Earticle

Although a pastor is required of high level of ethics, the modern church becomes large with rich human and material resources. For this reason, issues of sex, money and fame among pastors evoke social problems. This phenomenon revile entire Christianity as well as an individual pastor and his family, which blocks the door for the Gospel as well as is tried before the judge of “Many will say to me on that day, 'Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name, and in your name drive out demons and perform many miracles?' Then I will tell them plainly, 'I never knew you. Away from me, you evildoers!'”(Matthew 7:22-23) when Jesus comes again. Under this situation, this study proposed 11 piety training methods for pastors through the resolution of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). First, method through priority; Second, method through the Scriptures; Third, method through removal of sinful nature; Fourth, method through time management, Fifth, method through emotion control; Sixth, method through sufferings; Seventh, method through throwing away; Eighth, method through the attitude of pastor; Ninth, method through verbal life; Tenth, method through personality development; Eleventh, method through repentance. In the modern society where the temptation of sin is extremely strong, the present author hopes that pastors can overcome the temptations of sex, money and fame and play the roles of bright light for the world by implementing piety training.

Ink-jet is part of the non impact printing that shooting the ink drop from the nozzle to paper. It is very silence and express good color. There are two types of printing that continuous and drop on demand. But drop on demand process is becoming the mainstream. these days, LCD, PDP is passed more than semiconductor industry. And we expect organic EL, FED as a next display. But product equipment, main component and technology have a gap between an advanced country and us nevertheless physical development. Expecially, previous process part is depended on imports. Ink-jet printing technology that there isn't complicated photo lithography process is attracted, so ink-jet printing resolution is more embossed. But there were not many of ink-jet resolution thesis but ink-jet head or nozzle. Because, to out of the ink from the nozzle is unseeable and hard to experiment. Therefore this thesis was experimented and simulated how can ink-jet printer improved resolution by flow-3d simulation package program.

본 연구에서는 임상도의 축척이 변함으로 해서 발생하는 임상 비율의 불확실성을 검토하였다. 축척의 변화는 결국 해상도의 변화와 같다. 연구 대상 지역으로 소양강댐 유역과 충주댐 유역을 선정하였다. 연구대상 기간은 1980년부터 2020년까지이며, 이 기간 가용한 임상도를 이용하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 임상도 중 2019년의 것은 1:5000의 축척을, 그 이전의 것은 1:25000의 축척으로 제작되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가용한 임상도에 나타난 임상 비율은 2019년 이전의 임상도와 2019년의 임상도에서 크게 다르다. 2019년 임상도의 임상 비율은 직전 임상 비율과도 10% 이상의 큰 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 이러한 변화는 임상도의 축척 변화에 기인함을 확인할 수 있었다. 과거 임상도가 2019년의 임상도와 같은 고해상도로 바뀌는 경우에 대한 임상 비율의 불확실성(오차막대로 표현한 오차범위)는 2019년의 임상도의 임상 비율을 포함하는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 2019년의 임상도를 과거의 축척으로 변환한다고 가정하여 추정한 불확실성 (오차범위)는 과거 임상비율을 대부분 포함하나 충주댐의 침엽수림 비율이 이 범위를 초과하여 과대 추정의 여지가 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 축척 변화를 양방향으로 고려한 불확실성(오차범위) 및 가장 최근의 고해상도 임상도가 보다 정확할 것이라는 가정에서 과거 40여년간의 임상 비율 변화를 판단하였다. 그 결과 두 유역에서는 과거 임상 비율의 뚜렷한 변화는 없었으며, 가장 최근인 2019년 임상도의 임상 비율을 대푯값으로 고려하는 것이 가장 타당하다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다.

This study examines the uncertainty of forest type ratios resulting from that the scale of forest type map changes. This scale change also indicates the change in the resolution of the product. The Soyang River Dam basin and Chungju Dam basin are selected as the study areas. The study period is from 1980 to 2020, and the forest type data available during this period are used. Among the forest type maps used in this study, the one after 2019 was produced at a scale of 1:5,000, and those before 2019 were produced at a scale of 1:25,000. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the forest type ratio in the map in 2019 is significantly different from that in maps before 2019. More than 10% difference is also observed between the forest type ratio in the map of 2019 and that just before. Second, it is confirmed that this change is mainly due to the scale change of the forest type map. The uncertainties of the forest type ratios (i.e., the range of error expressed by the error bar) of the past forest type maps, are found to encompass the forest type ratio of the 2019forest type map. Third, the uncertainty of the forest type ratio of the 2019 map, in the case of transforming the scale of the 2019 map into that of past maps, is also found to encompass most of the past ratios. However, the ratio of needle leaf forest in Chungju Dam exceeds this range to confirm that its overestimation. Lastly, this study evaluates the change in the forest type ratio over the last 40 years by considering the uncertainties due to scale change in both directions and by assuming that the most recent high-resolution forest type map would be more accurate. As a result, this study cannot find any significant change in the forest type ratio in the two basins. It is concluded that the forest type ratio of the most recent 2019 forest type map is most appropriate to be used as a representative value.

데카르트가 『정념론』을 쓴 목적 중의 하나는 사람들이 정념을 잘못 사용하는 것을 방지하고 과도한 정념에 사로잡히지 않게 만들어 줄 ‘치료법’을 제시하는 것이었다. 데카르트는 정념에 대한 ‘치료법’ 중에서 가장 ‘일반적인 치료법’을 ‘관대함’이라고 주장한다. 따라서 정념의 치료법으로서의 『정념론』을 이해하기 위해서는 데카르트의 관대함을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 뿐만 아니라 데카르트는 관대함을 ‘다른 모든 덕들의 열쇠’라고 주장하고 있기 때문에, 『정념론』에서 제시되고 있는 데카르트의 도덕철학을 이해하기 위해서도 데카르트의 관대함을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 이렇게 데카르트 철학에서 관대함의 개념이 차지하고 있는 중요성에도 불구하고 국내에서는 이 개념에 대한 논의가 충분히 진행되지 못했다. 이 논문에서는 데카르트 철학에서 관대함이 무엇인지를 『정념론』과 데카르트가 엘리자베스 공주와 크리스티나 여왕에게 보낸 편지를 중심으로 살펴보면서, 관대함과 데카르트 철학 일반과의 연관성을 해명하는 것이다. 우선 관대함이 데카르트의 자유의지 개념과 맺고 있는 연관성을 살펴본 후에 ‘우리에게 의존하는 것’과 ‘우리에게 의존하지 않는 것’의 관계를 해명할 것이다. 그 후 데카르트의 ‘후회’, ‘우유부단함’의 개념과 연관하여 관대함과 결의의 관계를 해명할 것이다.

The overarching goal of this paper is to expound on Cartesian generosity. According to Descartes, there are two components that constitute generosity. The first component is to understand the fact that nothing but free will belongs to us and the fact that our ethical life entirely hinges on us using this freedom well. The second component is to feel a firm and constant resolution to use the free will well and to undertake and carry out whatever reason judges to be best. In the frist part I explain the first component of generosity by relating it to the passion of admiration. Then Descartes’ distinction between what is entirely on us and what is not is brought to light, which enables us to confine our desire to the former. By virtue of the distinction we will be able to ward off regret that makes us unhappy by hindering us from being in a perfect contentment of mind and inner satisfaction. In the second part I argue that the understanding of the second component of generosity, resolution, will be clearer when Descartes’ distinction between theoretical judgment and practical judgment is well comprehended.

This paper aims to illustrate and illuminate the relationship between language and its neighbor disciplines, in particular between language and literature, language and religion, and language and music. 1. Language and literature. Literature is an art of language. Therefore, linguistics, the science of language, should be able to explain how the grammar of literature elevates and ordinary language into a literary language. I illustrate poetic syntax with examples from Shelley, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. 2. Language and religion. I show how a linguistic analysis of a religious text can illuminate the background, authorship, chronology, etc., of a religious text with an example from the Book of Daniel. I also illustrate how a misanalysis of a poetic meter led to a mistranslation with an example from the Book of Psalms. 3. Language and music. First I trace an epochal event in the history of the Western music, i.e., the change of the musical style from the liturgical music of Latin in which the rhythm was created by the alternation of syllable duration into the liberated music of German in which the rhythm was generated by the alternation of lexical stress. I then illustrate a parallelism between linguistic and musical structures with several musical pieces including Gregorian chant, the 16th century music of Palestrina, the 17th century music of Schutz, the 18th century music of Mozart, and the 19th century Viennese music. Finally, the importance of text-tune (verse-melody) association is discussed with examples of mismatches in translated Korean hymns and contemporary Korean lyrical songs. In the concluding part, I speculate on some factors that are responsible for the same organizational devices in three different modes of human communication. An answer may be that all are under the same laws of mind that govern the way man perceives and organizes nature, i.e., the same cognitive abilities of man, in particular, the capacity to organize and impose structure on their respective inputs.

This paper presents a robust vehicle detection method for Low Earth Orbit satellite imagery degraded by environmental factors. To enhance feature representation from RGB and IR images, a denoising encoder and a multimodal fusion (MF) module with multi-head squeeze excitation are used. To compensate for texture loss in small vehicles at low resolution, a spatial attention module (SAM) is embedded into the YOLOv5 backbone, and a modified wide activation super-resolution (WDSR) branch is attached for learning finer-grained representations. Experiments on degraded images show that the proposed model outperforms the YOLO series and SuperYOLO in terms of mean average precision (mAP).

In millimeter wave communication, the beamforming technique with accurate angle information plays a key role to overcome the high path-loss and mitigate the interference. Particularly with multiple mobile stations (MSs), accurate multi-beam tracking without any knowledge of dynamic model is challenging. In this regard, we propose the model-free multi-beam tracking algorithm combining the Q-learning with auxiliary beam pair-based angle estimation in multi-MS environment. The proposed scheme benefits from low pilot overhead and high-resolution angle estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional schemes in terms of the effective sum-rate.

Objective: Dysphagia has been reported to occur in patients with inflammatory myopathy (IM). Although high-resolutionimpedance manometry (HRIM) provides precise information regarding the pharyngeal pressure, it has not yetbeen used for assessing dysphagia in routine clinical practice. This study determined whether the results of HRIMfor evaluating deglutition disorders in patients with IM could reflect an abnormality that can’t be identified by avideo fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). Methods: We reviewed both VFSS and HRIM results of nine patients with IM, four of whom presented with globussensation. Results: Cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction was noted in all four patients with globus sensation, and the upperesophageal sphincter residual pressure (UESRP) was higher (≥8 mmHg) in the patients with pharyngeal residue. Using VFSS and HRIM, we demonstrated that dysphagia in patients with IM may arise owing to failed relaxation ofUES or decreased hyolaryngeal excursion. Conclusion: In conclusion, UES-RP values of ≥8 mmHg indicate the presence of pharyngeal residue and globussensation in patients with IM. HRIM provided a comprehensive assessment of the mechanisms of dysphagia, andHRIM facilitated recognizing subtle abnormalities in pharyngeal contraction and UES function. HRIM can overcome thelimitations of VFSS by allowing clinicians to perform objective measurements in patients with IM.

Many reports of changes in cervical alignment after posterior occipitocervical (O-C) fusion causing dysphagia are available. The clinical course can range from mild discomfort to severe aspiration. However, the underlying pathogenesis is not well known. We report an 80-year-old female with videofluoroscopic swallowing study evidence of aspiration that developed after occiput-C3/4 posterior fusion. Pharyngeal pressure was analyzed using high resolution manometry (HRM). Impaired upper esophageal sphincter opening along with diminished peristalsis and pharyngeal pressure gradient were revealed by HRM to be the main characteristics in such patients. The patient fully recovered after a revision operation for cervical angle correction. Distinct pressure patterns behind reversible dysphagia caused by a change in cervical alignment were confirmed using HRM analysis.

Versatile Video Coding (VVC) promised to provide the same video quality as HEVC with 50 % bitrate reduction, which was introduced in 2020. Our suggested method for VVC Intra-coding is residue super-resolution convolutional neural network (RSR-CNN) utilizing downsampling and upsampling procedures. We present an effective complexity reduced VVC intra-coding scheme based on residue SR-CNN. Reducing an original video's resolution in both the vertical and horizontal directions is all that is required to execute down sampling. Increasing the video dimensions for improved visual quality, convolutional neural networks are utilized in the upsampling process to create residue super-resolution. Specifically, for every block, we train a CNN model to perform residue SR after downsampling and compressing the residue at low resolution, and then we carry out motion estimation (ME) and motion compensation (MC) to extract the residue. Using the MC prediction signal, a new residue SR-CNN is designed. Additionally, this work comprehensively examines the complexity and performance of VVC intra-coding tools and integrates them with the residue SR-CNN method. The experiments demonstrate a substantial time savings of 40 % in encoding with BDBR coding gains of 4.2 %, and 2.9 % in AI and RA configurations respectively.

Radio maps are essential for electromagnetic spectrum awareness, supporting communication network optimization and spectrum management. However, existing methods often lack sufficient accuracy in complex propagation environments. To address this, we propose RMG-SRGAN, an improved radio map generation network based on an enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial network. The generator incorporates a Multi-scale Attention Aggregation (MAA) module that strengthens feature representation using multi-scale fusion and dual-path attention in spatial and channel dimensions. The discriminator includes a Feature Enhancement (FE) module to boost discriminative power through multi-stage feature processing.In our evaluation, we prioritize physical fidelity and structural reliability over generic perceptual metrics. Consequently, we employ Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to quantify the precision of predicted signal strength and the F1-Score to assess the classification accuracy of coverage zones versus blind spots. Extensive experiments on the RadioMapSeer dataset demonstrate that RMG-SRGAN achieves state-of-the-art performance, securing the lowest RMSE and highest F1-Score compared to existing baselines.

We argue that accurate person re-identification is a vital problem for urban public monitoring systems in the smart city context. Since images captured from different cameras have arbitrary resolutions resulting in resolution mismatch, this work proposes a model that takes arbitrary images and converts them to a pre-defined fixed resolution. The model then passes the images to a super-resolution network, producing high-resolution images. We employ a feedback network to generate more realistic super-resolution images, which are fed to the re-identification network to acquire a unique descriptor to disclose the person’s identity. We outperformed in all measures against other state-of-the-art methods.

Background : Correct identification of Panax species is important to ensure food quality, safety, authenticity and health for consumers. This paper describes a high resolution melting (HRM) analysis based method using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal DNA barcoding regions as target (Bar-HRM) to obtain barcoding information for the major Panax species and to identify the origin of ginseng plant. Methods and Results : A PCR-based approach, Bar-HRM was developed to discriminate among Panax species. In this study, the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA genes were targeted for testing, since these have been identified as suitable genes for use in the identification of Panax species. The HRM analysis generated cluster patterns that were specific and sensitive enough to detect small sequence differences among the tested Panax species. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the HRM curve analysis of the ITS regions and 5.8S rDNA sequences is a simple, quick, and reproducible method. It can simultaneously identify three Panax species and screen for variants. Thus, ITS1HRM and 5.8SHRM primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

Since the requirement of secure transmission for massive multiple-input?multiple-output (mIMO) is high, we consider a secure massive MIMO system in presence of multiple digital to analog converters (DACs). We deal with complicated performance analysis of the proposed system including a base station, a legitimate user, and an eavesdropper while these nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. In particular, we intend to present the closed-form expression for the ergodic secrecy rate of the system and also calculate the optimal power allocation for better performance gain. The simulation analysis shows that quantization bits, transmit signal to noise ratio at the base station, and power allocation plays a major role in enhancing the performance of the system.

Objective To compare swallowing function between healthy subjects and patients with pharyngeal dysphagia using high resolution manometry (HRM) and to evaluate the usefulness of HRM for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.Methods Seventy-five patients with dysphagia and 28 healthy subjects were included in this study. Diagnosis of dysphagia was confirmed by a videofluoroscopy. HRM was performed to measure pressure and timing information at the velopharynx (VP), tongue base (TB), and upper esophageal sphincter (UES). HRM parameters were compared between dysphagia and healthy groups. Optimal threshold values of significant HRM parameters for dysphagia were determined.Results VP maximal pressure, TB maximal pressure, UES relaxation duration, and UES resting pressure were lower in the dysphagia group than those in healthy group. UES minimal pressure was higher in dysphagia group than in the healthy group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to validate optimal threshold values for significant HRM parameters to identify patients with pharyngeal dysphagia. With maximal VP pressure at a threshold value of 144.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 74.7% specificity. With maximal TB pressure at a threshold value of 158.0 mmHg, dysphagia was identified with 96.4% sensitivity and 77.3% specificity. At a threshold value of 2.0 mmHg for UES minimal pressure, dysphagia was diagnosed at 74.7% sensitivity and 60.7% specificity. Lastly, UES relaxation duration of <0.58 seconds had 85.7% sensitivity and 65.3% specificity, and UES resting pressure of <75.0 mmHg had 89.3% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity for identifying dysphagia.Conclusion We present evidence that HRM could be a useful evaluation tool for detecting pharyngeal dysphagia.

Objective To observe changes in pharyngeal pressure during the swallowing process according to postures in normal individuals using high-resolution manometry (HRM).Methods Ten healthy volunteers drank 5 mL of water twice while sitting in a neutral posture. Thereafter, they drank the same amount of water twice in the head rotation and head tilting postures. The pressure and time during the deglutition process for each posture were measured with HRM. The data obtained for these two postures were compared with those obtained from the neutral posture.Results The maximum pressure, area, rise time, and duration in velopharynx (VP) and tongue base (TB) were not affected by changes in posture. In comparison, the maximum pressure and the pre-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) maximum pressure of the lower pharynx in the counter-catheter head rotation posture were lower than those in the neutral posture. The lower pharynx pressure in the catheter head tilting posture was higher than that in the counter-catheter head tilting. The changes in the VP peak and epiglottis, VP and TB peaks, and the VP onset and post-UES time intervals were significant in head tilting and head rotation toward the catheter postures, as compared with neutral posture.Conclusion The pharyngeal pressure and time parameter analysis using HRM determined the availability of head rotation as a compensatory technique for safe swallowing. Tilting the head smoothes the progress of food by increasing the pressure in the pharynx.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve (PCBMN) and surrounding anatomical structures by using high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) to assess the risk of PCBMN injury. Methods The PCBMN course and the characteristics of bilateral distal forearms and wrists of 30 healthy volunteers were identified. The distance between PCBMN and other anatomical structures at three different levels along its course were measured using HRUS. Moreover, the depth of PCBMN from skin and its cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured. Results HRUS showed the PCBMN in all subjects. PCBMN branched off from the radial aspect of the median nerve (MN) at 4.69±0.89 cm proximal to the bistyloid line (BSL) and extended radially toward the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon. PCBMN was within the ulnar edge of FCR tendon sheath, and became more superficial and perforated the antebrachial fascia between the FCR tendon laterally and the palmaris longus (PL) tendon medially. PCBMN was located at 4.08±0.72 mm on the ulnar aspect of the FCR tendon and 4.78±0.36 mm radially on the PL tendon at BSL. At the distal wrist crease level, the PCBMN was located at 5.68±0.58 mm on the ulnar side of the FCR tendon. The PCBMN depth from skin at BSL and its branching point was 1.92±0.41 and 7.95±0.79 mm, respectively. The PCBMN CSA was 0.26±0.15 mm2 at BSL. Conclusion HRUS can be used to identify PCBMN and its relationship with other anatomical structures. Our data can be used to predict PCBMN location, and prevent complications associated with invasive procedures involving the wrist.

기상과 기후는 인간의 생활과 밀접하게 연관되어 있다. 특히 고해상도 기상 데이터를 활용하여 정밀한 연구나 실생활에 유용한 서비스가 가능하므로, 고해상도 기상·기후 데이터를 생산해야할 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 기존의 고해 상도 기상 데이터는 적절한 보간법에 따라 데이터를 생산하지만, 본 논문에서는 SRCNN을 이용하여 기온 데이터를 초해상화 하는 방안을 제안한다. 기온 데이터 초해상화에 가장 적절한 SRCNN 모델을 구축하고, 기온 데이터를 초해상 화 한다. 결과 데이터를 평가하기 위해 역거리 가중법을 이용하여 비 관측 지점에 대한 기온을 구하고, 제안한 방법을 적용한 기온 데이터와 보간법을 이용한 기온 데이터를 비교한다. 비교 결과, 기온 데이터를 초해상화하기 위한 적절한 SRCNN 모델을 구축하였고, 제안한 방법이 보간법을 이용한 방법보다 약 10.8% 더 높은 예측 성능을 보였다.

Meteorology and climate are closely related to human life. By using high-resolution weather data, services that are useful for real-life are available, and the need to produce high-resolution weather data is increasing. We propose a method for super-resolution temperature data using SRCNN. To evaluate the super-resolution temperature data, the temperature for a non-observation point is obtained by using the inverse distance weighting method, and the super-resolution temperature data using interpolation is compared with the super-resolution temperature data using SRCNN. We construct an SRCNN model suitable for super-resolution of temperature data and perform super-resolution of temperature data. As a result, the prediction performance of the super-resolution temperature data using SRCNN was about 10.8% higher than that using interpolation.

The purpose of this study was to examine usefulness of 3T equipment-based time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3T-TOF MRA) by comparing standard technique (ST) with high resolution technique (HRT) in evaluation of cerebral blood vessel. The 3T-TOF MRA was performed for 31 patients who were suspected of having cerebrovascular disease from March to July 2010. For evaluation of cerebral blood vessel, classification was conducted randomly: group I that included vertebral artery and basilar artery, group II that ranged from 2.5cm before basin part of common carotid artery to basin part of internal and external carotid arteries and to genu part of internal carotid artery, group III that ranged from vertebral part of internal carotid artery to the first basin art of anterior and middle cerebral through education recognizes the importance of dose reduction and examine if their efforts and further reduce patient dose could achieve optimization of the medical exposure is considered.