Earticle

This study examines Korean EFL learners’ systematic production of errors and accurate responses. A total of one hundred and one participants (aged between 11 and 13) completed a picture elicitation task designed for the English progressive. The method of Error Analysis was employed to analyze the written production. The findings indicated that Korean learners produced intralingual errors most frequently. The most common errors involved the use of bare verbs without tense and aspectual marking (e.g., Dance, She dance). The next most frequent errors involved the use of be followed by a bare verb (e.g., She is dance). Omission of be alone was rare in the current study (e.g., She dancing). The middle school student group performed better than the elementary group (50% accuracy versus 8.82%). The difference can be attributed to the input frequency and classroom practices. Pedagogical implications of the results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of English teaching and the necessity of explicit and implicit error corrections and grammatical instructions.

한국어 학습자들에게 있어 쓰기는 다른 어떤 영역에 비해 어려워하는 부분이다. 그러나 향후 이들이 학교에서 수업 을 듣고, 과제 및 발표를 하고 더 나아가 취업 등의 상황에 적응하기 위해서는 글을 구성하여 조직적으로 쓸 수 있는 능력이 필수적이다. 그러므로 이에 대한 지도방안을 강구할 필요성이 있다. 일반적으로 쓰기 특성은 쓰기 산출성, 쓰기 복잡성 및 쓰기 오류 등을 통해 많이 살펴본다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 우선 베트남인 한국어 학습자, 중국인 한국어 학습자 및 한국인 대학생들을 대상으로 그림과 A4 용지를 제공한 후 자유로이 글을 쓰게 하였다. 그 후 쓰기 자료를 토대로 구문 산출성(총 C-unit수, 총 어휘수), 구문 복잡성(C-unit당 단어의 수와 절밀도) 및 쓰기 오류(조사, 연결어미, 어휘오류, 띄어쓰기오류)의 차이를 살펴보았다 연구결과 베트남인, 중국인 한국어 학습자들은 한국인 대학생애 비해 구문 산출성, 복잡성이 유의미하게 낮았으며, 조사와 연결어미에서 한국인 대학생에 비해 많은 오류를 나타냈었다. 연구 결과에 따라 한국어 학습자들을 위한 쓰기 지도 방안을 논의하였다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 연구대상자의 한국어 수준 및 거주기간에 따른 쓰기 특성의 차이를 검증하지 못했다. 따라서 향후 연구에서는 이를 고려하여 살펴볼 필요성이 있다.

For Korean learners, writing is a harder part than any other areas in Korean languages. But in the future, the ability to organize and write systematically is essential for future koran languages learners to take classes, do assignments and presentations at school, and then adapt to job situations. Therefore, there is a need to devise a direction for this. In general, writing characteristics are viewed in many ways, including writing productivity, writing complexity, and writing errors. Accordingly, the study provided drawings and A4 paper for Vietnamese Korean learners, Chinese Korean learners, and Korean university students, before writing freely. Based on the their writing results, we looked at syntax factors (total C-units, total number of words), syntax complexity (number of words per C-unit and clause density), and writing errors (postposition, spell errors, and connective suffix, space errors) According to the study, Vietnamese and Chinese Korean language learners showed significantly lower syntax productivity and complexity than Korean university students, and showed more writing errors than Korean students in postposition and clause density. Based on the results of the study, we discussed writing guidelines for Korean languages learners. However, this study did not validate the differences in writing characteristics according to the Korean language level and length of residences for the study subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to consider this in future research.

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This paper discusses Prince & Smolensky’s (1993/2004) argument that implicational universals emerge from certain universally fixed constraint-hierarchies, focusing on the developmental phonology of English. In this paper, two different types of opaque error patterns observed in the developmental phonology of English, described and analyzed by Dinnsen (2008), are reconsidered in terms of the implicational universal existing between errors involving manner features and errors involving place features. This reconsideration shows that in choosing opaque actual forms as optimal outputs in these cases it is indispensable to set up the constraint-hierarchy that is opposite to the expected one for the implicational universal. This paper, therefore, demonstrates that opacity may make it impossible to formalize an implicational universal as a universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. It leads to the conclusion that not every implicational universal always gets along with the universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. (Chung-Ang University)

This paper examines errors in the oral production of English complex wh-questions by Korean learners. Data are elicited from an experiment of oral production by sixty-seven Korean university students enrolled in English-major classes. Only thirty-one of them succeed in producing biclausal structures for complex wh-questions: Fifteen (48%) successfully produce correct English complex wh-questions such as Which color do you think he likes? and twelve (39%) produce the intended question, rather persistently, with two wh-phrases with what in the matrix clause such as What do you think which color he likes?. The paper concludes that the production of complex structures like complex wh-question is challenging for the learner unless he obtains advanced working proficiency in English. Otherwise, the learner would likely be frozen in the obligatory stage of employing two wh-phrases in Korean-English interlanguage.

Taeho Kim. & Han-gyu Lee, 2020. Journal of Cross-cultural Studies xx-xx. A Linguistic Analysis of Children's Speech Errors in Korean Speech Production. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate how Korean children produce speech errors (or slips of the tongue) during speech production and show that their errors are not arbitrary but systematic, which reflects their language knowledge and abilities. To achieve this goal, we collected 122 speech errors from the spontaneous, casual conversations of two groups of children, pre-schoolers and primary schoolers, and classified them according to three dimensions: linguistic components, directionality, and forms of errors. The rates of errors were compared carefully, not only between the two child groups, but also between children and adults. Such comparisons provide a linguistic clue for language production and language development processes. This study will be linguistically significant in that there have been no studies of children’s speech errors in Korean, although there have been many in other languages.

Анализ грамматических ошибок иностранных студентов в целом подтверждает высказанные ранее идеи о том, что при усвоении первого языка дети овладевают целыми синтаксическими блоками, привязанными к определенным контекстам. Из-за этого они не допускают ошибок на поверхностном уровне, однако нет однозначных свидетельств того, что они действительно знакомы с правилами употребления форм, так как для такого утверждения нет достаточного количества контекстов, в которых могли бы возникнуть ошибки. Если же речь идет об усвоении грамматического правила, здесь между изучением первого и второго языков наблюдаются параллели: и дети, и инофоны (а в некоторых случаях и русскоговорящие взрослые в условиях неформального общения) склонны к так называемой сверх-генерализации правил, в результате которой они производят инновации в соответствии с языковыми законами, но вразрез с практикой употребления. Необходимо отметить богатство и разнообразие тех проблемно-разрешительных механизмов, которые носители другого языка используют для того, чтобы наиболее адекватно передать свои идеи при недостатке средств выражения.

This paper discusses a green supply chain with a manufacturer and a collection trader, and it proposes an optimal production planning for remanufacturing of parts in used products with quality classification errors made by the collection trader. When a manufacturer accepts an order for parts from a retailer and procures used products from a collection trader, the collection trader might have some quality classification errors due to the lack of equipment or expert knowledge regarding quality classification. After procurement of used products, the manufacturer inspects if there are any classification errors. If errors are detected, the manufacturer reclassifies the misclassified (overestimated) used products at a cost. Accordingly, the manufacturer decides to remanufacture from the higher-quality used products based on a remanufacturing ratio or produce parts from new materials. This paper develops a mathematical model to find how quality classification errors affect the optimal decisions for a lower limit of procurement quality of used products and a remanufacturing ratio under the lower limit and the expected profit of the manufacturer. Numerical analysis investigates how quality of used products, the reclassification cost and the remanufacturing cost of used products affect the optimal production planning and the expected profit of a manufacturer.

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 경직형 뇌성마비 아동을 대상으로 조음중증도 수준에 따라 말산출 오류에서 차이가 있는지, 이러한 오류 유형이 말명료도와 어떤 관련성을 가지는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 생활연령 평균 10.17세의 경직형 뇌성마비 아동 36명(남 20명, 여16명)이 참여하였으며, 조음중증도에 따라 경도 12명, 중등도 9명, 심도 15명으로 분류하였다. 말산출 오류 평가를 위해 아동용 발음평가를 사용하였으며, 오류 유형은 생략, 대치, 왜곡, 연장, 비구어적 소리로 분류하였다. 말명료도는 청자가 정확하게 알아들은 단어의 평정치 비율로 산출하여 분석하였다. 결과: 첫째, 조음중증도 수준에 따라 말산출 오류의 양상이 유의하게 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. 생략, 연장, 비구어적 소리, 대치 오류에서 집단 간 차이가 유의하였으며, 특히 심도 집단에서는 생략과 비구어적 소리가 다른 오류 유형보다 유의하게 높은 빈도를 보였다. 또한 각 집단 내 오류 유형 분석 결과, 경도 집단에서는 대치가, 중등도 집단에서는 대치와 생략이 주요오류 유형으로 나타난 반면, 심도 집단에서는 생략과 비구어적 소리가 두드러지게 나타나 조음중증도가 증가할수록 자음 산출의 어려움과 비구어적 발성이 증가하는 특성이 확인되었다. 둘째, 생략, 연장, 비구어적 발성과 말명료도와는 유의한 부적 상관이 관찰되었고, 특히 생략과 비구어적 소리에 의해 말명료도가 가장 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구는 경직형 뇌성마비 아동의 말명료도가 조음중증도 뿐만 아니라 생략과 비구어적 소리와 같은 말산출 오류 유형에 의해 크게 영향을 받음을 확인하였으며, 이는 말명료도 향상을 위한 중재에는 중증도와 오류 유형을 함께 고려한 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate differences in the types of speech production errors according to the levels of articulation severity in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and to examine the relationship between these error types and speech intelligibility. Methods: The participants were 36 children with spastic CP (20 boys, 16 girls) with a mean chronological age of 10.17 years. They were divided into three groups based on articulation severity: mild (n=12), moderate (n=9), and severe (n=15). The Assessment of Phonology & Articulation for Children (APAC) was administered, and speech production errors were classified as omission, substitution, distortion, prolongation, and non-speech errors. Speech intelligibility was analyzed as the percentage of words correctly understood by listeners. Results: The pattern of speech production errors differed significantly according to articulatory severity. Significant group differences were found in omission, prolongation, non-speech, and substitution errors, and the severe group showed significantly higher frequencies of omission and non-speech errors than other error types. Furthermore, withingroup analyses revealed that substitution was the predominant error type in the mild group, whereas substitution and omission were the major error types in the moderate group. In contrast, omission and non-speech errors were most prominent in the severe group, indicating that greater articulatory severity was associated with increased difficulty in consonant production and increased non-speech vocalizations. In addition, omission, prolongation, and non-speech errors showed significant negative correlations with intelligibility. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that omission and non-speech errors were the strongest predictors of intelligibility, even after controlling for articulatory severity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that intelligibility is influenced not only by severity but also by specific error types, particularly omission and non-speech errors, indicating the need to consider both factors in intervention.

The goal of this paper is to analyze Korean children’s production errors within the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1993, Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004) and to provide significant implications for the treatment of Korean phonological delays or disorders. Using M. J. Kim et al.’s (2007) Assessment of Phonology & Articulation for Children, this paper collected 76 Korean pre-school children’s production outputs of 37 Korean words and analyzed them. This paper also compared the production errors of two phonologically delayed Korean children. One of them was selected among the subjects of this study because he exhibited phonologically delayed errors in comparison to the children in the same age group. The other’s errors were drawn from Kim et al. (2002).

Case studies are made to investigate the relationship between the accuracy of energy production estimation and project feasibility indicators such as rate of return on equity (ROE) and debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) for three wind farm projects. It is found out that 1% improvement in the accuracy of energy production estimation may enhance the ROE by more than 0.5% in the case of P95, thanks to improved financing terms. AHP survey shows that MCP correlation of measured in situ wind data with long term wind speed distribution and hands-on experiences of flow analysis are more important than other factors for more precise annual energy production estimation.

In recent years, precision machining of the dental prosthesis by computer assisted system is becoming pervasive in clinical dentistry. Prosthesis fabricating system that is designed by computer software and made by computer devices is called as a CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing) system. By the use of dental CAD/CAM system, the improvement of marginal compatibility and mechanical properties in prosthesis can be obtained more effectively, an aesthetic quality by using new materials such as zirconia can be increased. Also, the restoration process can be simple and efficient, the production time can be shortened, the process of manufacture can be standardized, and the mass production is possible. What is clear is that these benefits are theoretically possible, but the dentist or dental technician must understand the CAD/CAM basic principles and limitations for obtaining the maximum advantages of CAD/CAM system. For this reason, this article will be presented about the basic principles of CAD/CAM system and the factors of error that might occur in the CAD/CAM process based on my empirical study.

This study researched the status and prospect of a natural dye program in Gyeongsang region that focused on private centers with sufficient infrastructure and abundant human resources were available for natural dyes. The entire site for metropolitan cities that have difficulty in securing the land are limited (as well as smaller) because they are closer to the city; in addition, they do not own the drying house and the agricultural land for natural dyes. It is understood that the one-time program of all centers researched help to promote and maintain the centers rather than generating profit; in addition, it is shown that Jun - Aug (summer) is preferred over Dec - Feb (winter). This program uses natural indigo; consequently, natural dye program for hobby and education is operated when it is required because the number of participants are low in most cases, Persimmon Juice is used for the dyeing raw materials. Programs in operation are often outsourced with other institutes registered under private certification system; therefore, many cases of starting business are found in the institutes operating programs directly after obtaining the certification. Their plans do not allow for investment in facility such as enlargement of experience center and prospect of program; in addition, business value is generally bright for business strategies that include an exhibition shop for natural dye products and program development.