Earticle

The research for incubation period, mycelial density, day required for primordial formation after inoculation(below DPI), number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000(㎍/50g) of Na2SeO3 is following. Incubation periods of P. cornucopiae are 25~30 days per each treatment with Na2SeO3. Compared to the control which took 22 days of incubation period, it is increased 3 or 8 days for the treatment of 600~1000㎍/50g. Mycelial density of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 600 and 1000㎍/50g is very similar with control. DPI of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 600 and 1000㎍/50g was increased 3 or 8 days. Number of valid stipes of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 600 and 1000㎍/50g was between 10 and 16. It was decreased 2 or 8 as compared to 18 of control. Individual weight of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 600 and 1000㎍/50g was between 94 and 116g/850cc. It was decreased 5.7~23.5% as compared to 123g/850cc of the control. Accumulation amount of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 600 and 1000㎍/50g was 9.1 ~ 10.8㎍/g/dry. It was increased 182~216 times as the concentration increased when compared to 0.05㎍/g/dry of the control. In conclusion, incubation period, mycelial density, DPI, number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 600~ 1000㎍/g of Na2SeO3 was decreased. So that the optimal treatment was less 400㎍/g than 600~ 1000㎍/g.

The research for incubation period, mycelial density, day required for primordial formation after inoculation(below DPI), number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 100, 200, 300, 400, 500(㎍/50g) of Na2SeO3 is following. Incubation periods of P. cornucopiae are 20~23 days per each low concentration treatment with Na2SeO3. Compared to the control which took 22 days of incubation period, it is reduced 1 or 2 days. Mycelial density of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 100 and 500㎍/50g is very compact. DPI of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 100 and 400㎍/50g was reduced 1 or 2days, but 500㎍/50g was increased 1 day. Number of valid stipes of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 100 and 400㎍/50g is between 19 and 20. It was increased 1 or 2, as compared to 18 of control, but 500㎍/50g was reduced to 1. Individual weight of P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 100 and 400㎍/50g was between 129 and 138g/850cc. It was increased 4.9~12.2% as compared to 123g/850cc of the control but 500㎍/50g was 122g/50g. Accumulation amount of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae treated with Na2SeO3 between 100 and 500 ㎍/50g was 2.73 ~ 8.19㎍/g/dry. It was increased 55~164 times as the concentration increased when compared to 0.05 ㎍/g/dry of the control. In conclusion, incubation period, mycelial density, DPI, number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 100,~ 400㎍/g of Na2SeO3 was increased, but 500 ㎍/50g was reduced. So more than 500㎍/50g concentration treatments are required research.

Background: Long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with a high risk of Se deficiency. This study analyzed the prevalence of Se deficiency, correlations between patient characteristics and Se concentrations, and changes in Se concentrations according to Se supplementation in neonates receiving long-term PN. Methods: Medical records of 36 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from March 2012 to May 2024 who received PN for more than two weeks and had their serum Se concentrations measurements were reviewed. Se deficiency was defined as a serum concentration below 57 mcg/L. The prevalence of Se deficiency was assessed. Correlations between Se concentrations and patient characteristics were analyzed using scatter plots and linear regression. In a subgroup of 19 patients, changes in Se concentrations between pre- and post-supplementation were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The average gestational age was 28.6±3.8 weeks and the average birth weight was 1.2±0.7 kg. Average first serum Se concentration was 19.0±7.7 mcg/L (measured after 36.6±16.5 days of PN). All 36 (100%) patients were found to have Se deficiency. Se concentrations showed negative correlations with NPO duration (p=0.006, r=-0.446) and PN supply (kcal/kg/day, p=0.004, r=-0.463). In the subgroup of 19 patients who received intravenous Se supplementation (3.8±1.3 mcg/kg/day for 30.8±9.6 days), the Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant increase in Se concentration during post-supplementation compared to the concentration during pre-supplementation (U=6.50, p <0.05). Conclusion: All patients receiving PN for more than two weeks showed Se deficiency. Despite intravenous Se supplementation, only 2 in 19 patients reached normal concentration. Therefore, earlier assessment and sufficient intravenous Se supplementation are recommended to prevent Se deficiency in neonates receiving long-term PN.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil selenium (Se) supplementation level on Se contents of green tea and milk vetch. Four different concentrations of sodium selenite ($Na_2SeO_3$) solutions (0.0, 3.3, 33.0 and 165.0${\mu}g/mL$) were prepared and one liter of each solution was well mixed with 10 kg of compost (cowpea soil) to give four different levels of Se-containing soil: $T_1$, 0; $T_2$, 33; $T_3$, 330; $T_4$, and 1,650${\mu}g$/100 g soil. Green tea plants and milk vetch were individually cultivated in those soils for 60 days. Se contents of freeze-dried green tea leaves were 6.87, 10.40, 12.04, and 20.19 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively; all of which were significantly different (p<0.05) from the others except for $T_2$ and $T_3$. The results showed that Se-contents of green tea leaves were increased 1.5$\sim$2.9 times as the Se level in the soil increased. Regression equation between Se contents in green tea (Y) and soil Se supplementation level (X) was: Y=0.007X＋8.857. However, Se contents in the milk vetch were increased significantly (p<0.05) more with the same treatments $T_3$ (74 ${\mu}g/g$) and $T_4$ (187$\mu$g/g) in comparison to those at $T_1$ (5.0 ${\mu}g/g$) and $T_2$ (12.0$\mu$g/g). The increases ranged from approximately between 2.4 to 37.4 times that of the control group. Regression equation between Se contents in milk vetch (Y) and soil Se supplementation level (X) was: Y=0.1063X＋15.989. The large difference of Se contents between green tea leaves and milk vetch would be attributed by the difference of protein contents between the 30% or higher protein-content of legumes and 15$\sim$20% protein of shrubs. The present study clearly indicates that green tea leaves and milk vetch can be enriched in selenium by supplementing the soil with Se. Therefore, Se-enriched green tea or milk vetch powder could be utilized as functional foods in Se-fortified green tea drinks or salads, or as food additives to enhance the daily intake of Se.

The purpose of this study was to assess the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement for male White Pekin ducklings with a specific focus on growth performance for the 3 weeks following hatching. A total of 384 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were allocated to six different dietary treatments, each containing varying levels of digestible Lys content ranging from 0.72% to 1.12%. All amino acids in the diets remained consistent except for Lys. The ducklings were randomly distributed into 24-floor pens, with each treatment group comprising eight pens, and each pen housing eight ducklings. The diets were offered ad-libitum throughout the study. Weekly measurements of body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate the feed conversion ratio. The SID Lys requirement was determined by analyzing the data using both linear-plateau and quadratic-plateau models and calculating the mean value. The results demonstrated a significant linear (p < 0.001) and quadratic (p < 0.001) improvement in body weight gain and feed efficiency with increasing SID Lys content in the diet. According to the linear-plateau regression analysis, the estimated SID Lys requirements for final body weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency were 1.00%, 1.00%, and 0.98%, respectively. Conversely, the quadratic-plateau regression analysis yielded estimated SID Lys requirements of 1.11%, 1.11%, and 1.10%, respectively, for the same parameters. In summary, this study established that the recommended SID Lys levels for White Pekin ducklings for the 3 wk period after hatching were found to be 1.05%, 1.05%, and 1.04% for achieving the finest final body weight, daily gain, and feed efficiency, respectively.

알코올의 섭취가 Se가 vitamin E 수준을 달리한 흰주의 체내 Se 수준 및 심장, 간세포 형태에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 평균 체중이 58~62g인 Sprague-Dawley계의 젖을 갖뗀 숫쥐 72마리를 12군으로 나누어 Se의 수준을 식이 kg당 0mg, 0.4mg,10mg으로 달리하고 vitamin E는 식이 Kg당 0mg, 150mg으로 하여 7주간 사육시켰다. 알코올 섭취는 실험시작 3주째부터 ethanol을 급수물에 10% 맞추어 섭취군과 비섭취군으로 나누어서 섭취군에서는 제한없이 먹게 하였다. 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 혈액과 소변의 Se의 수준은 식이내 Se 수준의 차이에 따라 유의적인 차이를보여 식이내 Se수준이 높은 H-군, 정상적으로 섭취한 C-군, 결핍된 L-군의 순으로 높았으며 알코올 섭취군들은 낮은 경향을 보였다. 간장, 신장의 Se의 농도는 식이 Se 수준에 비례하여 H-, C-, L- 순으로 높았으며 알코올 섭취로 인한 Se농도의 변화는, 알코올을 섭취한 군둘의 Se 농도가 낮은 경향이나 신장에서는 반대로 높은 경향이었다. 전자현미경을 통한 관찰에서 심근세포 조직형태의 변화는 식이내 Se수준이 높은 H-군들, Se수준이 낮은 L-군에서 lysosome의 증가 및 지방적 출현, mitochondria의 종창, 특히 모세혈관의 내피세포에 심한 종창이 일어났고, 알코올을 섭취한 군들에도 심근세포의 종창, lysoscme의 증가, mitochondria 변화를 보였다. Se을 과잉으로 섭취하고 vitamin E를 정상으로 섭취한군(HC-)에서는 특이한 변화가 없었으나 알코올을 투여한 HCA군에서 지방적이 나타났다. 특히 Se과 vitamin E이 결핍되고 알코올을 섭취한 LLA군에서는 lysosome의 증가 및 지방적이 많이 증가 하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol administration on selenium concentration and cell morphology in tissurs of rats fed with the different levels of selenium (Se) and vitamin E. Seventy two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing about 58~62g were divided into 12 groups. The dietary Se levels were 0mg(L-), 0.4mg(C-) and 10mg(H-), and the dietary vitamin E levels were 0mg(-L) and 150mg(-C) per kg diet, respectively. Alcohol-adminstrated groups(--A) received the triple distilled potable water solution containing 10% of ethanol from the 3rd week of experimental periods. The obtained experimental results are summarized as follows. Se concentration in blood and urine made difference in accordance with Se level in diet and tended to be low in alcohol administrated groups. Se concentration in liver and kidney was also directly proportional to the dietary Se level, and it tended to be low in each alcohol group, but Se concentration in kidney tended to be increased by alcohol administration. Myocardium in rats showed lysosome increasing, fat droplet, mitochondrial swelling, and in particular, bad intracellular edema, in H-group fed with high Se and in L-group with low Se. It also showed such phenomena in the alcohol administrated group. In HC-group fed with excessive Se and normal vitamin E. there appeared no noticeable change in liver tissue. However, in the alcohol administrated HCA-group, there came out fat droplet. Especially, in the alcohol administrated LLA-group, not fed with sufficient Se and vitamin, E, there were found lysosome increasing and a number of fat droplet.

The influence of selenium to several toxic effects of cadmum, including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium, zinc and seleniurm Five groups of rats, each consisting of 16 rats, were studied and each group was divided into four subgroups, 4 rats for each subgroup. After subcutaneous pretreatment during 5 days with saline, CdCl$_{2}$ (0.5mg/kg, ZnCl$_{2}$ (13.0mg/kg) and $Na_{2}SeO_{3}$(1.0mg/kg), rats were given intraperitioneal administration of various dosage of or cadium of cadmium and selenium. After giving the challenge dose, cadmium and metallothionein(MT) concentrations were determined in liver and kidney The concentration of cadmium in liver and kideny increased proportionally to the increase of challenge dosage. The simultaneous administration of cadmium and selenium significantly more decrease cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney than those of the administration of cadmium only. However, MT concentrations in liver and kideny were increased by the pretreatment of cacmium, zinc and selenium. Our results suggest that increasing cadmium concentrations, gradully accumulating in the tissues of liver and kidney as a result of the pretreatment, served to induced the synthesis of MT, thus making them resistant to the challenge from cadmium.

항산화 기능이 있는 것으로 알려진 셀레늄의 약물전달 효율을 높이기 위하여 마이크로 캡슐 피막제로 키토산(0.1~0.9%)을 사용하여 chitosan nano-selenium을 제조하여 chitosan nan-oselenium의 모양과 형태는 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 이용하여 관찰하였고, 입자의 크기는 ELS-8000으로 측정하였으며, chitosan nano-selenium의 항산화 효능과 세포독성을 조사하였다. Chitosan nano-selenium의 모양과 형태를 SEM(JSM-5400, Japan)으로 관찰한 결과 구형을 이루고 있어 마이크로 캡슐을 형성한 것을 알 수가 있었고, chitosan nano-selenium의 입자의 크기를 ELS-8000으로 측정한 결과, 입자 크기는 대략 50~500 nm로 분포되었으며, chitosan nano-selenium은 chitosan 농도가 높을수록 입자의 크기도 커지는 것을 알 수가 있었다. 입자 크기는 0.1% chitosan nano-selenium은 $55{\pm}5$ nm가 많이 분포가 되어 있고, 0.3%는 $60{\pm}5$ nm가 많이 분포되어 있고, 0.5%는 $70{\pm}5$ nm, 0.7%는 $100{\pm}5$ nm, 0.9%는 $450{\pm}5$ nm가 많이 분포되어 있는 것을 확인하였다. 0.1% chitosan nano selenium 전자공여능은 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 농도에서 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% 및 0.9% chitosan nano selenium은 90.28.0%, 90.36%, 89.34%, 89.33% 및 89.49%로 나타나 항산화효능의 높은 값을 보였으나, chitosan 함량에 따른 항산화 효능의 차이는 볼 수 없었다. Chitosan nano-elenium은 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.9% chitosan nano-selenium에서의 독성이 강하게 나타나지 않았으며, 0.7% chitosan nano-selenium에서는 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ 농도에서 61.60% 생존율을 보여 약간의 독성이 있었지만 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 85.44%로 생존율이 증가하였고, 0.9% chitosan nano-selenium에서 생존율이 90.08~98.71%로 가장 높은 값을 보였다.

Selenium was initially considered toxic to humans, but it was then discovered that selenium is essential for normal life processes. Selenium plays important roles in antioxidants. It is expected that chitosan microcapsules containing nano-selenium will be able to be used as a key material in bio-medical and cosmetic applications. The high concentration of chitosan derivatives guarantees increased antioxidative activity. Both inorganic and organic forms of selenium can be nutritional sources. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help prevent cellular damage from free radicals. The objective of this experiment was to study the antioxidative activity of chitosan nano-selenium. Our experiments were divided into five groups, in the presence of various concentrations(0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9%) of chitosan. We performed an assessment of the antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity of respective concentrations of chitosan nano-selenium. The antioxidant activity was examined by the free radical scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay. The cytotoxicity effect was measured by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. As a result, the electron donating abilities of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9% of chitosan nano-selenium exhibited effective andioxidant scavenging activity at 12.5 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against DPPH radicals. 0.3% chitosan nano-selenium did not show cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. In general, the cytotoxicity of 0.1% and 0.9% chitosan nano-selenium showed the lowest effects. Though low cytotoxicity of 0.5% and 0.7% chitosan nano-selenium exhibited 29.67% and 38.4% against human keratinocytes on adding 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively, cell vitality was recovered with 200 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These findings support the notion that chitosan nano-selenium may be useful as a new active ingredient source for bioactive compounds.

Met과 Se의 공급수준이 흰쥐의 알코올대사 효소계에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고자, Sprague-Dawley종의 웅성 흰쥐에게 Se 무첨가 및 정상공급식이 (0, 0.45mg/kg diet)에 Met(0, 3, 9g/kg diet)을 투여한 후 5주와 10주간 사육하여 간조직중의 알코올 대사효소와 항산화 방어 효소계 활성도를 관찰하였다. 알코올은 aldehyde dehydrogenase와 microsomal ethanol oxidizing system 활성도를 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, Met과 Se의 동시 결핍시 현저하게 감소하였고 Met과 Se의 동시 공급군의 경우 알코올 투여기간이 길수록 그 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였다. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 활성도는 알코올 투여로 감소하였으며 Met과 Se 동시 결핍군에서는 현저한 감소를 나타내었고, 사육기간이 길수록 그 활성이 유의적으로 감소되었다. Cytochrome P-450과 xanthine oxidase 활성도는 알코올 투여 시 유의적으로 증가되었는데 Se 결핍시 Met 결핍군과 과량공급군에서 그 증가가 현저하였으며, 5주 실험군에 비해 10주 실험군에서 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. Superoxide dismutase, catalase 및 glutathione S-transferase 활성도는 알코올 투여시 증가되었으며, superoxide dismutase와 catalase 활성도는 알코올 투여기간이 길수록 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 알코올 투여시 glutathione peroxidas 활성도는 감소되었으며, Met 수준이 높을수록 증가하는 경향이었고, Met과 Se 동시 결핍시 현저하게 감소하였다. 이상의 결과에서 식이성 Met과 Se은 동물의 성장 및 정상적 대사유지에 필수적인 영양소로서 알코올 투여 시 Met과 Se 첨가에 따라 알코올대사 효소활성도와 항산화 방어효소 활성도의 변화를 유도할 수 있었다. 또한 식이 kg당 3g의 Met과 0.45mg의 Se 동시 공급시 원활한 알코올대사를 유도하여 알코올성 간손상을 가장 효율적으로 경감시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of methionine(Met) and selenium(Se) levels on alcohol metabolic enzyme system in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed on diets containing one of the three levels of Met(0, 3, 9g/kg diet) with or without Se(0.45mg/kg diet). Alcohol was administrated with 25%(v/v) ethanol orally at the same time once a day in alcohol group and isocaloric sucrose was administrated to the control group. The rats were sacrificed after 5 and 10 week of feeding periods. Alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS) activities of hepatic tissuedom were increased more in alcohol treated groups than control group. Increment of activities preinated in simultaneous deficiency of dietary Met and Se(LMet-Se+EtOH) group. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (AIDH) activity was decreased more in alcohol treated groups than control group and significantly decreased in Met and Se supplemented(NMet+Se+EtOH) group. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and xanthine oxidase(XO) activity were significantly increased in alcohol treated groups Compared to control group and predominated in Met deficiency(LMet) group and excessive Met administration (HMet) group. Superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities tended to increase by alcohol administration, the degree of increase predominated in 10 week. The activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was decreased in alcohol groups and tended to increase in proportion to the level of dietary Met.

Background: Selenium is one of the trace minerals whose deficiency is known to lead to complications of female reproduction. The identified gaps in researches regarding selenium and pregnancy include optimizing the dosage of selenium supplementation, timing of supplementation, finding the best form and type of selenium, and selenium administration combined with other antioxidants. Hence, this study was conceptualized to address one of the identified gaps, that is, to find out the best timing of selenium administration around the time of pregnancy. Specifically, this study aimed to assess the effects of maternal Selenium-supplementation, administered at various stages of periconception period, on murine blastocyst morphology, percent occurrence of good quality blastocysts, and implantation status. Methods: ICR female mice were randomly assigned into the unsupplemented group (Group I) receiving basal diet without selenium, and treatment groups given with 3.0 μg selenium-supplement per day during pregestation only (Group II), pregestation-throughout-gestation (Group III) and gestation only (Group IV). Both blastocyst morphology and implantation status were assessed. Results: The morphometric measurements of blastocysts appeared to be unaffected by selenium-supplementation at different stages of periconception. Selenium-supplementation at pregestation only (Group II) and gestation only (Group IV) produced higher percent occurrence of good quality blastocysts and lower percent pre-implantation loss than Group III. Among all the treatment groups, Group III (Selenium-supplementation during pregestation-to-gestation) yielded the lowest quality blastocysts and highest percent pre-implantation loss. Conclusion: Maternal selenium-supplementation during pregestation and gestation stages of the periconception period yielded a high percent occurrence of good quality blastocysts and pre-implantation success.

The present study was devised to determine the effects of vitamin E and selenium (Selevit) on body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters in the orchidectomized (Orch) rats. Intact group (n=15) received no treatment and operation. Orch＋Selevit received operation and Selevit. The body weights of each group increased, but that of the Orch＋Selevit group were significantly lower than those of all the other groups. There were significantly different decreased (p＜0.001) of body weights between Orch＋Selevit group and all the other groups. Also, organ weights such as heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle were measured. The heart and liver weights in the Orch＋Selevit group were significantly different decreased (p＜0.001) in comparison with those in the Intact and Sham groups. The kidney weights in the Orch＋Selevit group were significantly different decreased (p ＜0.01, p＜0.001) in comparison with those in all the other groups. The number of white blood cell (WBC) was significantly higher (p＜0.05) in the Orch＋Selevit group than in all the other groups. The hematological values of 12 parameters were not significantly different in any of the groups. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin and alkaline phosphatase only increased significantly (p＜0.05, p＜0.01) in the Orch＋Selevit group as compared to that in the Orch group. We conclude that Selevit was significantly decreased the body weight in the Orch rats. Our findings suggest that Selevit may influence the process of lipid packaging and absorption in the Orch rats.