Earticle

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of parity and region on the live body charateristics of Hanwoo cows. The data used were logissimus muscle area (LMAU), back fat thickness (BFTU), marbling score (MSU), and p8 point fat thickness (P8 FTU), by ultrasound from 1,239 heads of hi-lok branded Hanwoo cows. Based upon ultrasound characteristics of LMAU, BFTU, MSU and P8 FTU were significantly high in Hanwoo cows in Hwacheon area. Live body characteristics were increased with the parity, however estimated value tended to decreased after sixth parturition. Also, comparative of pre or after parturiti- on on the live body characteristics, pre parturition value showed little lower than after parturition

Milk fever is a metabolic disease with manifestation of clinical signs due to hypocalcemia, which usually occurs within 48-72 h after delivery. However, even after a successful treatment of milk fever, recurrence of milk fever may occur, and studies on recurrent milk fever are still lacking. Accordingly, the present study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of recurrent milk fever according to farm, season, parity, and dystocia that can cause physiological changes in the mother during peri- and postpartum periods. The analysis results showed that the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to breeding farm was 5.7%-14.1% and 3.1%-7.2%, respectively, demonstrating a positive correlation between the initial and recurrent milk fever (r = 0.613, p < 0.01). With respect to season, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever during summer was 12.3% and 7.5%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of other seasons (p < 0.05). In addition, the recurrence rate, the ratio of recurrence relative to initial milk fever, was highest during summer with 62.7%. Regarding parity, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever in 3rd parity was 11.1% and 5.8%, respectively, which was significantly higher than in 1st and 2nd parity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in 4th parity was 64.1%, showing a pattern of increase in incidence rate with increase in parity. Finally, there were no differences in the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to eutocia and dystocia. The findings indicated that the incidence rate of initial milk fever should be reduced to effectively prevent the recurrent milk fever, while animals with 3rd parity or higher should be expected to occur high rate of recurrent milk fever, especially during summer, and the necessary preparations should be made for intensive treatment of such individuals.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effect of parity and breastfeeding duration and the occurrence of lumbar vertebral and femoral neck osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: This study analyzed the data of 1,770 women based on the 2010-2011 results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Extracted data concerning bone density included variables known to be associated with osteoporosis. Complex sample multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether parity and breastfeeding duration were associated with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Results: Parity was not associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis in the femoral neck or lumbar vertebrae; however, the risk of femoral neck osteopenia was significantly higher in women with a history of 12-24 months of breastfeeding than in women who breastfed for less than 12 months (odds ratio = 2.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-4.21). In women who breastfed for 24 months or longer, the risk of lumbar vertebral osteoporosis was significantly higher than in those who breastfed for less than 12 months (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-6.32). Conclusion: Breastfeeding duration may affect the occurrence of lumbar vertebral or femoral neck osteopenia or osteoporosis. Therefore, women who breastfeed for one year or more require education on the risk of bone loss and the need for preventive measures such as adequate calcium intake and physical exercise.

Background: The objective of this study was to underline that litter size as a key trait of sows needs new parameters to be evaluated and to target an individual optimum. Large individual variation in litter size affects both production and piglet’s survival and health negatively. Therefore, two new traits were suggested and analyzed. Two data sets on 5509 purebred German Landrace sows and 3926 Large White and crossing sows including at least two parental generations and at least five parities were subjected to variance components analysis. Results: The new traits for evaluating litter size were derived from the individual numbers of total born piglets (TBP) per parity: In most cases, sows reach their maximum litter size in their fourth parity. Therefore, data from at least five parities were included. The first observable maximum and minimum of TBP, and the individual variation expressed by the range were targeted. Maximum of TBP being an observable trait in pig breeding and management yielded clearly higher heritability estimates (h2~ 0.3) than those estimates predominantly reported so far. Maximum TBP gets closer to the genetic capacity for litter size than other litter traits. Minimum of TBP is positively correlated with the range of TBP (rp = 0.48, rg > 0.6). The correlation between maximum of TBP and its individually reached frequency was negative in both data sets (rp = ? 0.28 and ? 0.22, respectively). Estimated heritability coefficients for the range of TBP comprised a span of h2 = 0.06 to 0.10. Conclusion: An optimum both for maximum and range of total born piglets in selecting sows is a way contributing to homogenous litters in order to improving the animal-related conditions both for piglets’ welfare and economic management in pig.

Minerals is required small amounts among various nutrients, but it has a significant impact on sow longevity and reproduction performance. This study was carried out to see the beneficial effects of marine-derived Ca-Mg complex on the reproductive performance of sows during four-parity periods. Seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc), with an average body weight of 181 kg, were randomly allocated to three groups; CON (basal diet), 0.3LC (CON - MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and 0.7LC (CON - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). During parity 3 and 4, the expression level of SCD gene was lower in the umbilical cord of piglets born to 0.3LC and 0.7LC sows compared with the CON sows. During parity 2, 3 and 4, SLC2A2 and FABP4 gene expressions were higher in the umbilical cord of piglets born to 0.7LC sows and the placenta of sows from 0.3LC groups, respectively. Ca-Mg complex increased (p < 0.05) Ca and Mg concentrations in sows and their piglets’ serum as well as in colostrum regardless of parities. The serum vitamin D concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in their first parity, whereas serum prolactin and estrogen concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) during the fourth and third parity, respectively. The growth hormone concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in the piglets born to sows during the first and second parity. The fat and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in colostrum were higher (p < 0.05) during the third and fourth parity, respectively. A reduction (p < 0.05) in salivary cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations was observed in 0.3LC and 0.7LC sow groups compared with CON after farrowing regardless of parity, however before farrowing, a reduction in norepinephrine was observed. Before farrowing, the epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) during the first and second parity. After farrowing, the concentration of these hormones was higher during the second parity. Taken together, sows’ parity and dietary Ca-Mg complex supplementation influenced serum metabolites, colostrum nutrients, stress hormones as well as the gene expressions related to lipid and glucose metabolism.

We investigate how much of the CIP (covered interest parity) deviation ob- served in FX swap markets during the …nancial crisis can be explained by credit risk. To this end, we develop a structural model of defaultable FX swaps, applying the approach of Coval et al (2009a,b) to the FX setting. Calibrating the model to the CDS spreads of Korean banks and US banks, we …nd that as much as 65% of the CIP deviation in the US Dollar / Korean Won FX swaps can be explained by counterparty risk; most of this e¤ect is due to the counterparty risk of Korean banks (as opposed to US banks). The in‡uence of counterparty default risk is pronounced especially for the period after the default of Lehman Brothers.

본 연구는 연속시간 유위험이자율평가에 기반 한 환율모형이 환율과 이자율 차이 데이터의 특성을 얼마만큼 잘 묘사할 수 있는가를 알아보고자 한다. 연속시간에서 유위험이자율평가는 확률미분방정식으로 표현되는데 이 방정식을 풀면 환율은 외생적 이자율 차이의 비선형 함수로 주어진다. 이러한 확률미분방정식의 해를 구하기 위해서 이자율 차이가 평균회귀 프로세스를 따르는 경우를 고려하였다. 연속시간 모형의 설명력을 알아보기 위해 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션을 실시하였고, 시뮬레이션 실험 결과 모형은 실제 데이터의 특성을 여러 면에서 잘 표현하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 연속시간 모형은 이자율 차이와 환율의 지속적인 동태적 특성을 보여주었으며 특히 내생적으로 ARCH효과가 발생할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

This study investigates to what extent can an exchange rate built on continuous-time uncovered interest parity match the empirical features of the exchange rate and the interest differential data. In continuous-time, UIP is a stochastic differential equation and its solution provides the log of exchange rate as a nonlinear function of the exogenous interest differential. To obtain solution for the differential equation, I considers the case in which the interest differential follows mean-reversion process. Simulation experiments show that the model is capable of matching many important features of the data. The model is able to produce persistent dynamics of interest differential and fat-tails in exchange rate returns. Also the model is capable of endogenously producing ARCH effects in the exchange rate returns.

이 연구는 국제 포트폴리오 자본이동의 결정요인으로서 수익률뿐 아니라 위험을 고려하여 “위험이 조정된 수익률(Risk Adjusted Rate of Return)”의 개념을 개발 하였으며, 이를 사용하여 이자율평가가 성립되는지를 살펴보았다. 또한 국가별로 자본시장의 특성이 서로 달라서 위험과 거래비용이 상이하게 되는데, 수정된 이 자율 평가모형(Revised Interest Parity)을 사용하여 선진국 간, 선진국-아시아 국 가, 아시아 국가 간 자본시장에서 위험의 크기를 추정하였다. 1994.1-2008.7 동 안 선진국과 아시아 국가의 월별자료를 사용한 실증결과에서 선진국의 경우 포트 폴리오 자본이동이 나타나면서 이자율평가가 성립하지 않는데 반해, 아시아 국가 에서는 차익거래를 목적으로 하는 자본이동이 발생하면서 이자율평가가 성립하 는 것으로 나타났다. 위험조정계수는 선진국 간에는 양(+)의 부호를, 선진국-아 시아 국가 간에는 음(-)의 부호를 보이고 있다.

This paper purposes to empirically examine whether UIP holds, using “risk adjusted rate of return” for international portfolio flows. This study also examines the coefficient of risk factor between countries in estimating the adjusted UIP model. Using the monthly data of the developed and Asian emerging markets during 1994.1-2008.7, evidence strongly supports our research hypothesis. When using the risk adjusted rate of return, the UIP holds between the emerging and the developed markets, while the UIP does not hold between the developed markets. Risk factors are statistically significant and different, which are positive between the developed markets, and are negative between the emerging and the developed markets.

본 시험은 초음파 진단장치를 이용한 한우 번식우의 산차 및 지역별 산육특성에 관한 연구에 대하여 알아보고자 실시하였다. 강원도 6개시․군 한우 번식우 1,386두를 공시하여 초음파 진단장치(HS-2000, Japan)를 이용하여 배최장근단면적(LMAU; Longissimus Muscle Area Ultrasound), 등지방두께(BFTU; Back Fat Thickness Ultrasound), 근내지방도(MSU; Marbling Score Ultrasound), 둔근지방두께(P8 FTU; P8 Fat Thickness Ultrasound)를 측정하였다. 성적 조사 및 자료의 조정 후 각 한우의 출생년도－계절, 지역 및 산차별 산육특성을 비교․분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 산차별 산육특성을 비교했을 때 산차가 증가할수록 산육형질은 6산까지 증가하다가 7산차 이후에는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한, 지역별 산육특성을 비교하면 모든 지역에서 고도의 유의적(p<0.01)인 차이를 보였으며 화천지역의 암소에서 배최장근단면적과 근내지방도가 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈으며, 양구지역의 경우 등지방두께, 둔근지방두께가 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 출생년도와 계절에 따른 산육형질에서는 2000년 가을철 태생의 개체의 배최장근단면적과 근내지방도, 2005년과 2006년 가을철 태생에서 각각 등지방두께 및 둔근지방두께가 우수한 것으로 분석되었다. 산육특성관련 형질간의 상관관계에서는 상호간 상관이 어느 정도 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 등지방두께와 둔근지방두께의 상관계수가 가장 높았고, 반대로 배최장근단면적과 둔근지방두께의 상관계수가 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 6산차까지의 산육형질이 우수한 것으로 분석되었고, 지역 차이에 따른 산육형질의 특징이 나타났으며, 등지방두께와 둔근지방두께의 상관관계가 가장 높은 것으로 분석되어, 본 시험결과는 앞으로 한우 번식우 개량 및 사양관리에 적절하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Current study was conducted to investigate the influence of parity and region variation in ultrasound live carcass traits of Hanwoo cows. A total of 1,386 heads of Hanwoo cows, spreading over six regions in Gangwon province of South Korea, were measured for longissimus muscle area, back fat thickness, marbling score and rump fat thickness by using real-time ultrasound method. The results revealed that, positive correlations were found in all ultrasound live carcass traits. All live carcass traits were increased in accordance with parity until the sixth, and then decreased thereafter. Statistical significant differences (p<0.01) were found among regions in ultrasound live carcass traits, e.g. Hanwoo cows showed highest longissimus muscle area and marbling score in Hwacheon, while the lowest back fat thickness and rump fat thickness were observed in Yanggu. Greater longissimus muscle area and marbling scores were found in Hanwoo cows which were born during autumn, 2000. Moreover, individuals born during autumn, 2005 and 2006 showed a thicker back fat and rump fat thickness. Back fat thickness had the highest positive correlation with rump fat thickness, while rib eye area and rump fat thickness had the lowest correlation.

본 시험은 한우암소의 유전능력과 산차에 따른 분만 전후 체중과 BCS, 생리상태와 관련된 혈중 스트레스 및 혈중 영양대사물질의 변화를 조사하여, 모축의 유전능력을 고려한 분만 전후 차별적 사양기술 개발을 위한 기초자료 확보를 위하여 수행하였다. 공시축은 모체 유전능력(포육력) 효과 판별분석을 통해 선발된 분만 예정축 45두를 공시하여 분만전 60일부터 분만후 120일까지 총 180일간 본 연구에 이용하였다. 시험구 배치는 선발된 분만 예정축 45두를 모체 유전능력에 따라 두 개의 시험 처리구를 두었다. 즉, 육종가 0.23 이상인 것을 유전능력이 높은 시험축 24두, 0.21 이하인 것을 유전능력이 낮은 시험축 21두를 배치하였으며, 선발된 공시축의 유전능력별 평균 산차는 각각 2.83±1.63과 3.00±1.77이었다. 시험결과는 공시축의 체중, 일당증체량 및 body condition score(BCS)는 유전능력에 상관없이 두 시험구간 통계적 유의차이는 없었지만, 분만 전후 일령에 의한 차이는 보였다. 한편 일당증체량과 BCS는 공시축의 산차에 의한 영향은 받지 않았지만, 체중의 경우에는 산차에 따라서 차이를 나타냈었다. 공시축의 혈중 생리적 스트레스 관련 물질인 neutrophil, hematocrit 및 cortisol의 농도와 영양대사관련 물질인 albumin, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), 및 triglyceride, non- esterified fatty acid(NEFA)는 분만 전후 일령에 따른 차이가 크게 나타났으며, 유전능력에 따른 이들 물질의 농도는 일령별로 부분적인 차이를 보였다. 산차에 따른 혈중 이들 물질의 변화는 neutrophil과 triglylceride 농도만 영향을 받았고, 나머지는 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 한우의 모유 합성과 분만의 개시와 관련된 생리적 스트레스는 건물섭취량 감소와 영양소의 불균형 섭취로 인해 에너지원으로 이용할 체조직의 분해가 증가하므로 분만 전후 생리영양학적 특성을 고려한 유전능력별 사양관리의 차별화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

author : E. G. Kwon, Hanwoo Experiment Station, National Livestock Research Institute, Chahang-Ri, Doam-Myon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, 232-952, KoreaTel: 033-330-0612, Fax: 033-330-0660, E-mail: kug2237@rda.go.kr

축산기술연구소 대관령지소에서 사육된 한우 암소 118두에 대해 산유량 및 비유곡선을 추정하고자 하였다. 분만 후 1, 2, 3 및 4개월의 일일 평균 산유량은 3.74±0.96kg, 3.64±0.97kg, 3.26±1.15kg 및 2.99±1.08kg 이었으며 4개월간의 일일 평균 산유량은 3.52±0.84kg이었다.일반적인 비유곡선의 상수 추정치는 A(분만직후 첫유량)가 2.4845, b(상향경사도)가 0.1734 및 c(하향경사도)가 0.0060이었다. 최고 추정유량은 3.75kg이었고 최고 유량 도달시기는 29.03일이었는데 초산우 보다는 경산우가 최고 추정 유량이 높고 최고 유량 도달시기가 늦어지는 것으로 나타났으며 봄철 분만우가 가을철 분만우에 비해 최고 추정 유량이 높고 최고 유량 도달시기가 늦어지는 것으로 나타났으며 봄철 분만우가 가을철 분만우에 비해 최고 추정 유량이 높고 최고 유량 도달시기도 빨라지는 경향을 보였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental factor on milk yield and to estimate lactation curve in Korean cattle. The data for milk yields were collected from 118 cows from 1997 to 2000 at National Livestock Research Institute in Daekwanryoung, Kangwon-do. Average daily milk yields for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month after calving were 3.74kg, 3.64kg, 3.26kg and 2.99kg. Average daily milk yield for the four months was 3.52kg. The milk yields for cows calved in spring were larger than those calved in fall. Lactation curve of Korean cattle was yn=2.4845n0.1734e－0.0060n. Peak milk yield was 3.75kg on 29.03 day after calving. The peak milk yields for multi-parous cows were larger than those of primiparous cows. The peak milk yields for multi-parous cows reached later than those for primiparous cows. The cows calved in spring had higher and earlier peak milk yields than those calved in fall had.

Heritability and genetic correlation for reproductive traits in Yorkshire pig breed were estimated using Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling. The data set consisted of 9,609 reproductive records at pig breeding farm in Korea. For estimating those parameters using Gibbs sampling, 5,000 cycles of ‘burn-in’ period were discarded among a total of 55,000 samples. Out of the remaining 50,000 samples, 5,000 estimates by each parameter were retained and used for analyses to avoid any correlation among adjacent samples. The reproductive trait considered in this study were total number of born piglets(TNB) and estimated by two different models. The estimated heritability and permanent environmental effect using Gibbs sampler were 0.12±0.020 and 10.9±1.63, respectively. Estimated genetic correlations considered parities as different traits were distributed from 0.99 to －0.13. Such results indicated that reproductive traits for sows should be considered as different traits.

본 논문은 유위험이자율 평가이론(또는 커버되지 않는 이자율 평가이론)을 검정하기 위하여 연속시간의 준모수적 회귀모형을 고려하였다. 본 논문의 회귀모형은두 국가간의 이자율의 차이로 유도되는 모수적 추세 함수와 위험프리미엄으로 정의되는 비모수 추세함수로 구성되는 두 개의 조건부 평균성분과 일반적인 마팅게일차분과정으로 정의되는 오차항 성분으로 이루어져 있다. 위험프리미엄을 상수라고 가정할 경우 조건부 평균성분은 모두 모수적 형태로 일반적인 회귀모형을따르게 된다. 반면 시가변적인 위험프리미엄을 가정할 경우, 위험프리미엄을 시간의 평활함수로 가정하고 시리즈 추정방법을 통해 추정하였다. 또한 일반적인마팅게일차분과정을 따르는 오차성분에 존재하는 확률적 변동성을 효과적으로교정하기 위해 시간변화라는 샘플링기법을 사용하였다. 따라서 적절한 표본 구간이 정해지면 유위험이자율 평가설은 도구변수추정방법을 통해 검증할 수 있다. 미국-영국과 미국-캐나다의 경우, 시가변적 위험프리미엄을 감안한 우리의 연속시간 유위험이자율평가 모형을 적용한 결과, 국내외금리차와 환율변화율의 음의선형관계를 나타내는 유위험이자율 평가이론 퍼즐현상은 발견되지 않는다. 또한,미국-한국의 사례에서 시가변적 위험프리미엄을 가정할 때, 보다 이론이 부합되는 회귀계수를 도출할 수 있었다.

This paper considers a continuous-time semi-parametric regression model to test for the uncovered interest parity. The regression has two mean components, one parametric and the other nonparametric, with error term specified generally as a martingale differential. The parametric part in the mean is linear and derived under no arbitrage condition. To deal with the time-varying risk premium, we introduce an additional nonparametric term in the regression mean, which specifies the time-varying risk premium as a general smooth function of time. To effectively deal with stochastic volatility in the general martingale differential regression error, we use a time change to set sampling intervals. Once the samples are collected at appropriate sample intervals, the uncovered interest parity condition is tested by a mixture of series and IV estimation methods. As a result from our work, for Canada and UK, the uncovered interest parity puzzle implying that interest rate differentials seem often to be followed by exchange rate depreciation is not supportive in our model. For Korea, we obtain more favorable coefficients for UIP condition.

본 연구는 1999년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지의 체세포점수의 검정일 자료를 이용하여 124,635개의 초산자료와 134,308개의 2산자료, 37,412개의 3산자료, 41787개의 4산자료, 37412개의 5산 자료를 이용하였다. 분석에 사용된 방법은 체세포 점수에 영향을 미치는 분만연도, 연령, 비유단계, 산차, 계절의 효과를 추정하기 위하여 GLM을 이용하여 최소자승법으로 분석하였으며, 검정일 모형을 이용한 분산성분 추정은 EM-REML 분석방법을 전산 프로그램한 REMLF90을 이용하였다. 각 산차별로 연령에 대한 효과는 연령이 낮은 군에서 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며, 연령이 높은 군에서는 다소 높게 나타났다. 비유단계별 효과는 1산과 2산에서는 비유초기에서 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며 비유말기에 3.151, 3.696로 높은 체세포 점수를 나타났으나, 3산, 4산, 5산에서는 비유중기에 높은 체세포 점수를 나타내었으며, 대체로 피크기에 체세포 점수가 높게 나타나는데 4산과 5산에서는 비유말기에 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났다. 분만계절별 환경효과는 1산～5산 모두 대체로 9～11월에 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며, 대체로 유량이 낮게 추정되는 6～8월 사이에는 체세포 점수가 대체로 높게 나타났다. 각 산차별 유전력은 1산에서 5산까지 각각 0.05, 0.09, 0.10, 0.05, 0.05를 나타냈으며, 유전분산값은 비유초기의 경우 2, 3, 5산에서 높게 나타났으며, 1산과 4산의 경우는 대체로 낮게 추정되었다.

This study utilized test day of somatic cell score data of dairy cattle from 2000 to 2004. The number of data used were 124,635 of first parity, 134,308 of second parity, 77,862 of third parity, 41,787 of forth parity and 37,412 of fifth parity. The data was analyzed by least square mean method using GLM to estimate the effects of calving year, age, lactation stage, parity and season on somatic cell score. Variance component estimation using test day model was determined by using expectation maximization algorithm- restricted maximum likelihood (EM-REML) analysis method. In each parity, somatic cell score was low for younger group and was relatively high in older groups. Likewise, for lactation stage, the score was low in early-lactation and high in late-lactation in first parity and second parity. Nevertheless, for the third, fourth and fifth parity, however, high somatic cell score was observed in mid-lactation. Generally, the score was high in the peak. Although in fourth and fifth parity, the score was low in late-lactation. Environmental effect of season, somatic cell score was generally low from September to November for all parities. The score was high between June and August when the milk production is usually low. The heritability in each parity were 0.05, 0.09, 0.10, 0.05 and 0.05 for parity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively. Genetic variance value was estimated to be high in second, third and fifth parity in early-lactation and to be low in first and forth parity.

모돈의 산차와 포유기가 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 모돈의 산차를 1~2산차, 3~4산차 및 5~6산차로 구분하고 모돈의 분만 후 포유기를 전기(1~9일), 중기(11~18일) 및 후기(19~27일)로 나누어 각각의 산차와 포유기에 해당하는 모돈이 나타내는 세부 행동형의 발현빈도를 분석하였다. 모돈의 분만 후 포유기간 동안 나타내는 행동 발현빈도의 80% 이상이 누워 있는 행동이었으며, 산차와 포유기에 관계없이 옆으로 눕기가 가장 많았으며 엎드려 눕기, 섭취, 서기 및 앉기의 순으로 나타났다. 모돈의 행동 발현빈도에 대한 산차의 영향은 인정되지 않았으나 포유기의 영향은 인정되어 포유 후기에 전기나 중기에 비하여 옆으로 누운 행동 발현빈도가 낮게 나타났다. 포유 중 자돈의 행동 발현빈도는 산차에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았으나 포유기에 의한 차이는 인정되었다. 자돈의 행동 발현빈도는 모든 산차와 포유기에 누워 있는 비율이 가장 높았으며, 포유, 걷기의 순으로 나타났다. 모돈의 산차는 자돈의 행동 발현빈도에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 포유기에 따라서는 차이가 인정되어 포유 중기에 전기나 후기에 비하여 누워 있는 자돈들이 더 많았다. 결론적으로 모돈의 산차는 분만 후 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 포유기는 모돈과 자돈의 행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of parity and lactation stage of sows on the behavior of nursing sows and their suckling piglets. In total 18 Yorkshire × Landrace F1 sows (range of parity: 1 to 6) and their litters (range of litter size: 10 to 14 piglets) were assigned according to the sow's parity (1-2, 3-4 and 5-6) and lactation stage (early, middle, and late). The sows were housed in farrowing crates (0.8 × 2.1 m) located in pens (2.1 × 1.75 m) with totally perforated flooring. The behaviors of the sows and their piglets were recorded over a 72-h period for each parity and lactation stage. The sows and piglets were conventionally managed. All nursing sows in both group showed lying behavior for more than 80% of the experimental period, regardless of parity and lactation stage. The behavioral frequency of sows was, in descending order, as follows: lateral lying, ventral lying, eating, standing, and sitting. The parity of sows did not affect their behavior, but the lactation stage did. Ventral lying showed decreased frequency in late stage compare to that in the early or middle stage. The lying, standing, sitting, and eating behavior of sows were not affected by their parity. Sow parity did not affect the behavior of suckling piglets, but the lactation stage did. The behavioral frequency of piglets for the whole lactation period was, in descending order, as follows: lying, suckling, and walking. The lying frequency of piglets was higher in the sow's middle lactation stage than in the early or late lactation stage. It is concluded that the sow parity did not affect the behavior of nursing sows and suckling piglets, but the lactation stage did.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of parity on chemical composition and meat quality of Hanwoo cows (n=74, 2-15 years old). The beef loin and top round muscle samples were obtained and divided by 3 groups of parity numbers (G1, 0; G2, 1-3; G3, 4-9 times). Loin and top round from G1 had significantly higher intramuscular fat contents and lower protein contents than those from G3 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in collagen contents among 3 parity groups (p>0.05). In meat color, G1 was higher in a* values for loin and higher in L* and a* values for top round muscle (p<0.05). The loin from G1 had significantly lower cooking loss (%) than G3, however, there was no significant difference in water holding capacity among 3 parity groups. For top round muscle, G3 had significantly higher Warner-Bratzler shear force values and lower water holding capacity values than G1 (p<0.05). In fatty acid composition, G1 had significantly higher C18:1n7 and C18:1n9 contents for loin, and it had significantly higher C16:1n7 and C18:1n7 contents for top round than those of the other groups (p<0.05). In free amino acid composition, alanine was highest and followed by glutamine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, methionine. In conclusion, the parity conditions influenced on chemical composition and meat quality depending on different cut of Hanwoo cows, and the parity numbers were related with the age of cows.