Earticle

Purpose: Purpose of the study was to identify the effect of the Comprehensive Education Program (CEP) on intraprocedure anxiety, post-procedure uncertainty and athletic performance of back strengthening of patients undergo spinal nerve block (SNB). Methods: The participants (experimental group=33, control group=33) were recruited from a university hospital in G metropolitan city. Data were collected from July to November 2015. The experimental group was individually provided with a booklet/motion picture about the SNB and back strengthening exercise training before the SNB. This group also received a leaflet about back strengthening exercise post SNB. The Anxiety-Visual Analog Scale (A-VAS), the Mishel adapted uncertainty scale and newly created knowledge scale/athletic performance checklist were utilized as our study tools. Results: Intra-procedure anxiety score (F=25.70, p<.001), post-procedure uncertainty score (F=82.56, p<.001), post-procedure knowledge score (F=14.63, p<.001) and athletic performance rate of back strengthening (p=.003) of the experimental group showed statistically significant differences in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: This CEP is a cost and time-effective intervention for patients who undergo spinal injections, so it should be actively utilized as an educational management strategy in outpatient.

본 연구는 블록 코딩을 선행 학습한 학생들에게 적용할 수 있는 Python 교육 프로그램의 개발에 관한 것이 다. 우선 초중등학교 교육과정과 EPL 교재의 분석을 통해 블록코딩 학습자의 수준을 분석하고 블록 코딩에서 사용된 개념을 중심으로 Python 문법을 추출하여 교육과정을 구성한 뒤 PBL 수업에 맞는 Python 교육 프로그 램을 총 16차시로 개발하였다. Python 교육프로그램의 적절성을 검증하기 위해 2차의 전문가의 타당도 검사를 하였다. 검사 결과, 1차 타당도 24문항에서 CVR값 .78 점 이상으로 나타나 일부 수정, 보완하였다. 2차 검사에서 는 21개 문항은 타당성을 확보하였고 CVR 최소값인 .99 이하인 3개 문항의 내용에 대해 수정하여 교육 프로그 램을 완성하였다. 개발된 교육 프로그램이 스크립트코딩을 학습하기 위한 기초 자료로 유용하게 활용되길 기대 한다.

In this study we have developed a Python education program that can be applied to students who have studied block-based coding. We have developed a Python education program based on the extracted the learners' level of block-based coding by analyzing the programs and the textbooks. We extracted the grammar of the block-based coding and constructed the curriculum. Then, the Python education program was composed by 16 hours. After reviewing the appropriateness of the education program through expert validation, it was concluded that the developed Python education program is suitable for applying to learners of block-based coding. We expect that proposed program will be effectively applied as basic resources to learn script coding in class.

4차산업혁명 시대에서의 교육 패러다임은 창의성, 디지털 리터러시, 융합적 학습의 중요성이 강조되고 있으며 전통적 교과 중심에서 창의적인 문제 해결 능력과 융합적인 사고력을 함양하는 방향으로 전환되고 있다. 본 논문 에서는 블록코딩을 활용하여 음악교육과 프로그래밍 학습을 통합하는 교육 프로그램을 설계하고, 이를 통해 학습 자의 창의적 문제해결 능력과 융합적 사고를 향상시키는 방안을 제시한다. 이를 위해 조건문 및 반복문과 같은 프로그래밍의 핵심 개념을 음악적 요소인 리듬, 멜로디, 하모니와 결합하여 학습자들이 논리적 사고와 창의성을 동시에 함양할 수 있는 교육 모델을 개발하였다. 본 프로그램은 8차시로 구성되며, 블록코딩 도구를 통해 단계적 으로 학습 목표를 달성하도록 설계되었다. 제안한 프로그램은 디지털 시대의 핵심 역량인 창의적 문제해결력, 논 리적 사고, 융합적 사고를 종합적으로 계발할 수 있는 교육적 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the educational paradigm is shifting towards emphasizing creativity, digital literacy, and interdisciplinary learning, moving away from traditional subject-focused approaches. This paper proposes an educational program integrating music education and programming through block coding to foster creative problem-solving and integrative thinking. By combining key programming concepts like conditionals and loops with musical elements such as rhythm, melody, and harmony, the program enhances both logical thinking and creativity. Structured into eight sessions, it progressively achieves learning goals using block coding tools. The program aims to comprehensively develop core digital-era competencies, including creativity, problem-solving, and interdisciplinary thinking.

Scratch-based programming has come to be known as an effective programming tool because of its graphic instruction modules, which are designed to be assembled like the famous LEGO building blocks. These building block-like structures allow users to more easily program applications without using other more difficult programming languages such as C or Java, which are text-based. Therefore, it poses a good opportunity for application in educational settings, especially in primary schools. This paper presents an effective approach to developing an educational robot for use in elementary schools. Furthermore, we present the method for scratch programming based on the external modules need for the implementation of robot motion. Lastly, we design a systematic curriculum, titled “Play with a Robot,” and propose guidelines to using the educational programming language Scratch.

본 연구는 정서 지원 인지 활동 뇌블럭 프로그램이 뇌 기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 경로당을 이용하는 여성 노인에게 정서 지원 인지 활동 뇌블럭 프로그램을 적용한 단일군 전후 유사 실험 연구이다. 연구의 대상자는 연구에 목적을 이해하고 참여함을 동의하고 서명한 23명이며, 자료수집은 2023년 4월부터 8월까지이며 뇌파는 뉴로하모니 뇌기능 분석(EEG) 기기를 이용하여 자기조절 지수(SRQ), 활성지수(ACQ), 정서지수(EQ)를 프로그램 전과후 비교분석하였다. 뇌블럭 프로그램은 비언어적 표현, 감정전달, 마음전달, 대인관계, 나를 표현하기, 같이 나누기, 소원나누기 등의 내용으로 구성하고 주제에 맞는 뇌블럭을 만들도록 하고 스토리텔링 기법을 활용하여 15회기 수행하였다. 뇌파 분석 결과 자기조절지수는 사전 48.58에서 사후 64.61로 증가하였으며(t=-.707, p=.001), 활성지수는 사전 84점에서 87점으로 증가하였고(t=-2.127, p=.004), 정서 지수는 사전 81점에서 85점으로 증가하여(t=-2.943, p=.003) 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타났다. 이에 여성 노인이 지역사회에 거주하면서 경로당을 더 안전하고 즐겁게 이용하는 데 활용할 수 있는 정서지원과 인지기능에 필요한 프로그램으로 수행될 수 있을 것이다.

This study aims to investigate the effects of applying an emotion-support cognitive activity brain-block program to elderly women utilizing community centers on cognitive functions. This study adopts a single-group pre-post quasi-experimental design. The study participants consisted of 23 individuals who understood the purpose of the research, agreed to participate, and provided signed consent. Data collection took place from April to August 2023, utilizing Electroencephalography (EEG) for brain function analysis. The study compared and analyzed the differences in Self-regulation Quotient (SRQ), Activation Quotient (ACQ), and Emotional Quotient (EQ) before and after the program. The brain-block program was structured with content such as non-verbal expression, emotional communication, mind sharing, interpersonal relationships, self-expression, sharing, and making wishes. Participants created brain blocks relevant to the themes and engaged in storytelling techniques, conducting the program once a week for 15 sessions. The results of the EEG analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in the self-regulation quotient, rising from 48.58 before the program to 64.61 after (t=-.707, p=.001). The activation quotient increased from 84 to 87 (t=-2.127, p=.004), and the emotional quotient increased from 81 to 85 (t=-2.943, p=.003). These findings indicate statistically significant improvements in the self-regulation, activation, and emotional indices. Based on the outcomes of this study, it can be inferred that programs focusing on emotional support and cognitive functions, as demonstrated in this brain-block program, can be beneficial for elderly women residing in the community, contributing to a safer and more enjoyable utilization of community centers.

본 연구의 목적은 통합 감각자극 기반 고령자 정서안정 뇌블럭 프로그램(이하 BBP)의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 시도하였다. 연구방법은 경로당을 이용하는 노인에게 14회 BBP를 적용한 단일군 전후 유사실험 연구이다. 연구대상자는 G 광역시에 위치한 경로당을 주 4회 이상 정기적으로 이용하고, 본 프로그램에 대한 사전 경험이 없으며, 의사소통에 어려움이 없는 노인을 대상으로 연구 참여에 동의 및 서명한 32명으로 하였다. 자료수집은 2025년 6월부터 9월까지이며 연구자와 뇌기능 측정 전문가 2인이 직접 전 측정하였으며 프로그램 종료 후 1주 뒤 사후조사를 측정하였다. 뇌 기능 검사는 뇌 기능 지수를 분석검사 기기로 자기조절지수(SRQ), 기초 율동지수(BRQ), 주의지수(ATQ)와 활성지수(ACQ), 정서지수(EQ), 항 스트레스 지수(ASQ), 좌·우뇌 균형지수(CQ) 및및 브레인지수(BQ)로 총 8가지 부분에서 α파, SMR파, low-β파 등을 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 자기조절지수(SRQ), 항스트레스지수(ASQ), 뇌기능지수(BQ), 행복감에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.05). 경로당이라는 일상적 공동체 공간에서 프로그램을 적용하여 뇌기능 및 정서적 복지를 동시에 향상시켰다는 점과 손을 이용한 인지활동을 통해 뇌의 활성화를 유도하고, 사회적 교류와 의미 중심 활동을 통해 심리적 안녕을 증진시킬 수 있는 고령자의 인지·정서 통합형 프로그램으로 활용될 수 있을 것이며 추후 연구에서는 행복감 외 다양한 변수를 적용한 연구를 시도할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an Integrated Sensory Stimulation-Based Brain Block Program on Emotional Stability of the Elderly. This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The participants were 32 older adults who regularly attended two senior community centers located in G Metropolitan City, used the centers more than four times per week, had no prior experience with the program, were able to communicate effectively, and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The BBP was implemented for 14 sessions, and data were collected from June to September 2025. Pre- and post-measurements were conducted by the researcher and two specialists in brain function measurement. Brain function was assessed using a brain function index analysis device that measured eight indices: Self-Regulation Quotient (SRQ), Basic Rhythm Quotient (BRQ), Attention Quotient (ATQ), Activation Quotient (ACQ), Emotion Quotient (EQ), Anti-Stress Quotient (ASQ), Cerebral Balance Quotient (CQ), and Brain Quotient (BQ), based on alpha (α), SMR, and low-beta (β) waves. The results showed statistically significant improvements in SRQ, ASQ, BQ, and happiness (p < .05). These findings suggest that the BBP, conducted in an everyday community setting such as a senior center, effectively enhanced both cognitive and emotional well-being. By promoting brain activation through hand-based cognitive activities and fostering psychological well-being through social interaction and meaning-centered engagement, the BBP may serve as an integrative cognitive-emotional program for older adults. Future research should explore the effects of the BBP on additional psychological and physiological variables beyond happiness.

4차 산업혁명 이후, 전 세계적으로 소프트웨어가 산업과 사회 전반에 접목되어 새로운 가치를 창출하는 소프트웨어 혁명이 진행 중이다. 이를 대비하여 선진국들은 기존 컴퓨터 활용 중심에서 컴퓨터 과학 기본 원리와 코딩을 포함하는 소프트웨어 교육을 실시한다. 본 논문에서는 드론을 활용한 블록 프로그램을 제안한다. 이를 통하여 창의융합교육과 연계하여 창의력 사고 및 문제해결능력 신장을 위한 다양한 교육이 가능하다.

After the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there has been a software revolution around the world in which software is combined with industry and society to create new value. In order to prepare this, developed countries provide software education that includes basic principles of computer science and coding instead of computer application education. This paper proposes a block program using a drone. Throughout this research, various education for creativity thinking and problem solving ability is possible in connection with the creativity and convergence education.

This study aims to develop the program for design of a reinforced earth retaining wall. For this purpose, the external stability such as overturning, sliding and bearing capacity and the internal stability such as pull-out failure and tensile rupture of the reinforced earth retaining wall with the reinforcement spacing and the backfill inclination were examined. In addition, the calculated results from the developed program were verified by comparing with the simulated results based on the three-dimensional finite element analysis. It is expected that this program contributes to effective design of the reinforced earth retaining wall.

과거의 지형학이나 지도학 강의 시간에는 지형 단면도, 기복량도, 절봉면도, 하천 종단면도 등을 직접 작성하거나 지형 모형을 제작하여 대상 지역의 지형 특성을 파악하였다. 최근에는 GIS 프로그램을 활용하여 이와 같은 작업을 대체하기도 하지만 여러 가지 제약 때문에 제한적이다. 블록 다이아그램은 상공에서 내려다 본 것처럼 일정한 지역의 지형을 여러 각도에서 입체적으로 표현한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 블록 다이아그램 기법을 응용하여 포토샵 프로그램을 통해 입체 모형도를 제작하는 과정을 제시하고자 하였다. 제시된 프로그램을 활용하여 제작된 입체 모형도는 분수계, 능선, 하계망, 일정 두께의 지하 구조 등을 파악하는 데에 유용하다.

In the past, instructors in geomorphology and cartography class was used to utilize in common traditional learning materials such as making profile of topography, 3-D topographic model, and other maps. According to the recent development of GIS technology, GIS programs have drawn great attention as a useful tool replacing those works. Likewise, there are some critical limitations to the effective use of GIS programs, in that such programs may require professional skills to handle and are expensive to buy them. Regarding these circumstances, this paper attempts to develop a program which is easily able to visualize the relief with personal computer. We suggest that a block diagram, which makes it possible for viewing 3-D from different angles, can be a very effective tool for instructing the characteristics of topography in geomorphology and cartography. In addition, this program is available for recognizing watershed, ridge, the drainage pattern and the underground structure.

Increasing the transfortation efficiency is very important issue in railway system. Speed-up of train and shortage of headway can be its solution. Headway can vary with blocksection length, characteristics of the railway and signalling systems. Safety braking distance needed for passenger's safety is very important factor in block section division method. In this study, basic block section division program was developed with the differential ratio of braking distance resulted by grade value of the track. More complete block section division program is going to be developed by the help of experienced experts.

본 연구에서는 블록을 통한 놀이중심 창의성 프로그램이 유아의 창의적 사고력에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 수도권에 소재한 놀이학교 2곳에 재학 중인 5세 유아 총 53명을 최종 분석 대상으로 하였으며, 이들을 실험집단(N실험=28)과 통제집단(N통제=25)에 무선 배정하였다. 실험이 실시되기 이전에 실험집단과 통제집단의 동질성 여부를 파악하기 위해, 유아의 창의적 사고력 도형 검사(A형), 유아의 창의적 가정환경, 유아의 창의적 행동 및 창의적 성격, 유아교사의 창의적 성격을 사전검사를 통해 살펴본 결과, 두 집단 간 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 실험집단에는 블록을 통한 놀이중심 창의성 프로그램을 30분씩 주 2회, 총 16회로 구성하여 적용하였으며, 통제집단에는 평소와 다름없이 놀이수학과 교구수업을 실시하였다. 사후 검사로는 유아의 창의적 사고력 도형 검사(B형)를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 창의적 사고력 점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이에, 블록을 통한 놀이중심 창의성 프로그램이 유아의 창의적 사고력 증진에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다.

In this study, the block play-centered creativity program(BP-CCP) was developed to enhance children's creative thinking skills, and implemented to 3 year old children in 2 play schools, metropolitan areas, Korea. The subjects in this study were 28 children for the experimental group and 25 children for the control group. Before the experiment was administered to children, a series of pre-tests were conducted to children in both groups(i.e., experimental and control groups). Then, children were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The measures of The Figural Torrance Test of Creative Thinking(TTCT)(Form A), the creative family environment, the creative behaviors of children, the creative personality of teachers and children were administered for the pre-tests. The BP-CCP consisted of 16 sessions, 30 minutes for each session for 8 weeks was implemented to the experimental group, whereas typical math play program was implemented to the control group. After the treatment, the figural TTCT (Form B) was administered to both groups. It was found that both groups were homogeneous in terms of the pre-test results. However, the children in the experimental group showed higher creative thinking skills than those in the control group after the treatment for 8 weeks. Therefore, the BP-CCP was turned out to be effective for enhancing 5 year-old children's creative thinking skills. Therefore, the BP-CPP is recommended to children to improve their creative thinking skills in play schools.

The design program of fitting and thrust block including various shapes and sizes was developed for the GMR project (Great Man-made River Project in Lybia). It can automatically recalculated the minimum size of fitting required for the structural performance and can also determine the proper size of fitting for the safe and economic design by users. It was found that the results of this program was accurate and efficient when it was compared to other references. This program is also developed with GUI (Graphic User Interface) technology for the convenience of users.

본 연구에서는 쌓기놀이 활동 프로그램이 유아의 기하 및 공간 감각능력과 창의적 문제해결력에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 만 5세 유아 40명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구도구는 쌓기놀이 활동 프로그램, 기하 및 공간 감각능력 검사, 창의적 문제해결력검사를 사용하였다. 연구절차는 예비검사, 교사훈련, 사전검사, 실험처치, 사후검사 순으로 이루어졌으며, 자료처리는 다변인 공변량분석(MANCOVA)을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 쌓기놀이 활동 프로그램이 유아의 기하 및 공간 감각능력의 2가지 하위 변인과 창의적 문제해결력의 2가지 하위변인에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a block play activity program on preschool children’s geometric and spatial sense, and creative problem solving. Participants in this study were forty 5-year-old children. The program, using mathematical inquiry block play activities designed for five-year old children was developed in the study and applied two times for 12 weeks in a class designated as the experimental group. Another group served as the control group and this group had no mathematical inquiry block play activities during that period. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA using pre-test scores as covariance. The results reveal that the experimental groups had significantly higher scores on the post-test geometric and spatial sense tests of two sub-variable and creative problem solving tests of sub-variable than did the control group children.

In this study, an embedded system composed of equipment setting, block importing, scenario setting and output reporting is developed in multi-body dynamics program, ADAMS, for conducting dynamic structural analysis of block lifting process. First, equipment used for block lifting process is set in the simulation environment and the shapes and functions of two lifting beams, and six block loaders are provided as the equipment. Second, the modal analysis result of the lifting block is imported from the static structural analysis system, NASTRAN. Third, the lifting scenarios, such as hoisting, waiting, trolley moving, and wire connecting, are set in the system. Finally, output results in the forms of plots, texts and tables, are reported after the dynamic structural analysis. The test examples conducted in a shipyard are applied into the developed system in various condition and scenarios. The loads at the lug points, the stress contours, and the hot spot tables of the developed system are compared with the result of the static analysis system.

In this study, an embedded system composed of equipment setting, block importing, scenario setting and output reporting is developed in multi-body dynamics program, ADAMS, for conducting dynamic structural analysis of block lifting process. First, equipment used for block lifting process is set in the simulation environment and the shapes and functions of two lifting beams, and six block loaders are provided as the equipment. Second, the modal analysis result of the lifting block is imported from the static structural analysis system, NASTRAN. Third, the lifting scenarios, such as hoisting, waiting, trolley moving, and wire connecting, are set in the system. Finally, output results in the forms of plots, texts and tables, are reported after the dynamic structural analysis. The test examples conducted in a shipyard are applied into the developed system in various condition and scenarios. The loads at the lug points, the stress contours, and the hot spot tables of the developed system are compared with the result of the static analysis system.

The construction of settlement house in a permanent rental housing development area started between 1989 and 1992, planning of supplying two hundred fifty thousand residences, settlement house became compulsory as a welfare facilities. As a part of Welfare program for low income families, number of settlement housing increased dramatically, also domiciliary welfare center was beginning to set up as a branch of settlement housing to strengthen its service towards families and local communities, thus numerous social welfare organizations play a crucial part in resolving a welfare problem for low income families while satisfying local community's needs. However, despite of these efforts, the number if institutions cannot handle demand of local community's needs and number of welfare institution programs. as a solution, the alternation of space is being used, however, it did not solve basic problem, even worsen in terms of space efficiency.

This study proposes rainwater infiltration retention blocks as a solution to the flooding problems caused by recent climate change and developed a flood prediction simulation program to select the optimal site for installing rainwater infiltration retention blocks that can minimize damage from floods. By applying the existing 2D flood analysis model G2D and adding a reservoir function, the volume of water before and after installation can be determined through simulation results.

A computer program has been developed to predict the heat transfer characteristics and the temperature distribution in the cylinder block of a 4-cylinder, 4-stroke engine. The finete element method is employed to handle the complex geometries associated with the practical cylinder block. The hexahedron finite element is used for a mesh generation of three-dimensional domain. The present numerical procedure has been validated with the measured temperature at several locations of cylinder block. The heat transfer characteristics of engine cylinder block is systematically analyzed for various engine speeds and loading conditions.