Earticle

The digital economy is a series of economic activities that use digital knowledge and information as key factors of production, modern information networks as important carriers, and the effective use of information and communication technology as an important driving force for efficiency improvement and economic structure optimization(Ma et al., 2021). As a new industrial driver, the digital economy has become a new driving force and engine to promote the optimization of industrial structure.Tourism industry as an information-intensive industry has better adaptability with digital economy and has an important role in promoting tourism technology innovation, tourism information sharing and tourism industry integration. However, the tourism industry in the digital transformation of insufficient cognition, low efficiency in the application of digital technology, insufficient construction of digital platforms, the lack of digital talents in the tourism industry and other problems, to a certain extent, weakened the momentum of the digital transformation of the tourism industry. Therefore, it is urgent to study the mechanism path of digital economy on tourism industry structure optimization and effective countermeasures for customer service dilemma. The study results found that: at the theoretical level, the mechanism of digital economy promoting tourism industry structure optimization is analyzed based on economic growth theory and industrial structure theory, and the digital economy transforms tourism industry development mode through integration and innovation effect, improves tourism total factor productivity through factor upgrading effect, and reshapes tourism industry organization form through spatial spillover. At the practical level, the realistic dilemmas of the digital economy empowered tourism industry structure are analyzed, such as "digital divide", "data monopoly", tourism market regulation and tourism platform supervision, etc. In response to those problems, development countermeasures are proposed to innovate the tourism industry model, upgrade the traditional production factors of tourism, and accelerate the spatial clustering and information sharing of the tourism industry. This paper provides a new research perspective and path for the digital transformation and upgrading of tourism industry from the theoretical and practical levels.

Management of the workforce in the early career stage who enter information security work after graduating from college or university so that they can continue to develop their information security careers without leaving the organization can be a solution to the problem of absolute shortage of staffing and lack of skills. This is because the workforce can improve their job skills, and organizations can build a stable, cost-effective human resource management system. This paper constructed and verified a turnover intention research model focusing on the factors that affect the turnover intention of early-stage workforce who took their first steps in society as an information security workforce after graduating from university or college; it confirmed that self-realization is a crucial factor. Furthermore, with in-depth interviews, the career path information of skilled workers, which is essential information necessary for self-realization, was analyzed, and the direction of HRM for self-realization of the workforce in the early career stage was presented.

새로운 취업 형태 발전의 배경에서 신생 기업은 인터넷의 발자취를 따라 빠르게 발전한다. 기업이 발 전하는 과정에서 종사자와 취업주 사이에 노사 충돌이 생기는데 과거 연구에서 종업원, 정부, 기업, 노 동조합, 사회 조직 등 5자가 제조기업의 종업원 업무 만족도 또는 취업주 만족도를 개선할 수 있다는 것을 발견하였다. 그러나 인터넷에서 빠르게 발전하는 새로운 취업형태의 노동관계도 이 다섯방면의 영 향을 받지 않겠는가? 노동관계이론에 근거하여 본 연구는 새로운 취업형태의 배경에서 종업원의 자제 력, 기업의 관리력, 노동조합의 협상력, 정부의 지도력, 비정부기구의 감독력 등 5가지 노동관계의 조화 력이 조화로운 노동관계의 수립에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. 설문지 형식으로 361명의 기업 종업원을 데이터 표본으로 하여 연구한 결과에 따르면 종업원 자제 력, 기업 관리력, 정부 지도력은 조화로운 노동관계의 수립에 현저한 긍정적 작용을 가지고 있고 노동 조합 협상력은 조화로운 노동관계에 현저한 긍정적 작용을 가지고 있지 않으며 비정부조직 감독력은 조화로운 노동관계에 현저한 부정적 작용을 가지고 있지 않다. 본 연구의 결과는 다섯방면 노동관계의 조화력이 조화로운 노동관계의 영향작용에 대한 서로 다른 효과에 대하여 아래와 같은 관리제안을 제시한다. 첫째, 직원들의 자제력이 조화로운 노동 관계에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다. 이를 고려하여 주요 건의사 항은 첫째로 종사자는 자신에 대한 명확한 인지를 가지고 자신의 부족한 부분을 채우고 끊임없이 학습 을 진행하여 자신의 전문적 소양을 제고하고 더 주인으로서의 역할을 더욱 잘 발휘해야 한다; 둘째로 종사자는 자신의 전통적인 고정된 사고방식을 개변하고 민주관리에 대한 인식을 강화해야 하며 적극적 으로 기업의 민주관리에 참여해야 한다. 둘째, 기업 경영력과 정부 지도력의 개선은 조화로운 노동 관계의 구축에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 이 방면에서 제기된 관리건의는 기업 관리자는 종업원의 학습을 유도하고 직업소질과 연수기회를 향상 시키며 학습형 조직분위기를 조성하고 종업원의 업무능력을 향상시켜야 한다. 정부는 기업과 종업원의 이익에 관심을 가지고 노사관계에 도움이 되는 적절한 정책을 수립해야 한다. 셋째, 노동조합의 협상력은 조화로운 노동관계에 현저한 긍정적 영향을 미치지 않는다. 조화로운 노사관계를 한층 더 구축하기 위하여 아래와 같은 정책건의를 제출한다: 첫째로 합리적이고 합법적이며 합규적인 노동조합을 설립하여 직원과 경영진을 위해 봉사한다; 둘째로 노동조합조직은 상응하는 조치 를 통하여 자신의 지명도를 제고하고 직원들로 하여금 노동조합의 중요성과 편리성을 인식하게 하여 노동조합의 조직과 발전에 가입하게 하고 점진적으로 노동조합조직을 확대하여 공동발전, 상호의존, 호 혜윈윈을 도모하여야 한다; 셋째로 노동조합의 관련 업무인원의 전문이론소양을 제고하고 전문인원의 참여를 증가시키며 그것이 정확하고 적극적인 역할을 발휘하도록 보장한다. 넷째, 비정부기구 감독력이 조화로운 노동관계에 미치는 영향이 미미한 부정적인 영향인다는 점에 대 하여 다음과 같이 제안한다. 비정부기구의 관심은 사업자의 방향에만 두어서는 안 되며 동시에 기업의 시장행위를 감시하고 독점적 행위가 발생하지 않도록 하며 공정한 시장에서의 경쟁환경을 조성해야 한다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결론과 관리 건의는 한국의 새로운 취업 형태 기업이 조화로운 노동 관계를 구 축하는 데 참고 가치가 있다.

In the context of the development of new employment patterns, emerging enterprises are rapidly developing following the footsteps of the Internet. In the process of enterprise development, labor-management conflicts between employees and employers may arise. Previous studies have found that five parties: employees, government, enterprises, trade unions and social organizations can improve employee job satisfaction or employer satisfaction in manufacturing enterprises. However, in the new form of employment with the rapid development of network, will labor relations also be affected by these five parties? Based on labor relations theory, this study investigates the effect of the five parties: employee self-control, enterprise management, trade union consultation, government guidance, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) supervision on the establishment of harmonious labor relations in the context of new employment patterns. In this study, a questionnaire was used and 361 employees were used as the data sample. The analysis of the results showed that employees’ self-control, enterprises management and government guidance had a significant positive effect on the establishment of harmonious labor relations, trade union consultation had no significant positive effect on harmonious labor relations, and NGOs supervision had no significant negative effect on harmonious labor relations. The results of this study suggest management suggestions for the different effects of the five parties’ labor relations coordination power on harmonious labor relations. Firstly, the improvement of employees’ self-control has the greatest effect on harmonious labor relations. In view of this, the main suggestions are: First, practitioners should have a clear understanding of themselves, make up for their own shortcomings, continue to learn to improve their professionalism, and better play the role of the master; second, practitioners should change their traditional fixed mindset, strengthen their knowledge of democratic management, and actively participate in the democratic management of the enterprise. Secondly, the improvement of enterprise management and government guidance has a positive impact on the construction of harmonious labor relations. The following management recommendations are made: Enterprise managers need to guide employees to learn, increase professional quality and further study opportunities, create an atmosphere of learning organization and improve the working ability of practitioners. This can be applied not only to Chinese workers, but also to practitioners of Korean platform economy enterprises. The government should pay attention to the interests of enterprises and employees, and formulate appropriate policies that are conducive to labor-management relations. Thirdly, the trade union consultation has no significant impact on harmonious labor relations. In order to further build a harmonious labor relationship between employees and employers, the following policy suggestions are put forward: establish a reasonable, legal and compliant trade union organization serving employees and management. Trade union organizations should improve their own visibility through corresponding measures, so that employees recognize the importance and convenience of trade unions, join the organization and development of trade unions, and gradually grow and expand trade union organizations for common development, interdependence, mutual benefit and win-win; Third, improve the professional and theoretical education of relevant staff of trade unions, increase the participation of professionals, and ensure that they play a correct and positive role. Fourthly, the following recommendations are made to address the point that the impact of NGOs supervision on harmonious labor relations shows a non-significant negative effect. The focus of NGOs should not only be on the direction of practitioners, but also on monitoring the market behavior of enterprises to avoid monopolistic behavior and create a level playing field. Finally, the conclusions and management suggestions of this study have certain reference value for the construction of harmonious labor relations in the new employment pattern enterprises in Korea.

Polishing technology is a final surface finishing process. The main aim is the removal of the machining marks to make the surface bright and clean. Polishing is often difficult to realize automatic mechanical polishing due to the polishing quality requirements and workpiece shape. Aiming at the problem, an automatic polishing technology has been proposed. In the paper, a new polishing path determining a method has been proposed. With this path, the abrasive properties have been studied. Firstly, the abrasive has been selected according to the surface roughness experiment; then, the detailed parameters of processing have been researched. The experimental results show that there is a reasonable grain size meeting the roughness requirement of the workpiece surface with relatively larger abrasive grain size. Besides, it can also be concluded that the roughness of the workpiece surface and the path planning of the abrasive and the processing parameters have high relationship, and only the full consideration of all the parameters can help to improve the processing efficiency with the low cost.

This study aims to reexamine the lexicalization patterns of motion events and clarify the language typology of Korean, together with Japanese and Chinese, in terms of the conflation patterns of semantic elements in motion verbs and the Path framing in a motion event, especially in a serial verb construction. The findings are as follows: First, as for the conflation patterns, English belongs to the type of a Co-event language, whereas Korean, Japanese, and Chinese belong to the type of a Path language. Second, as for the Path framing in a motion event, Co-event languages exhibit the type of satellite-framed languages, whereas Path languages reveal the type of verb-framed languages. As a result, English, as a Co-event language, is classified as a satellite-framed language, whereas Korean, as a Path language, follows the type of a verb-framed language.

The so-called garden path sentences like The woman rushed to the hospital had given birth safely are temporary ambiguous because they lead down the garden path between a main clause and reduced relative clause analysis. The three out-loud reading experiments are conducted (i) to investigate how people process temporary ambiguous sentences in out-reading situations compared to speaking situations, and (ii) to examine how the temporary ambiguous sentences are manifested phonetically in the both situations. Participants were asked to read the prime garden path sentences and reread the same sentences to accomplish the aim of the present study. The sentences of the experiments were divided into the initial, ambiguous, pause, disambiguating and post-disambiguating regions and each region was compared, and also the difference of the F0 and the pitch were examined between the two situations. It was found that (1) the pause region in the reading situations was much longer than that in the speaking situations and (2) the results found in the initial and ambiguous regions in reading and speaking situations were dramatically different in terms of the F0 and pitch patterns.

Varela & Martin Garcia(1999) describe that in Spanish some prefixes change the syntactic projection of the argument of the simple predicate (El clavo ha pasado por la pared > El clavo ha traspasado la pared. El piloto vuela sobre el lago Ontario > El piloto sobrevuela el lago Ontario), and through this kind of prefixation, the optional complement of the sentence like Sacaron las bolas negras (de entre las blancas) is converted as the obligatory complement of the complex predicate in Entresacaron las bolas negras *(de entre las blancas). In the sentence Entresacaron las bolas negras *(de entre las blancas), we can observe that the Path prepositional prefix has the same phonetic feature with the Path Preposition. This kind of phenomena can also be observed in the sentences like El rio afluye al mar, Un pajaro sobrevuela sobre la estatua de la libertad durante la puesta de sol en Nueva York. In this article, we provide a morpho-syntactic account, within the framework of Distributed Morphology(cf. Halle & Marantz(1993)) to show that the simultaneous realization of Path Prefix and Path Preposition with the same phonetic feature is closely related to the spell-out condition in the derivational confuguration with respect to the Path feature.

관한경(关汉卿)의 대표작인 <두아원(窦娥冤)>은 주인공 두아의 비극적 인생을 보여준다. 그러나 두아의 원혼이 이승으로 돌아와 자신의 결백을 증명하고그녀에게 폭력을 가했던 자들을 처벌함으로써 이 극은 비극으로만 끝나지 않고 시적 정의를 실현한다. 본 연구는 ＜두아원＞의 시적 정의에 대해 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 극은 두아의 죽기 전 세 가지 서원(三桩誓愿)을 통해 시적 정의가 이루어져야 한다는 타당성을 주장하고 있다. 이는 두아의 억울함이 하늘과땅도 감동시켜 자연계마저 부조화가 이루는 현상이 나타나 두아의 억울함을증명함과 동시에 그녀의 억울함을 풀어야만 자연계가 정상으로 돌아 갈 수있음을 뜻해 반드시 실추되었던 정의를 돌려놓아야 한다고 주장하는 것이다. 시적 정의를 실현하는 과정과 방법도 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다. 이승에 돌아온 두아의 원혼은 그녀의 직접 복수가 아닌 청렴한 관리를 찾아가 자신의 억울함을 호소하고 관리의 손을 빌려 법적으로 가해자들을 처벌한다. 이는 시적정의 실현 과정에서 단순히 복수만으로는 정의가 이루어 질 수 없음을 뜻하는것이다. 두아 대신 시적 정의를 실현 시켜 줄 인물로 청렴한 관리 즉 문학판관이 등장한다. 문학판관은 공권력을 사용할 수 있는 자로 법으로 가해자들을처벌 할 수 있는 신분이고, 청렴해서 억울한 백성의 호소도 들어 줄 수 있는인물이다. 이 인물은 아이러니하게도 두아를 고리대금 빚 대신 팔아버린 친부두천장(窦天章)이다. 친부 두천장을 통해 고대 중국 사회의 엄격하면서도 자애로운 부모 같은 이상적인 관리인 부모관(父母官)의 모습을 투영해 청렴한 관리를 통해 시적정의를 실현함과 동시에 두아의 비극의 시작이었던 부친을 벌하지 않고 오히려 억울함을 풀어주는 이상적인 부모의 모습으로 남게 했다.

The Injustice to Dou E, a representative Yuan zajuplay by Guan Hanqing, portrays the tragic life of its protagonist, Dou E. However, the return of Dou E’s ghost to the human world where she proves her innocence and punishes those who wronged her lifts the work beyond simple tragedy and leads to the fulfillment of poetic justice. This paper explores how the play constructs and realizes poetic justice, focusing particularly on the legitimacy of Dou E’s three vows made before her death. These vows resonate with the cosmos, as her deep grievance stirs heaven and earth, causing a disruption in the natural order. This phenomenon not only reveals the injustice she has suffered but also signifies that harmony in the natural world can be restored only through the rectification of that injustice. The process and medium through which poetic justiceis achieved are equally significant. Instead of seeking revenge through her own hands, Dou E entrusts her grievance to a morally upright official who uses legal authority to punish the guilty. This demonstrates that poetic justicecannot be accomplished through personal vengeance alone. To fulfill this role, a poetic judgean incorruptible public servant capable of exercising legal authority while remaining sensitive to the voices of the oppressed emerges. Ironically, this figure is Dou Tianzhang, Dou E’s biological father, who had once sold her to repay a debt. Yet through him, the play embodies the ancient Chinese ideal of a parent-official: a stern yet compassionate magistrate. It is through this poetic judgethat justice is restored not by punishing Dou E’s father, who was the starting point of her tragedy, but by transforming him into an ideal parent who ultimately helps vindicate her.

본 연구는 경로 의존성 이론(path dependency theory)의 관점에서 김정은 집권 이후 북한 시장화 경제정책의 전개 양상과 구조적 한계를 분석한다. 북한은 김정은 집권 초기 제한적 시장 개혁과 자율성 확대를 시도했으나, 계획경제 유산과 중앙집권적 통제 구조 속에서 정책 변화는 반복적인 경향을 보였다. 본 연구는 김정은 집권 이후 시장화 경제정책을 세 시기로 구분하여 ① 병진노선과 개혁 실험기, ② 경제 총력·제재 심화기, ③ 팬데믹과 자력갱생 강화기로 각각의 정책 변화를 경로 의존성의 네 가지 요소—초기 조건, 자기강화, 경로 고착, 경로 전환 실패—를 기준으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 북한 경제정책은 체제유지를 최우선으로 하는 구조적 제약 하에서 제한적 개혁만이 반복되었으며, 시장화는 사회 내부에 뿌리내렸음에도 불구하고 제도화되지 못하고 국가 통제의 대상으로 잔존하였다. 특히 북미협상 결렬과 코로나19 팬데믹 이후에는 개혁의 후퇴와 통제 강화가 뚜렷해졌으며, ‘20×10 정책’ 역시 자립경제 기조의 반복으로 해석된다. 따라서 본 연구는 북한 경제정책의 비선형적 변화 양상을 경로의존성 분석틀을 통해 이론적으로 구조화하고, 향후 북한의 정책 변화 가능성이 외부 변수에 크게 의존할 수밖에 없음을 강조한다.

This study examines the evolution and structural constraints of North Korea’s marketization policies under Kim Jong-un through the analytical framework of path dependency theory. Despite limited reform initiatives and attempts to expand economic autonomy in the early years of Kim’s rule, policy outcomes remained cyclical due to the enduring legacy of the planned economy and the regime’s centralized control structure. The analysis divides the post-2012 policy trajectory into three periods?(1) the byungjin line and initial reform experimentation, (2) intensified economic mobilization under strengthened international sanctions, and (3) the COVID-19 period marked by reinforced self-reliance?and evaluates each phase using the four components of path dependency: initial conditions, self-reinforcement, path lock-in, and failed path transition. The findings reveal that marketization, although deeply embedded in North Korean society, has not been institutionalized and remains subject to state oversight. Moreover, following the breakdown of U.S.?North Korea negotiations and the outbreak of the pandemic, reform momentum receded while regulatory control increased, with the “20×10 Policy” representing a continuation of the regime’s longstanding self-reliance strategy. By conceptualizing these nonlinear dynamics within a path-dependent framework, this study underscores the regime’s limited capacity for structural policy change and highlights the extent to which future economic shifts will depend on external conditions.