Earticle

판소리를 연구하는 방법은 연구 목적에 따라 여러 가지가 있을 수 있다. 그중 이보형이 주로 취한 연구방법론은 현장 조사와 대담 채록 등을 통한 민족지적 연구(ethnographic methodology)가 대표적인 연구방법이다. 1960년대 이후 판소리에 대한 학술적 관심이 높아졌지만, 구전예술인 판소리의 특성상 참고할 문헌자료가 거의 없는 상황에서 1970년대 이후 꾸준히 이루어진 채록 작업은 채록자의 연구뿐 아니라 판소리사 연구에 있어서 매우 귀중한 자료라고 할 수 있다. 판소리와 관련한 이보형 채록자료는 첫째 채록 대상이 되는 판소리 창자의 연주를 녹음한 자료, 둘째 판소리 창자를 대상으로 판소리에 대해 면담한 자료, 셋째 옛 명창의 유적지에 찾아가 마을 사람들을 대상으로 현지 조사한 자료로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 이보형이 소장하고 있는 1969년에서 1990년 사이의 판소리 관련 채록자료는 공연 녹음이 중심이 된 1기(1969-1980), 8명창의 유적지 조사와 명창들의 대담 자료가 채록의 중심이 된 2기(1988-1990)로 나눌 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 채록자료는 연구물의 출판, 음원자료의 제작, 대담 기록의 자료화 등으로 이어졌다. 이보형의 채록자료는 판소리 명창들의 출생지, 학습내력, 활동양상 등을 구체적으로 파악하기 어려웠던 상황에서 판소리 연구의 새로운 국면을 열었다는 점에서 높이 평가될 수 있으며, 특히 판소리를 부르는 창자들 중 중앙 무대에서 활동하지 않았던 지방의 창자들에게도 관심을 갖고 그들의 소리와 판소리 관련 이력을 채록해 두었다는 점에서 큰 의의가 있다. 이보형의 채록 작업이 없었다면 역사의 뒤안길로 흔적 없이 사라질 뻔했던 판소리 창자들이 갖고 있던 삶과 소리 학습에 대한 사연들, 그리고 그들이 남긴 소리 대목 하나하나는 판소리를 연구하는 후학들에게 귀중한 DB자료가 되고 있다.

There are various ways to study Pansori according to the purposes of study. Lee Bo-hyeong, in particular, chose an ethnographic methodology through field work. Academic interest in Pansori has increased after the 1960s, but there has been almost no bibliographic data to refer to because Pansori was handed down orally. Given this situation, more recordings of Pansori have been steadily made since the 1970s and recorded data have become really precious in the study of recorders and Pansori history. Lee Bo-hyeong’s Pansori data includes data of recorded performances of Pansori singers and recorded interview of Pansori singers, and data collected after surveying residents in historical sites where old master singers lived. Lee’s recorded data about Pansori from 1969 to 1990 can be divided into two categories according to time of recording: the first period of 1969-1980 when data was focused on performance recording, the second period of 1981-1990 when surveys of eight master singers’ historical sites and field works about master singers were accomplished. Using such recorded data, books have been published, musical data have been collated and recordings of conversations have been tabulated into data. Lee’s data is significant in that it has opened a new phase of Pansori study when it was difficult to gain a specific understanding about birth places, learning records and the activities of Pansori master singers. Lee, in particular, took an interest in provincial singers who didn’t perform in central area and recorded their songs and their Pansori careers. Without Lee’s recording work, the lives of Pansori singers and stories of their learning would have totally disappeared from history. Every melody left by them has become precious data for persons studying Pansori.

This paper aims to analyze the bibliographic characteristics and the material value of the recently introduced manuscript YoungNamRooSiun(嶺南樓詩韻). YoungNamRooSiun(嶺南樓詩韻) is a collection of six buildings including the Yeongnamroo(嶺南樓) main hall floor, Reulpadang(凌波堂), Chimryugak(枕流閣), Gaksadonghun(客舍東軒), Dukminjung(德民亭), and Namsujung(攬秀亭). And poetry. The number of artists listed here is 412, and the total number of works is 570 including 11 prose and 559 rhyme. Through the text, YoungNamRoo(嶺南樓) was able to confirm that it was a space where official affairs such as observatory, master's office space, and hospitality reception were held. Based on this, an attempt should be made to take the reliability of the YoungNamRoo(嶺南樓) Ruling through the comparison of the original texts of the YoungNamRoo(嶺南樓) Ruling Prize and the collected writers.

We have performed EEG current source imaging on the cortical surface using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded inside a 3.0 T MRI magnet. In order to remove ballistocardiogram (BCG) artifacts in the VEPs, an improved BCG template subtraction technique is devised. Using the cortically constrained current source imaging technique and pattern-reversal visual stimulations, we have obtained current source maps from 10 subjects. To validate the EEG current source imaging inside the magnet, we have compared the current source maps to the ones obtained outside the magnet. The experimental results demonstrate that there is a strong correspondence between the current source maps, proving that current source imaging is feasible with the evoked potentials recorded inside a 3.0 T MRI magnet.

지진취약도분석 기술은 원자력발전소의 구조물 및 기기의 실제 내진성능을 평가하기 위하여 이용된다. 이 논문에서는 원자력 발전소를 구성하는 구조물들의 지진취약도를 평가하는 개선된 기법에 대하여 요약하였다. 또한, 최근 몇 년간 한반도에서 발생된 소규모 기록지진의 응답스펙트럼에 대한 공학적 특성을 평가하고, 이러한 기록지진의 응답스펙트럼을 부지의 실제 지반운동으로 사용할 경우, 지진취약도 분석에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 몇가지 예제 구조물에 대한 지진취약도분석을 통하여 기록지진의 특성이 한국형 원자력발전소의 내진성능에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 평가결과, 현재까지 부지의 실제 지반운동으로 사용되어 오던 Newmark 스펙트럼은 국내 시설물의 내진성능을 과대평가 할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

Seismic fragility analysis (SFA) has been utilized to evaluate the actual seismic capacity of structure and equipment in nuclear power plants (NPP). This paper briefly introduces an improved method for evaluating seismic fragilities of components of NPP's in Korea. Engineering characteristics of small magnitude earthquake spectra recorded in the Korean peninsula during the last several years are also discussed in this paper. Some significant differences between the Newmark's spectra and the recorded spectra as a site-dependent spectra are assessed. Several comparative SFA's have been performed to evaluate the effects of the recorded earthquakes on the seismic capacities of Korean NPP structures. The results showed that SFA using the Newmark's spectra might over estimate the actual seismic capacities of Korean facilities.

본고는 연구논문의 성격이라기보다 한국역사민속학회의 25년을 회고하면서 그동안 이루어낸 학술사적 성과와 반성, 그리고 앞으로의 과제들을 점검하는 소박한 글이다. 학회 창립기의 의식과 방향성이 과연 무엇이었으며, 또한 그 목적은 어느 정도 달성되었는지를 반추하면서, 앞으로 좀더 보완하여야 할 부면을 지적하여 본 것이다. 1990년 한국역사민속학회의 태동은 기존의 민속학연구가 지닌 역사적 이해의 한계, 즉 ‘민속의 역사적 변천과 전개 양상의 차이’에 대한 불만과 아쉬움, 그리고 역사학의 민중생활사에 대한 무관심을 반전시키고자 하는 새로운 모색이자 시도였다. 창립의 주역들은 평소 민속학 연구에 대하여 비판과 문제의식을 가졌던 소장 민속학, 역사학, 인류학, 종교학 등 여러 분야 소장연구자들로 이들은 민중생활사 정리방법론, 역사민속학사의 정리, 지역자료의 광범한 발굴과 활용, 종합문화로서의 학제적 연구방법 시도 등등 기존의 학계와 다른 연구성과를 축적하였다. 본고에서는 민중생활사, 생활문화사와 관련하여 기록 자료의 다양한 탐색과 광범한 동원 활용 필요성을 강조하였다. 특히 필자의 자료 동원 경험을 통해 확인할 수 있었던 생생한 생활일기 자료라든가, 집안의 교육의 산 자료로서 가훈류 자료, 그리고 마을의 운영과 세세한 생활문화를 기록화한 성책 고문서 자료의 중요성과 활용 가능성이 바로 그것이다. 이러한 지적과 제안을 토대로 향후 역사민속학이 쓰여 지지 않은 자료와 쓰여 진 기록자료 사이에서 더 많은 자료원을 찾고 활용하는 방법들을 모색하기를 기대해 본다.

This is not so much a research paper as a plainly written article to examine the results, reflections, and follow-up tasks of Korea Society for Historical Folklife Studies in terms of its academic history by looking back on the last 25 years. This study has investigated the consciousness and directivity of the society’s foundation, reflect how much its goal has been achieved, and the auxiliary aspects to be complemented further afterwards. The birth of Korea Society for Historical Folklife Studies in 1990 was a new grouping and trial to reverse indifference to history of folklife in our history within the limitations of historical understanding that previous folklore research has, that is, complaints and regrets about ‘the historical changes of folklore and difference in the aspects of development’. The initiators of its foundation were the researchers in such areas as folklore, history, anthropology, and religious studies having a critical mind about the folklore research constantly, and they accumulated research results different from those of previous academic circles by organizing the arrangement methodology of history of folklife and history of historical folklife studies, excavating and using regional data exclusively, or trying interdisciplinary research methods as general culture. Meanwhile, this study emphasizes the necessity to explore diversely and mobilize and use exclusively recorded data regarding history of folklife and history of living culture. Particularly they include the lively diary data found by this author’s data mobilization experience, data of family mottos as living data of family education, and the importance and utilization of classical data recording a village’s operation and detailed living culture. It is expected that this pointing out and suggestion will be used as methods to find and use more data sources from the recorded data as well as unwritten data of historical folklife studies afterwards.

This paper examines the nature and significance of dialect and toponym data recorded in Hangeul during the Japanese colonial period, from the 1920s to the 1940s. The dialect data spans from 1927 to 1945, covering a total of 60 issues and includes over 10,000 survey items. The toponym data, starting about a decade later, was collected in 31 issues from the 46th issue (June 1937) to the 93rd issue (May 1942), with 1,746 entries documented. First, this study identifies the characteristics of the data collection process, such as the intent, survey methods, and regions of investigation, from the perspective of the dialect and toponym surveys and their outcomes. Then, the dialects and toponyms from various regions are analyzed from general linguistic perspectives, such as phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and orthography. The dialect data reveals phonological features such as word-initial glottalization, vowel rising, and palatalization; grammatical features like prefinal endings and focus particles; and lexical characteristics, including archaic words and loanwords. The toponym data also shows phonological traits like umlaut, vowel rising, and phonological variations such as ㄴ-ㅁ>ㄹ-ㅁ, reflecting the local dialects of the respective areas. Moreover, archaic and distinctive dialect forms of vocabulary were identified. Notably, the toponym data also provides insight into the traditional loan writing system used at the time. Despite limitations such as a lack of detailed information on survey methods, investigators, and informants, as well as an absence of thorough survey planning, the dialect and toponym data recorded in Hangeul serve as invaluable lexical resources for studying the Korean language during that period.

A soil-structure interaction (SSI) experiment is being conducted in a seismically active region in Hualien, Taiwan. To obtain earthquake data for quantifying SSI effects and providing a basis to benchmark analysis methods, a 1/4-th scale cylindrical concrete containment model similar in shape to that of a nuclear power plant containment was constructed in the field where both the containment model and its surrounding soil, surface and sub-surface, are extensively instrumented to record earthquake data. In between September 1993 and May 1996, fifteen earthquakes with Richter magnitudes ranging from 4.2 to 6.2 were recorded. The recorded data were analyzed to provide information on the response characteristics of the Hualien soil-structure system, the SSI effects and the ground motion characteristics. The ground response data were analyzed for their variations with depth, with distance from the model structure, and at the same depths along downhole arrays. Variations of soil stiffness and soil-structure system frequencies were also evaluated against maximum ground motion. In addition, the site soil properties were derived based on correlation analysis of the recorded data and then correlated with those from the geotechnical investigation data.

The b-value in the magnitude-frequency relationship logN(m) = $\alpha$ - bmwhere N(m) is the number of earthquakes exceeding magnitude m, is important seismicity parameter In hazard analysis. Estimation of the b-value for earthquake data observed on KSRS array network is done employing the maximum likelihood technique. Assuming the whole Korea Peninsula as a single seismic source area, the b-value is computed at 0.9. The estimation for KMA earthquake data is also similar to that. Since estimate is a function of minimum magnitude, we can inspect the completeness of earthquake catalog in the fitting process of b-value. KSRS and KMA data lists are probably incomplete for magnitudes less than 2.0 and 3.0, respectively. Examples from probabilistic seismic hazard assessment calculated for a range of b-value show that the small change of b-value has seriously effect on the prediction of ground motion.

모든 기록매체의 장기보존성과 신뢰성은 보존에 있어 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. DVD 광기록매체 또한 신뢰성을 평가하기 위한 다양한 국제표준 및 연구가 진행되었다. 국가기록원은 각급 기관에서 생산되어 이관된 다양한 종류의 DVD 광매체를 보존하고 있으며, 이에 대한 상태평가를 위해 선행된 표준 및 연구 내용을 바탕으로 이관된 광매체에 대한 상태를 측정을 하였다. 본 연구에서는 이관된 DVD 매체에 대한 평가 기준을 8개의 연속된 ECC블럭의 PI 에러값을 사용하였다. 측정된 PI 에러 값은 생산년도, 제조회사, 에러 발생 위치로 분류하였으며 시간에 따른 열화 정도, 기록 품질 그리고 에러 발생 위치에 따른 매체 상태와의 연관성을 연구하였다.

『삼국사기』 지리지4 백제편 무진주는 14군 44현, 지리지3 신라편 무주는 15군 43현이었다. 두 기록 사이에는 군현의 숫자, 격, 소속 등에서 몇몇 변화가 있어 그 내용과 배경을 살폈다. 첫 번째, 백제편에서 월나군은 1군 6현이었는데 신라편에서는 동일 지역이 3군[영암군, 갑성군, 반남군] 6현으로 변하였다. 갑성군은 장성 지역으로 인근의 진원현과 삼계현을 속현으로 두었다. 반남군은 영산강 수로를 통해 서해로 나가 중국과 교역하기 좋은 입지적 조건을 갖춘 지역이었다. 갑성군과 반남군을 군으로 승격한 것은 지리적인 측면에서 군현 지배를 효율적으로 달성할 수 있도록 조정한 것이었다. 두 번째, 백제편 무진주에서는 동남쪽의 보성, 순천 지역에 4개 군을 두었다. 그런데 같은 지역이 신라편 무주에서는 3개 군으로 변경되었다. 삼국을 통합한 후 방어의 목적으로 군을 치밀하게 배치할 필요성이 감소하였다. 세 번째, 섬 진도는 백제편 무진주에서는 1군[인진도군] 2현[도산현, 매구리현]이었다. 그런데 신라편 무주에서는 1군[도산현￫뇌산현] 1현[매구리현￫첨탐현]에 무안군 관할 1현[인진도군￫진도현]이 동시에 두어진 특이한 구조이다. 뇌산군은 장산도 앞에 위치하는 항로상 길목으로 중국과의 교역을 염두에 두었을 때 진도현에 위치한 항로보다는 더 유리한 지점이다. 그래서 뇌산군을 군으로 승격하고 진도현을 속현으로 편제하였을 것으로 추정하였다. 그런 점에서 진도현을 무안군의 속현으로 기록한 것은 오기라고 보았다.

Mujinju recorded in Baekje Section of the 『Samguksagi』 Geography 4 was organized into 14 Guns and 44 Hyons while it was recorded to include 15 Guns and 43 Hyons in Shilla Section of the Geography 3. As it was discovered that there were a few changes between the two different data in quantity, standing and position, the data and background were examined. Firstly, it was recorded that Wolhnagun in the Baekje Section had 1 Gun and 6 Hyons while it had 3 Guns [Yeongamgun, Gapseonggun and Bannamgun] and 6 Hyons. Gapseonggun in Jangsug included Jinwonhyon and Samgyehyon nearby. Bannamgun had Yarohyon and Gonmihyon nearby as the jurisdictional Hyon. Bannamgun had good geographical conditions for trade with China at the west sea coast through the Yeongsan River channel. Gapseonggun and Bannamgun were raised to the Gun position to efficiently govern neighboring Hyons in consideration of their geographical positions. Secondly, Mujinju of Baekje Section ad 4 Guns in Boseong and Sunchon in the southeastern area while it had 3 Guns in the record of the Shillla Section. However, after the unification, dense deployment of the military defense power was not needed anymore. Thirdly, Jindo Island had 1 Gun[Injindogun] and 2 Hyons[Dosanhyon and Maegurihyon]. However, in the record of Muju in the Shilla Section, it had 1 Gun[Dasanhyon?Noisanhyon] and 1 Hyon[Maegurihyon?Chomtamhyon] and 1 Hyon[Injindogun?Jindohyon] under Muangun, which was unusual. Noisangun which was a strategic route located in front of Jangsando was more profitable in trade with China than the route in Jindohyon. Therefore, it was assumed that the position of Noisangun was raised to Gun and Jindohyon was reorganized as a Sokhyon. In that point, it was suggested that the record of Jindohyon as a Sokhyon of Muangun was incorrect.

The characteristics of harmonic phase angles and phase angle differences contained in earthquake ground motions such as El Centre 1940 NS, Taft1 1952 NS, Hachinohe 1968 NS and Mexico 1985 are figured, which have been mostly overlooked in contrast with the importance placed on harmonic amplitudes. Recently, performance based design method is used for seismic design and seismic retrofitting, which needs nonlinear response analysis, there must be earthquake ground accelerations which contain the phase angle, the phase angle difference and energy input spectrum characteristics of the zone considered to be constructed building structures. To make clear the importance of phase angle differences, responses of 4 recorded earthquake ground motions, 4-earthquake ground motions normalized by 110 gal and 4 artificial earthquake motions compatible to the seismic building code of Korea are compared.

고고자료의 복원은 과거 기록물로 남겨진 사진과 도면자료를 이용하여 진행하였다. 크게 유구와 유물로 구분하여 살펴보았다. 유구에 대한 복원은 사진으로 남겨진 개개 부위 및 부분을 모델링하고, 이들을 정렬 및 합성하여 하나의 객체로 3차원 복원하였다. 유물에 대한 복원은 사진을 통한 모델링 작업을 우선한 후, 모델링된 유물의 파손 부위에 대한 텍스쳐 이미지를 수정하여 원상 복원하거나, 유물 내 결실부위에 대한 모델링 제작과 합성을 통한 원상을 복원하는 방식이 있다. 도면을 통한 복원은 3차원 모델링 제작과 함께 이미지의 실사맵핑을 통한 복원을 진행하였다. 이렇게 복원된 고고자료는 과거 2D자료를 통한 수치 분석과 해석의 연구성과를 검증하고 비교를 진행할 수 있으며, 추후 더욱 정확한 분석 방안을 제시할 수 있다.

The restoration of archaeological data was carried out using photographs and drawings left as past records. It can be divided into ruins and artifacts. The restoration of the ruins was performed by modeling the individual parts and parts left by the photographs, aligning them and synthesizing them, and reconstructing them three-dimensionally as one object. Restoration of artifacts was performed on both photographs and drawings. After the modeling work is prioritized through the photographs, there is a method of restoring the original image by modifying the texture image of the damaged part of the modeled artifact, or restoring the original image by modeling and synthesizing the deleted part in the artifact. The restoration of the artifacts through the drawings was carried out by three - dimensional modeling and reconstruction through real mapping of images. The reconstructed archaeological data can be used in various directions. In particular, it is possible to verify and compare the results of the numerical analysis and interpretation of the past 2D data, and to provide a more accurate analysis plan in the future.

목적 : MRI를 촬영하면서 동시에 측정한 뇌전도 신호에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 것은 경사자계 유발 잡음이다. MRI와 동시에 측정한 뇌전도 신호에서 전류원 국지화를 수행할 때, 경사자계 유발 잡음이 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 사람의 머리와 유사하게 만든 뇌전도 팬텀과 MR compatible 뇌전도 측정시스템, 그리고 3.0 Tesla MRI 시스템을 실험에 사용하였다. 3.0 Tesla MRI 시스템 안에 전류원이 설치되어 있는 뇌전도 팬텀을 놓고, EPI 촬영을 하는 동안 뇌전도 신호를 측정하였다. 경사자계의 세기와 전류원의 위치를 조절하면서 뇌전도 신호 측정을 하였고, 측정된 뇌전도 신호에 대하여 전류원 국지화를 수행할 때 나타나는 국지화 오차를 평가하였다. 결과 : 경사자계 유발잡음에 의한 국지화 오차는 경사자계의 세기와 전류원의 위치에 따라 변화하는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한 경사자계 유발잡음이 Gaussian 잡음보다 전류원 국지화에 미치는 영향이 큰 것을 관찰하였으며, 경사자계 유발 잡음의 전력이 뇌전도 신호 전력의 $10\%$ 이하일 때는 전류원 국지화에 미치는 영향이 미미함을 관찰하였다. 결론 : 경사자계 유발 잡음 전력을 뇌전도 신호 전력의 $10\%$ 이하로 줄인다면 MRI를 하면서 동시에 측정한 뇌전도 신호로도 전류원 국지화를 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of the gradient switching noise on the ECD source localization with the EEG data recorded during the MRI scan. Materials and Methods : We have fabricated a spherical EEG phantom that emulates a human head on which multiple electrodes are attached. Inside the phantom, electric current dipole(ECD) sources are located to evaluate the source localization error. The EEG phantom was placed in the center of the whole-body 3.0 Tesla MRI magnet, and a sinusoidal current was fed to the ECD sources. With an MRI-compatible EEG measurement system, we recorded the multi channel electric potential signals during gradient echo single-shot EPI scans. To evaluate the effect of the gradient switching noise on the ECD source localization, we controlled the gradient noise level by changing the FOV of the EPI scan. With the measured potential signals, we have performed the ECD source localization. Results : The source localization error depends on the gradient switching noise level and the ECD source position. The gradient switching noise has much bigger negative effects on the source localization than the Gaussian noise. We have found that the ECD source localization works reasonably when the gradient switching noise power is smaller than $10\%$ of the EEG signal power. Conclusion : We think that the results of the present study can be used as a guideline to determine the degree of gradient switching noise suppression in EEG when the EEG data are to be used to enhance the performance of fMRI.

Earthquakes of M5.1, M5.8 and M4.5 occurred in September 12 and 19 respectively in Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk Province. Theses earthquakes inflated fears of people and highlighted necessity of detailed countermeasures because we have considered our country is safe to earthquakes. In the meanwhile, earthquake also impacts groundwater and thus it was recently reported that the Gyeongju Earthquakes affected groundwater there. This study evaluates daily groundwater data collected from five national groundwater monitoring stations (Geoncheon, Sannae, Oedong, Yangbuksin, Cheonbuk) in Gyeongju. The analysis revealed that only groundwater level of bedrock monitoring well hosted in andesite exhibited earthquake impact while no wells in the other four stations hosted in sedimentary rocks showed substantial responses to the earthquakes. This may be derived from the difference of seismic velocity of hosting rocks as well as epicenter distance. Special interest on groundwater monitoring is required to predict earthquakes as precursory phenomena.