Earticle

Purpose Cystoscopy is the most common procedure used to diagnose urological diseases; however, it is invasive and can be associated with pain and anxiety. Although pain relieving medications, such as lidocaine lubricants, are used during cystoscopy, the procedure still causes discomfort. Therefore, non-medical intervention is needed to reduce pain and anxiety during the procedure and increase patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heating therapy on pain, anxiety, physiologic measures, and satisfaction during cystoscopy. Methods This was a single-blinded, single-center, randomized controlled trial. A total of 145 participants who underwent cystoscopy between August 2017 and October 2017 were recruited and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Before and after cystoscopy, all the participants self-reported the degree of pain they felt, while pain was objectively assessed by trained nurses. Anxiety was evaluated using the validated Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Blood pressure and pulse rate were also recorded as physiologic measures. After cystoscopy, satisfaction was measured in the experimental group only using the Korean version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results Heating therapy reduced both subjective and objective pain and anxiety in the experimental group compared to the control group. Heating therapy also decreased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate in the experimental group compared to the control group. Women reported significantly greater satisfaction than men. Conclusion Heating therapy during cystoscopy is a convenient and effective nursing intervention that decreases pain and anxiety and enhances patient satisfaction. The study has been registered with the Clinical Research Information Service Registry, and the trial registration number is [12616000803493].

Purpose Evidence on factors influencing the variations of music’s effect on anxiety and pain in surgical patients is unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effects of music intervention on anxiety and pain throughstudy characteristics. Methods We conducted a search on the PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases from March 7 to April 21, 2022, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the effect of music intervention on anxiety, pain, and physiological responses in surgical patients. We included studies published within the last 10 years. We assessed the risk of bias in the study using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials and performed meta-analyses using a random-effects model for all outcomes. We used change-from-baseline scores as summary statistics and computed bias-corrected standardized mean differences (Hedges'g) for anxiety and pain outcomes and mean differences (MD) for blood pressure and heart rate. Results Of the 454 records retrieved, 30 RCTs involving 2280 participants were found to be eligible. Music intervention was found to be superior to standard care in reducing anxiety (Hedges' g = ?1.48, 95% confidence interval: ?1.97 to ?0.98), pain (Hedges's g = ?0.67, ?1.11 to ?0.23), systolic blood pressure (MD = ?4.62, ?7.38 to ?1.86), and heart rate (MD = ?3.37, ?6.65 to ?0.10) in surgical patients. The impact of music on anxiety and pain relief varied significantly depending on the duration of the intervention. The largest effect was observed in interventions lasting between 30 and 60 minutes, with a decrease in anxiety and pain. Conclusions Music intervention is an effective way to reduce anxiety, pain, and physiological responses in surgical patients. Future reviews examining the influence of different types of surgery on the effects of music would add to the body of knowledge in this field. This study has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the number CRD42022340203, with a registration date of July 4, 2022.

-Effects of Individualized Education on Knowledge, Compliance, and Physiologic Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients

본 연구는 신생아중환자실에서 보육기 치료를 받은 미숙아에게 만 7일 동안 산모의 심장소리를 지속적으로 제공한 후 미숙아의 체중변화량, 심박동수, 뇨중 코티졸 농도 및 행동상태변화를 측정하였다. 연구결과 지속한 심장소리는 미숙아의 체중증가에 효율적임과 동시에 코티졸농도 및 행동상태의 변화와 관련된 과도한 자극은 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 이는 본 중재가 보육기내에 설치된 기기를 통해 미숙아에게 적절한 수준으로 제공됨으로써 과도한 외부소음은 통제하는 동시에 이들이태내에서 가장 익숙하게 경험하는 산모의 심장소리를 제공하는 이중효과가 있기 때문이다. 이러한 이중효과는 미숙아에게불필요한 에너지 소비를 줄임으로써 체중증가에 순기능을 하는 유효성 높은 청각자극으로 사려된다. 미숙아는 청각자극을유도하거나 부적절한 경우 스스로 차단할 수 있는 적극적 주체가 아니다. 즉 청각자극은 발생과 동시에 그저 일방적으로 주어지는 특성이 있으므로 미숙아를 위한 청각자극은 유효성과 안전성이 동시에 충족되어야 한다. 청각자극의 종류는 연주음악,음성, 노래 등 다양한 형태로 존재하는데 이들의 유효성과 안전성은 아직 통합된 결론에 도달하지 못하였다. 본 연구는 미숙아의 청각수용과 요구 측면에서 정교하게 선택된 산모의 심장소리의 유효성과 안전성을 지지한다. 이때 보다 근거중심실무와관련 현상을 탐색을 위해 다음과 같은 부분의 연구 확대를 제언한다. 첫째, 본 연구의 중재는 만 7일 동안 제공되었으나 중재 및임상실무의 속성상 이들이 보육기에 머무는 전체 기간으로 확대 적용할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 미숙아의 체중은 건강 및 성장에 가장 중요한 지표이므로 체중 증가는 보육기치료 시간은 물론 재원기간단축과 같은 경제적 효율성과 연관되며 이는 부모애착이나 다른 건강지표의 증진에도 순기능을 할 것으로 사려된다. 이에 관련 변수들의 정량적 측정을 통해 더욱 더 근거중심적인 실무적용을 도모할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 심장소리는 MP3을 보육기내에 부착하여제공되었는데 그 과정에서 배터리 전원을 제공하는 것이 매우불편하였다. 따라서 본 중재가 보다 보편적으로 적용되기 위해서는 심장소리를 쉽게 연속적으로 제공할 수 있는 기술적 장치가 필요하다. 한편 본 연구 결과를 해석하는데 다음과 같은 점에 유의할필요가 있다. 첫째, 본 연구 설계는 집단 간 오염을 방지하기 위해 대상자의 무작위배정을 계획하지 않았다. 중재가 주어지지않은 대조군의 경우 그냥 일상적 상황에서 연구 자료만 수집하였으므로 실제 NICU 실무자가 연구와 관련하여 대조군에 속한 대상자를 의식할 가능성은 매우 적다. 반면, 실험군의 자료수집 시기엔 모든 보육기 내에 MP3가 부착되고 심장소리가 들림에 따라 이들이 실험군 연구 대상자라는 점이 매우 가시화된다. 이는 간호실무 수행에 영향을 미쳐, 대상자의 행동상태나스트레스 정도 등에 영향을 미칠 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 둘째, 본 연구는 제한된 시간 내에 수행된 바, 코티졸이라는 일 변수에 미치는 효과크기에 근거하여 본 연구의 총 대상자 크기를산출하였다. 이에 체중, 심박동수 등 다른 변수들에 대한 효과크기 예측은 시도되지 않았으므로 이들 변수에 대한 중재효과가 참값에 근접한 값인지는 알 수 없다. 물론 더 많은 대상자 크기가 더 좋은 연구결과를 초래하는 것은 아니다. 그러나 ...

Purpose: The study was done to measure the effects of maternal heart sound on body weight, physiologic reactions (heart rate [HR] and cortisol) and behavioral states of preterm infants. Methods: Thirty-five preterm infants were recruited from a neonatal intensive care unit at a university hospital. Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent were obtained. The infants were assigned to an experimental group (n=18) with an auditory stimulation for 7 days of life, a continuous delivery of maternal heart sound using MP3 attached inside the incubator, or to a control (n=17) without any auditory stimulation. The outcome variables, daily variations in weight, HR and behavioral states, and differences in cortisol were analyzed. Results: There were differences in variations of daily weights (F=3.431, p=.011) and in cortisol (t=3.184, p=.006)between groups, but no difference in variations of daily HR (F=0.331, p=.933) and behavioral states (F=1.842, p=.323). Conclusion: The findings support the safety of continuous maternal heart sound as no changes in HR and behavioral states occurred, and the efficacy as weight increased and cortisol decreased. This auditory simulation may lead to more efficient utilization of energy in preterm infants by consistently providing familiar sounds from intrauterine life and blocking noxious sounds from NICU environments.

Purpose: This study was done to provide effective nursing interventions using an individualized educational program designed to contribute to the knowledge, compliance and physiologic parameters (serum potassium, phosphorus and interdialytic weight gain) of non-compliant hemodialysis patients. Methods: There were 22 participants in the experimental group and 19 in the control group. Nurses with rapport with patients provided education to non-compliant hemodialysis patients for 20 minutes three times a week for six weeks. This education program consisted of individual consulting, telephones conversations regarding hemodialysis, and requests for patient support from patients' families and colleagues. Results: Hypothesis 1; "Knowledge about hemodialysis in the experimental group will be higher than the control. group" was not supported. Hypothesis 2; "Compliance will be higher in the experimental group than in the control group", and Hypothesis 3; "Physiologic parameters of experimental group will improve" were supported as serum potassium and interdialytic weight gain decreased, but results were not consistent for phosphorous. Conclusion: This program for non-compliant patients increased compliance and improved physiologic parameters. Therefore, this educational program should be effective as a nursing intervention.

-Effects of Foot Reflexology Massage on Climacteric Symptom, Fatigue and Physiologic Parameters of Middle Aged Women

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the retention effects of an individualized dietary education program for hemodialysis patients on diet knowledge, diet self-care compliance, and physiological indices, thus to find the most effective time period for re-education. Method: This study utilized one-group repeated pretest-posttest design. The participants were 52 hemodialysis patients in C hospital, Gyeonggi-Do. Data were collected at 4 and 12 weeks after the education from January through April 2016. Results: There was significant increases in diet knowledge even 12 weeks after the education (p = .007). Diet self-care compliance showed a significant increase at 4weeks (p= .001), but a decrease at 12 weeks after the education. The level of blood natrium was significantly decreased between 4 and 12 weeks after the education (p= .006). The weight was significantly decreased at 12 weeks after the education. Conclusion: It has been identified that re-education for hemodialysis patients should be implemented between 4 and 12 weeks after education in order to maintain patients’ diet self-care compliance, an ultimate aim of diet education. By helping them with their self-care compliance, the patients would maintain their physical and psychological function optimally, thus contributing to a better quality of life among hemodialysis patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodic video education on knowledge about hemodialysis, patient role behavior and the physiologic index in patients with hemodialysis. Methods: One-group pretest-posttest design was applied. A total of 50 patients with hemodialysis at a university hospital hemodialysis unit in Daegu participated. Periodic video education about kidney function, diet, arteriovenous fistula management, medication, and exercise was administered to them for 12 weeks at intervals of 2 weeks. Before and after the education, the participants completed the self-administered questionnaires of knowledge about hemodialysis and patient role behavior and the measures of serum potassium and phosphorus concentration, weight gain between hemodialysis sessions, and adequacy of dialysis (Kt/V). Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. Results: Knowledge about hemodialysis and patient role behavior were significantly different between before and after education (p<.01). For the physiologic index, serum potassium concentration and weight gain between hemodialysis sessions were not significantly different but the serum phosphorus concentration and Kt/V were significantly different between before and after education (p<.05). Conclusion:The results suggest that the periodic video education for patients with hemodialysis contributed to the change and improvement in knowledge about hemodialysis, patient role behavior, and the physiologic index.

=The Effect of Roller Acupuncture Stimulation on Baesu Spots of Joktaeyang Bangkwang Kyeong in the Reaction to Physiologic Pain in Neonates

목적 : 본 연구는 불안장애 아동의 감각자극에 따른 생리학적 반응 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 논문 검색을 위해 사용된 데이터베이스는 Cochrane library, EBSCOhost, Embase, ScienceDirect,Medline, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Social Sciences Citation Index이었다. 검색대상은 2000년 1월부 터2013년 5월까지의 국외 학회지에 개제된 논문으로 하였다. 검색어는“generalized anxiety disorder,specific phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumaticstress disorder, separation anxiety, children, pediatric, adolescent, sensory stimuli,sensory response, startle reflex, startle reactivity, auditory, olfactory, visual, vestibular,proprioceptive, tactile, taste, skin conductance response, galvanic skin response, heart rate,beats per minute, heart rate variability, vasomotor activity, electromyography”이었다. 최종적으로 분석에 사용된 논문은 5개이었으며, 연구의 근거 수준은 모두 수준Ⅱ이었다. 결과 : 불안장애 아동은 정상아동에 비해 감각 자극에 대한 각성이 높게 나타났다. 감각자극에 대해 반응진폭 은 불안장애 아동이 정상아동에 비해 크게 나타났으며, 반응 잠재기는 짧게 나타났다. 또한 불안장애 아동은 감각 자극에 대해 지연된 습관화의 특징을 보였다. 결론 : 불안장애 아동은 정상 아동과 다른 생리학적 반응을 보였다. 앞으로 불안장애 아동의 생리학적 반응을 측정하는데 있어 동일한 감각계에 대해 같은 방법으로 연구되어야 할 것이다.

Objective : This study aimed at examining the difference in cognitive distortion, depression, and school functionbetween children with a disability and children without a disability during their school-age years. In addition, aninvestigation into the effect of cognitive distortion and depression on the school function in school-age childrenwas conducted.The aim of this study was to provide children with an anxiety disorder sensory stimulation withphysiology response features. Methods : We examined the papers published in journals from January 2000 to May 2013, using the Cochranelibrary, EBSCOhost, Embase, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Social Sciences Citation Index. The key-words for the search were “generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, socialanxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety, children,pediatric, adolescent, sensory stimuli, sensory response, startle reflex, startle reactivity, auditory, olfactory,visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, tactile, taste, skin conductance response, galvanic skin response, heart rate,beats per minute, heart rate variability, vasomotor activity, and electromyography.” Five studies were used forthe data analysis, and all levels of evidence were at level Ⅱ. Results : The level of arousal from sensory stimulation in children with an anxiety disorder was higher than inhealthy children. The magnitude of sensory stimulation was higher in children with an anxiety disorder, with ashorter latency, than in healthy children. The children with an anxiety disorder also indicated a delayed habituationto stimulation. Conclusion : The children with an anxiety disorder have different physiological response features than the normalcontrol group. A systematic study is expected to be conducted to investigate the physiology response using thesame method as for children with an anxiety disorder.

Follicular internal layer becomes protected hair follicle layers by outer root sheath, dermal root sheath. Hair follicle layers are combined organization root in protecting layers as perifolicular. Hair papilla derived from mesenchyrnal corresponds to dermal papilla of epidermis and hair follicle is connected to outer layer. Main cellular components of hair follicle are outer layer, germinal matrix cell, inner root sheath, mesenchymal, hair papilla , and dermal root sheath cell, which take part in supporting growth and control of hair. Especially, interaction between epidermal and mesenchymal tissue cell is important in control of hair growth. In ectorderm of embryo three weeks after conception, while hair germ or primary epithelial germ form hair peg toward derma with appearance of primordial epidermis, dermal papilla is formed by fibroblast of mesenchymal, organization through interaction between outer layer and dermal. At the same time, bulbous peg stage possess a form of hair follicle as germinal matrix cell and hair papilla develop. While hair follicle , sebum-forming sebum gland and hair-erecting arrecter pili muscle from hair follicle are attached, the form of hair follicle is perfectly set up. Interaction in hair follicle form molecular level is evolution and growth in shape. For example, growth of specific organ or part of body, and morphogenesis and development during individual growth process are mainly emerged Morphogenesis is a growing divergence process as cells are gradually diverse. Therefore, reversely, the original cell has a potential ability to be diverged into various cells. This is known as pluripotentiality, not peculiar for embryo period. For instance, while blood cells are produced through whole life, various blood cells are diverged from common forefather cell. Because forefather cell produce pluripotentiality cells like itself as well as differentiated cells, the original character does not disappear. Likewise, the cell that has pluipotentiality and reproduction ability is called stem cell. Stem cells exist in any organization that vigorously reproduce not only blood cells but also alimentary canal 상피 and skin after birth. When these features are important as the target of genetic cure, hair physiology field in scalp hair shows variety and flexibility in beauty study.

목적 : 성인 정신장애를 대상으로 청각자극에 대한 생리학적 반응을 측정한 연구에서 사용된 청각자극의 종류와 측 정도구를 알아보고 대상군의 자율신경계 반응특성을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 연구방법으로는 체계적 고찰을 사용하였다. 사용한 데이터베이스는 PubMed이었다. 검색어는“auditory stimulation, auditory startle, electromyogram, skin conductance, heart rate, psychiatric disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, depression”이었다. 최종적으로 분석에 사용된 논문은 8개이었으며, 근거의 질적 수준은 모두 수준Ⅱ이었다. 분석 내용은 대상군의 특성, 청각자극의 종류, 측정도구, 정신 장애의 청각자극에 대한 생리학 적 반응특성이었다. 결과 : 1. 연구 대상군은 불안장애와 정신분열장애를 대상으로 한 연구가 각각 4개이었다. 2. 생리학적 반응 유발을 위해 청각자극만 제공한 연구가 6개, 청각자극과 함께 시각자극을 포함한 연구가 2 개이었다. 3. 분석대상 연구 모두에서 근전도(electromyograph)를 사용하였으며, 근전도와 함께 피부전기전도(skin conductance)를 측정한 연구가 2개, 심박수(heart rate)를 측정한 연구가 2개이었다. 4. 정신분열장애와 불안장애(외상후 스트레스장애, 강박장애)는 일반인과 다른 생리학적 반응을 보였다. 결론 : 생리학적 반응을 측정하기 위한 연구에서 사용한 자극은 청각자극으로 단순음을 제시하였고, 근전도는 안륜 근에 전극을 붙여 생리학적 반응을 측정하였다. 정신장애군은 청각자극에 대해 큰 반응, 짧은 잠재기, 지연된 습관 화 등의 특징을 보였다. 앞으로 정신장애군의 감각 특성에 대하여 생리학적 측정을 통한 연구가 이루어져야 하겠다.

Objective : The aim of this study was to provide the method to measure physiologic response using equipments and auditory stimulation, and the physiologic response features of adult psychiatric disorders through a systemic review. Methods : The systemic review was executed using PubMed. The key words for search were “auditory stimulation, auditory startle, electromyograph, skin conductance, heart rate, psychiatric disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, depression”. 8 studies were used for data analysis, and all of levels of evidence were level Ⅱ. The substances of the review were subject(population), auditory stimulation, measure equipments and physiologic response features of psychiatric disorder. Results : 1. The subjects for the studies were anxiety disorder(4) and schizophrenia(4). 2. Auditory stimulation was used in 8 studies and visual stimulation with auditory stimulation was used in 2 studies to induce physiologic response. 3. Every study used electromyograph, and skin conductance was used in 2 studies and heart rate was used in 2 studies with electromyograph to measure physiologic response. 4. The subjects for the studies, schizophrenia and anxiety disorder(PTSD, OCD) have different physiologic response features with the normal control group. Conclusion : All studies used simple tones as an auditory stimulation and electromyograph to measure physiologic response. Psychiatric disorders indicated larger response, shorter and delayed habituation. The objective and systematic study using physiologic measure to investigate the sensory feature of psychologic disorders.

본 연구는 혈액투석환자의 질병 불확실성, 우울, 생리적 지표와 기본심리욕구 와의 관계성을 파악하기 위한 연구로 연구대상자는 J도에 위치한 2 개의 대학부속병원과 2곳의 병원 투석센터에서 160명을 편의 추출하였다. 자료 수집은 구조 화된 질문지를 이용한 일대일 설문조사와 의무기록 자료를 통한 생리지표를 이용하여 수집하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS/WIN 18.0프로그램으로 t-test와 ANOVA, 다중회귀분석 방법을 이용하였다. 연구결과 기본심리욕구는 불확실성 (r=-.464, p<.001)과 우울증 (r=-422, p<.001) 사이에 음의 상관관계가, 기본심리욕구의 하위 요인인 관계성은 질병불확실성, 우울, 생리지표와 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 또한 혈액투석환자의 기본심리욕구에 대하여 질병 불확실성(β=-.345)과 우울(β =-.279), 생리지표(β=-.117)는 29%의 설명력을 보였다. 생리지표, 질병 불확실성 및 우울증은 혈액 투석 환자의 기본심 리욕구에 영향을 주었습니다. 따라서 혈액투석환자의 불확실성을 인생관에 긍정적으로 통합시켜 삶을 재설정하고자 하는 심리적 지지와 자율성, 유능감, 관계성의 기본심리욕구 증진을 위한 간호전략과 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

This purpose of study was to identify variables predicting basic psychological need in hemodialysis patients. The participants were 134 patients from two major general hospitals and two dialysis center located in J city. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires and physiological index. Data analysis was done by using SPSS WIN 18.0 program for one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. This study showed a negative correlation between basic psychological need and uncertainty(r=--.464, p<.001), depression(r=-.422, p<.001). In addition, relationships and physiological index were Positively correlated. The uncertainty(β=-.345), depression(β=-.279), physiological index(β=-.117) have a 29% explanatory power for the basic psychological need in hemodialysis patients. Physiological index, uncertainty and depression in turn influenced the basic psychological needs of hemodialysis patients. It is necessary to develop nursing strategies and programs to reduce disease uncertainty and depression in order to increase self-deterministic health behavior through autonomy, competence and relationship satisfaction.

저자들은 2008년부터 2016년까지 고대의료원 구로병원 예방치과 구취클리닉에 내원한 구취 환자 중, 생리적 구취증 환자 171명에 대한 진료기록을 통하여 구취에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 인정되는 11개 독립변수들의 자료를 수집하였다. 이들 11개 독립변수들과 3개 종속변수들 중, 생리적 구취 발생에 융복합적 영향을 미치는 공통요인을 추출하여, 향후 구취 예방을 위한 구강보건교육자료 제작 등에 활용할 목적으로 본 연구를 시작하였다. 생리적 구취 발생과 밀접한 연관성이 있다고 알 려진 안정 시 타액량, 타액 완충능, 타액 침전율의 3개 종속변수에 11개 독립변수들이 미치는 영향력을 다중회귀분석과 경로분석을 이용하여 분석하였고, 각 변수들의 기술통계적인 결과 분석과 함께, 3개 종속변수에 통계적으로 유의하게 직접, 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 공통적인 융복합적 독립변수 요인들을 추출한 결과, 성별, 식음규칙성, 성격, 조식섭식습관의 네 가지 요인이 추출되었다.

The data were collected from 171 physiologic malodor patients diagnosed in KUMC halitosis control clinic between 2008 and 2016. We selected 11 independent variables and 3 dependent variables, then planned to extract some convergent common factors affecting their physiologic malodor. We thought that those extracted convergent common factors could be utilized when preparing the contents of oral malodor preventive program. We used multiple regression analysis and path analysis method, for the analysis of influence of 11 independent factors to three salivary dependent factors(resting salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, salivary precipitation rate). We have presented the physiologic malodor patients’ chracteristics by descriptive statistical analysis, and also statistically analysed convergent common factors influencing directly or indirectly to their three dependent factors. We could reason that the sex, the character, the intake habit of breakfast, and the regular food intake habit could affect resting salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity and salivary precipitation rate.

In this world of ever emerging technology, medical imaging has grown by leaps and bounds, although it is still emerging as a full grown arena of invention and research. This paper deals with the various aspects and types of medical imaging. With the growth of computers and image technology, medical imaging has greatly influenced the medical field. The diagnosis of a health problem is now highly dependent on the quality and the credibility of the image analysis. This paper can be treated as the tutorial ar an overall review to the subject matter. This paper is a tutorial review of the medical image processing and repository techniques appeared in the literature.

The purpose of this study is to provide evaluation data to examine and verify the effectiveness of the materials through physiological comparison and analysis of the new prototype snowboard deck with the existing equipments. In order to achieve the purpose, blood lactate concentrations and energy metabolic variables were measured from the targeted snowboarders. Five male snowboarders (Slope-style) volunteered to participate in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in slope-style course of “W” Ski Resort located in Gangwondo, Korea. One prototype deck and two existing deck were chosen for analysis. Each subject performed three runs with each “B”, “S” and “Y” deck. Blood samples were collected twice from the finger-tip at rest and immediately after completing the run in order determine the lactate concentration. In order to analyze the energy metabolic variables i.e. heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), metabolic equivalent (MET) and total energy consumption (TEE), portable wireless gas analyzer and Polar heart rate monitor was used at rest as well as during the run. The result obtained from the analysis showed increased blood lactate concentration as well as higher oxygen uptake (VO2) at the point of Lactate Threshold (LT) when performing runs by installing “B” and “Y” decks than “S”. Furthermore with the increase in speed, depletion of energy sources as well as increased concentration of muscle fatigue substance also appeared in “B” and “Y” deck than “S” where blood lactate concentration and oxygen uptake are indicators of mobilization capacity of lactic acid system during energy metabolism.

The purpose of this study is to provide evaluation data to examine and verify the effectiveness of the materials through physiological comparison and analysis of the new prototype snowboard deck with the existing equipments. In order to achieve the purpose, blood lactate concentrations and energy metabolic variables were measured from the targeted snowboarders. Five male snowboarders (Slope-style) volunteered to participate in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in slope-style course of “W” Ski Resort located in Gangwondo, Korea. One prototype deck and two existing deck were chosen for analysis. Each subject performed three runs with each “B”, “S” and “Y” deck. Blood samples were collected twice from the finger-tip at rest and immediately after completing the run in order determine the lactate concentration. In order to analyze the energy metabolic variables i.e. heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), metabolic equivalent (MET) and total energy consumption (TEE), portable wireless gas analyzer and Polar heart rate monitor was used at rest as well as during the run. The result obtained from the analysis showed increased blood lactate concentration as well as higher oxygen uptake (VO2) at the point of Lactate Threshold (LT) when performing runs by installing “B” and “Y” decks than “S”. Furthermore with the increase in speed, depletion of energy sources as well as increased concentration of muscle fatigue substance also appeared in “B” and “Y” deck than “S” where blood lactate concentration and oxygen uptake are indicators of mobilization capacity of lactic acid system during energy metabolism.