지속, 유보적 판단’과 ‘(시간적) 미침, 어기’의 개념공간으로 구축된다. 부사 ‘还’는 ‘여태’가 가지고 있는 ‘(시간적) 미침’을 제외하고 ‘아직’과 ‘여태’의 의미영역과 중첩되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 의미지도를 통해 이 세 어휘요소는 ‘지속’의 의미를 공유하고 있으며, 그로부터 확장된 개념적 의미는 교차되는 부분도 있지만 구별되는 부분도 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 의미영역이 교차되더라도 ‘还’가 ‘아직’ 또는 ‘여태’와 반드시 대응되는 것은 아님을 밝혔다. 중국어 부사가 ‘还’가 어기의미를 가질 때 의문대사와 유표적 부호와 함께 실현되며, 반드시 ‘여태’로 표현되지 않고 한국어 종결어미로도 실현이 가능하다. 이처럼 중국어 ‘还’가 가지게 있는 넓은 의미 스펙트럼은 중국어의 언어 현실을 반영한 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 한국어 부사 ‘여태’와 대응함에 있어서 복잡한 언어적 실제가 반영하고 있다는 사실 역시 중국어 부사 ‘还와 한국어 부사 ‘아직·여태’의 개별적 특징을 반영한 것으로 볼 수 있다.

We explored the degree of relevance between concepts by describing the meaning of adverbs ‘Hai’ and ‘Ajik’，‘Yeotea’ and presented semantic map model based on this after establishing conceptual space for them. While the Chinese adverb ‘Hai’ is built as the conceptual space of ‘continuing, duplication, addition, degree’ and ‘modality', Chinesen adverb ‘Hai’ and Korean adverb ‘Ajik’，‘Yeotea’ are constructed as conceptual space of ‘continuous, reserved judgment’ and ‘(timely) not yet’ respectively. The semantic map confirms that the three vocabulary elements share the meaning of ‘continous’, and that the extended conceptual meaning from it has some universality but some individuality.

In the modern Chinese language, the adverb “也” is one of the most frequently used adverbs with various semantic functions. One type of language form expressing various meanings is appropriate in terms of the economy principle of language. From the panlinguistic perspective, when a certain type of language form also exists in another language with similar functions and semantic meanings, which is not a coincidence but rather is reflective of a universal rule within the conceptual space of humans. In fact, the auxiliary particle “도”(to) in Korean has similar semantics as “也.”. The present study used a semantic map model to first illustrate the conceptual space and semantic map of the common Chinese adverb “也.” Then, the study verified and supplemented the conceptual space and semantic map of the common Chinese adverb through an analysis of the semantics on the Korean auxiliary particle “도.” The following are the main contents examined in this study. First, this study included as the node the “parallel” meaning of “也” which has been excluded in past research. Furthermore, through the semantic analysis of the Korean auxiliary particle “도,” it verified the validity of adding “parallel” of “也” as a node. Second, the node of “condition” and “random condition” which have been used in past research were combined and modified, resetting the node as “similarity without exception.” Third, the “urgent situation” node was revised as the “fact is discrepant from speaker’s expectation” node, and the “maintain the minimum” node was revised as the “emergence of evidence and cause” node. In addition, these related nodes were connected in the order of “supplement - fact is discrepant from speaker’s expectation - emergence of evidence and cause.” Fourth, the meaning of “total denial, strong denial” of the Korean auxiliary particle “도” was combined with the “extreme” meaning of “也” to reset them as the “inclusion of degree” node. Fifth, through the semantic analysis of the Korean auxiliary particle “도,” the semantic map of the adverb “也” was verified and modified and illustrated together with the semantic map of the Korean auxiliary particle “도.”

This study newly observed and interpreted the origin and development of expressions of ancient Chinese recognition patterns based on the methodology proposed by van der Auwera et al. (1998) and 范曉蕾 (2014, 2016, 2017, 2021). In a series of studies, 范曉蕾 has newly established a conceptual space related to Chinese patterns that conform to the Chinese situation based on modern Chinese dialect data. This paper applied this study to the use status of ancient Chinese auxiliary verbs to examine its validity. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions were obtained. First, [ability] is divided into [conditional possibility] and [internal ability]. [Permission] is divided into [conditional permission] and [deontic permission]. Of these, only [conditional permission] is related to [epistemic possibility] and not directly related to the other three functions. The development of the auxiliary verbs ‘能’, ‘可’, and ‘得’ generally corresponds to this. Second, the sub-concept of [internal ability] is divided into [constant ability] and [specific ability]. Among them, [constant ability], which represents the ability of generic action, develops into the path of [conditional necessity]-[predictable future]-[epistemic probability]. The development of the auxiliary verbs ‘解’ and ‘會’ generally corresponds to this. Third, ‘necessity’ includes [environmental necessity] and [deontic necessity]. Two types of [necessity] were subjectified and developed into [perception necessity]. The development of the auxiliary verbs ‘宜’, ‘當’, ‘應’, ‘combination’, and ‘須’ generally corresponds to this.

This study aims at an effective educational method of ‘-에/-에서’ by constructing a semantic map model of the Locative case marker ‘-에/-에서’ and the German preposition of place ‘in’ and examining the usage patterns and error types regarding ‘-에/-에서’ made by beginner level German-speaking learners of Korean. To this end, attention was paid to common error patterns of German-speaking Korean learners’ use of ‘-에/-에서’ and the error patterns seen with Korean-speaking learners of German in the use of the preposition of place ‘in’. In current educational methods, the choice of ‘-에/-에서’ is generally explained on the basis of whether the predicate of the sentence is an action verb or a state verb, or whether the speaker is in a rather static or dynamic emotional state. In particular, it is found difficult for learners at the beginner level to understand the semantic differentiation of ‘-에/-에서’ based on the specifics of space. As an alternative, this paper proposes an educational method to explain the meaning range of ‘-에/-에서’ through the concept of destination point, current position, internal location, and contact point based on the semantic map model.

The Le Diasema research methodology offers a significant advantage by enabling the comprehensive use of semantically mapped data available online, which can overcome the limitations of traditional lexical typological research. This study employs Le Diasema’s diachronic semantic map automatic design protocol to construct and analyze a lexical diachronic semantic map for the Chinese ‘推(push)’ verbs. By inductively gathering 26 cross-linguistic concepts related to ‘push’ from online databases, a typological synchronic semantic map was designed. The study then implemented a diachronic semantic map by mapping the attested lexicalization and semantic change patterns of the Chinese ‘push’ verbs onto the synchronic semantic map. In cross-linguistic semantic change, ‘push’ often evolves into actions involving pushing movements. In Chinese, ‘推’ verbs have extended meanings like <pound, grind>, <knead>, <thresh>, <refuse>. The meanings <pound, grind>, <knead>, and <thresh> are instrumental actions derived metonymically, while <refuse> is a metaphorical extension derived from the abstraction of a physical act into a social action. Uniquely in Chinese, pushing actions are metaphorically projected onto the abstract domain, with the object representing social positions, resulting in meanings like <recommend>. In modern times, pushing actions have been further projected onto the temporal domain, resulting in meanings such as <postpone>.

본 연구는 디자인 전개 과정 중 레퍼런스 이미지 분석 단계에서 활용할 수 있는 감성 기반 이미지 포지셔닝 방법을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존의 레퍼런스 분석이 직관과 경험에 의존하는 한계를 보완하기 위해, 의미분별법(Semantic Differential: SD)을 기반으로 감성 평가 구조를 설정하고, 디자인 사례 분석에 적합한 개념 틀로 BFC(Basic Requirements, Feature Set, Core Identity) 모델을 적용하여 분석 과정을 구조화하였다. 연구 방법으로는 인공지능 언어모델을 활용하여 감성어 도출, SD 형용사 쌍 구성, 이미지 감성 평가 및 데이터 생성, 그리고 시각화까지의 분석 절차를 설계하였다. 레퍼런스 이미지는 BFC 구조에 따라 기능, 구조, 감성의 세 영역으로 평가되며, 각 영역의 평균값을 산출하여 이를 3차원 좌표로 변환함으로써 이미지 간 관계를 공간적으로 시각화하였다. 또한 3차원 이미지 맵을 보완하기 위해 B–F, F–C, B–C 차원의 2차원 투영 맵과 군집 분석을 함께 활용하여 디자인 사례 간 유사성과 차이를 보다 명확하게 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구는 인공지능을 디자인 창작 도구가 아닌 분석 과정의 보조 도구로 활용하여 감성어 도출부터 시각화까지의 과정을 통합적으로 지원하는 방법을 제안하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. 나아가 본 방법은 레퍼런스 이미지 간 관계를 구조적으로 해석하고 디자인 방향 설정을 지원하는 분석 프레임으로 활용될 수 있으며, 디자인 교육 환경에서 분석 과정의 체계화와 데이터 기반 의사결정을 지원하는 실용적 방법론으로서의 가능성을 제시한다.

This study aims to propose an emotion-based image positioning method applicable to the reference image analysis stage in the design development process. To address the limitations of conventional reference analysis, which often relies on intuition and experience, this study adopts the Semantic Differential (SD) method to establish an emotional evaluation framework and applies the BFC (Basic Requirements, Feature Set, Core Identity) model as a conceptual structure suitable for design case analysis. The proposed methodology incorporates an AI-based language model to support the processes of emotional keyword generation, construction of SD adjective pairs, image evaluation, data generation, and visualization. Reference images are evaluated across three dimensions?function, structure and emotion?based on the BFC model. The mean values of each dimension are then calculated and transformed into coordinates within a three-dimensional space, enabling spatial visualization of relationships among images. To enhance interpretability, two-dimensional projection maps (B?F, F?C, B?C) and cluster analysis are additionally employed to clarify similarities and differences among design cases. This study is significant in that it proposes a method of utilizing artificial intelligence not as a creative design tool but as a supporting tool for the design analysis process, integrating emotional language extraction with quantitative visualization. The proposed approach can function as an analytical framework for interpreting relationships among reference images and supporting design direction setting, and it demonstrates potential as a practical methodology for structuring analysis processes and enabling data-driven decision-making in design education contexts.