Earticle

The paper explores some methods that can be effective in helping Korean students in Korean-to-English translation courses reduce linguistic errors in TL presentation. For most Korean students, English is acquired as a foreign language. So, it is only natural that their English translations suffer from a variety of linguistic errors resulting from a lack of native sensitivity to the TL system. Christian Nord (1991) emphasizes teaching students ways to use supplementary resources such as parallel texts as a way of alleviating the difficulties involved in translating into foreign languages. Along the same line of reasoning, the author suggests three methods that Korean students can use to detect and correct linguistic errors in English translations - use of parallel texts, use of Internet text search engines for verifying expressions and use of some innovative functions of electronic dictionaries. Effective use of such methods can prevent linguistic error correction from dominating Korean-to-English translation classes and contribute to enhancing the student’s problem-solving ability in translating into English.

The 21st century is a robust era for innovative translation and translator training. Based on an analysis of changes and challenges confronting translation profession, this presentation calls for setting the development of rhetorical competence as a goal in training programs for translators, and for using simultaneously sourced parallel texts, in conjunction with a rhetorically oriented contrastive approach, as an effective avenue to the teaching of translation, particularly from Chinese into English. To justify this proposal, the presentation argues that parallel texts not only can serve as a useful tool for practicing translation, but would also offer rich resources for acquiring, generating, renewing and expanding relevant knowledge. Adopting such an approach will enable students to ‘borrow’ from parallel texts and deepen their own understanding of what is behind the different expressions of different languages, so as to be better prepared for taking up translation tasks in the real world.

‘어휘 능력’이 좋다는 것은 단순히 어휘의 의미를 많이 알고 있는 것이 아니라, 그것이 어떻게 사용되는지를 아는 것이며 또한 실제로 잘 사용할 수 있는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국어 학습자의 질적 어휘 지식을 향상시킬 수 있는 과제를 구성하고 그 효과를 검증해 보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 중국 국적의 고급 학문 목적 학습자를 대상으로 ‘병렬 텍스트 과제’를 활용하여 수업 시연을 하고 수업 전후의 어휘 시험 결과를 비교하였다. 또한 FGI를 실시하여 수업에 대한 만족도와 의견을 조사하였다. 그 결과 새로운 과제를 활용한 수업에 학습자들이 흥미를 느끼고 만족하였으며, 수업에 참여한 학습자들의 질적 어휘 지식을 향상시키는 데 도움이 된 것으로 나타났다. 문학 작품의 원문을 선정함에 있어 적절한 기준이나 지침이 마련된다면, ‘병렬 텍스트 과제’는 다양한 텍스트를 활용하여 한국어 학습자의 어휘 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다.

Having good vocabulary skills means not only knowing the meaning of many words but also knowing how they are used and actually using them well. The purpose of this study is to create a task that can improve the vocabulary of Korean language learners and verify the results. To this end, the “parallel texts task” is demonstrated in a class for KAP(Korean for Academic Purposes) learners with Chinese nationality. The results of the vocabulary test before and after the class are compared. A focus group interview(FGI) is conducted to examine the satisfaction level of the learners and to analyze their opinion about the class. The results showed that the learners were interested in and satisfied with the class using the new task, and felt that the class helped improve their vocabulary. By establishing suitable standards or guidelines for selecting the source text of literary works, the “parallel texts task” can be a new way to improve the vocabulary of Korean language learners.

In the fields of translation studies in China, there is a perpetual argument regarding Yihe ( 意合, Parataxis) and Xinghe ( 形合,Hypotaxis). Most scholars believe that there are more cases of conjunction in the English texts than in the Chinese ones because it is generally considered that Chinese is predominantly paratactic and English mainly hypotactic. Through a case study of explicitation of conjunctions in Chinese-English legal parallel texts, the results show that more intra-sentence conjunctions are used in the two translations than their respective source texts. The notions of Yihe and Xinghe do not seem to account for the increased use of intrasentence conjunctions in legal translation. Instead, explicitation of cohesive devices and grammatical differences between Chinese and English play important roles in more use of intra-sentence conjunctions in legal translation. Through an investigation of Yihe and Xinghe from the perspective of translation universals, this study aims to test the explanatory force of Yihe and Xinghe in the use of conjunction in legal texts and give a clearer picture of conjunction in Chinese and English legal parallel texts, and therefore will reconstruct the discourse on Chinese and English languages.

This research investigates the use of dual-language texts to scaffold second language reading comprehension. These texts hold out the promise of allowing L2 learners to read and enjoy the kinds of materials that are complex and entertaining enough to make them motivated to read more in the target language. A sample of 38 Korean university students participated in the study. A within-subjects quasi-experimental design was used to compare participants’ reading performance with access to parallel and interlinear translation versions of the same text. They also indicated which translation type they favored and provided reasons for their preference. Findings were that learners comprehended the two translations at roughly the same level. They felt that the parallel passage was more difficult but they did not look up more words in one text or the other. They did not favor either translation type over the other regardless of their L2 reading proficiency. These results suggest that parallel and interlinear translations are comparable in their comprehensibility and even though learners perceive the parallel passage as being more difficult learners do not prefer one type over the other and they were able identify several advantages and disadvantages for each.

일제강점기와 관련된 기존의 연구는 일본어와 한국어로 쓰인 텍스트를 대상으로 하였으며, 영어로 쓰인 텍스트는 분석의 대상이 아니었다. 그러나 조선총독부는 당시 일본어 자료뿐만 아니라 그와 대응하는 영어 자료도 다수 발행하였다. 즉 「일본어· 영어 대조 텍스트」라는 사료군이 존재하는 것이다. 조선총독부는 조선 지배의 정당성을 확보하기 위해서 서구열강의 「승인」을 목적으로 「문명의 언어」이자 타자(他者)의 언어인 영어를 적극적으로 활용하였다. 그러므로 조선총독부가 발행한 영어 텍스트는 서구 열강의 동조를 이끌어내기 위한 장치이자 퍼포먼스로 식민지 통치를 위해 작성된 일본어 텍스트와는 그 궤를 달리 한다. 「일본어·영어 대조 텍스트」는 그 이중성을 구체적·실증적으로 검증하고, 조선총독부의 대내적·대외적 의식구조를 입체적으로 조망할 수 있는 중요 사료로 이에 대한 정밀한 조사 및 분석이 촉구된다. 본고는 조선총독부가 발행한 「일본어·영어 대조 텍스트」라는 새로운 사료군의 연구의 필요성에 주목하고, 조선총독부가 어떠한 문건들을 제작했는지 보고한다. 그리고 이러한 텍스트가 국경을 넘어 유통·소비되는 연속구조를 고찰하고, 일본어와 한국어 텍스트를 기반으로 축적된 기존 연구에 확장성을 제시한다.

Previous research on the Japanese Occupation Period has mostly investigated only Korean or Japanese text data in spite of the well-known fact that the Japanese Government General of Korea also published lots of the equivalent documents written in English. Considering this fact, the current paper is to highlight the importance of English texts parallel to those of Japanese (i.e., Japanese-English parallel texts). The Japanese Government General of Korea rigorously exploited English, a language of civilization and the third language rather than Korean or Japanese, to get an approval from western countries to ensure its legitimacy of Joseon’s ruling. For that reason, it was proposed that the English texts at that time were different from the original Japanese texts whose main purpose was to efficiently rule Joseon. In other words, English was a political vehicle to obtain support of the western powers; in the English texts parallel to the Japanese texts the Japanese Government General of Korea camouflaged its original intention which emerged in equivalent Japanese texts. Therefore, this paper proposes that we need to pay attention to the historical importance of English-Japanese parallel texts and call for a further investigation or analysis of the circulation of these texts and texts themselves.

本稿は、1907年、韓国人の日本語学習のために作られた『獨習日語正則』の構成や内 容を紹介し、本書に書かれている対訳文の対訳形態を分析し、言語資料として本書が 持つ意味を考えてみようとしたものである。 本書は誤字がなく、本,全体の文の中で１つの文だけが抜いている。また、多様な内 容で構成されている点からこの本は言語資料として分析が必要であると考えられる。 この時期の朝鮮語は漢文体からハングル体に変わている混乱な状態であった。それで 文法、文体、語彙などで様々な揺れが見られる。調査の結果、本書に書かれている日本 語の83％が朝鮮語対訳と語順、助詞の有無などの言語的な側面で一致していることが 分かった。その結果、本書は日本語の文、及び形態が朝鮮語に影響をさ受けたと考えら れる。また、17％の対訳が一致していない場合は日本語の助詞「ノ」が朝鮮語対訳で省略 されていることが多かった。 本稿は『獨習日語正則』一部だけを研究しているし、まだ語彙や品詞の活用などの側 面までは対照分析を行われていないことから次々、多様な側面での分析が必要である。 そして近代の学習書はこれ以外にも約15７個が発見されている。それで残っている各々 の学習書研究を通じて時代別に学習書の言語と言語以外のカリキュラム、内容変化な どの部分まで研究する必要性が確認できた。

본 연구는 사료 해석에 있어서 언어 양상의 분석이 중요하다는 것에 주목하여, 조선총독부가 간행한 『조선교육요람』의 일본어판과 영문판을 어휘색인 프로그램을 활용하여 대조 분석하였다. 특히 한국의 전통교육기관으로서 조선총독부로부터 폐해의 대상으로 폄훼되었던 “서당”을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 그 결과 해당 텍스트에는 일본에 대해 “충량한 국민”을 양성한다는 조선총독부의 교육목적이 여실히 드러나 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 일본어판과 영문판을 비교해 보면 영어판이 더 긍정적인 어휘로 구성되어 있었다. 이로 미루어 보아 영어판의 저술 목적이 조선총독부가 서구열강을 향해 자신들의 시정 능력을 과시하고 합리화함에 있다고 분석되었다. 이러한 연구 결과로 미루어 볼 때 향후 ‘일본어-영어 대조 텍스트’의 언어 표현에 대한 정치한 분석이 필요하겠다.

This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government general of Korea through utilizing text mining softwares and investigate how the governmental purposes were differently permeated in the two parallel texts. To envision this, the current study extracted the section “Sohtang” from Chosen Kyoiku Yoran written in Japanese and Manual of Education in Chosen written in English, presumably regarded as a translation of the former. In this paper, it is unveiled that the English texts contain more positive words than Japanese texts, suggesting that the Japanese government general of Korea purposedly exploited English texts in order to show off their capacity of administration and propagate the rationalization of the colony to outer countries. Based on the results, this research further emphasizes the need for a multifaceted text analytics on Japanese-English parallel texts in the future.

병렬 코퍼스의 확보가 과거에 비해 용이하게 됨에 따라 기계번역, 다국어 정보 검색 등 언어처리시스템에 사용하기 위한 대역 사전 구축의 도구로서 정렬(Alignment) 기법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 한국어-일본어 병렬 코퍼스를 이용한 정렬 기법에 관하여 제안한다.

While the Korean Revised Version adopted the principle of formal correspondence as its translation principle, the Common Translation adopted the principle of dynamic equivalence. The New Korean Standard Version did not selected one alternative of them but tried to maintain harmony between formal correspondence translation and dynamic equivalence translation. The purpose of this paper is to review how much it is successful to maintain such a harmony in the New Korean Standard Version (NKSV) and the Revised New Korean Standard Version (RNKSV), especially in translating parallel texts of the synoptic Gospels. For this purpose, we will first examine how NKSV and RNKSV translated some correspondent Greek texts into some diverse and different Korean expressions, contrasting the texts of the synoptic Gospels. And we will examine why such different expressions should be made in process of translation and if those expressions are necessary for Korean usage or not. For this analysis, we will examine 1) phrases which added or omitted some words, 2) phrases which are different in honorific expressions, 3) phrases which are different in forms of quotation, 4) phrases which are assimilated to parallel text, 5) phrases which are different in tense and voice, and 6) phrases where comma either omitted or added, the exclamation mark or question mark or space are used or not etc. Then we will propose a new way for further translation through this analysis.

It is difficult to find the accurate meanings of grammatical modalities because they express speaker’s subjective assessment of the status of the proposition and have various ranges of scale. Based on the onomasiological approach, it can identify the concepts of deontic modality and finds obligative markers for each language. And the meaning of each marker is defined not by the sense of dictionary or transliteration, but by the denotation of examplars in the situations of context. In this study, the probabilistic semantic map using parallel translation text is used to compare the ranges of meaning and subtle difference of each obligative marker. The English must represents strong obligation by the speaker’s authority, less strong obligation, and epistemic meaning. Korean -eya ha- and Russian dolzen mainly represents strong obligation and less strong obligation. Mandarin Chinese bixu, however, represents less strong and neutral obligations. This probabilistic semantic map enables us to grasp subtle differences in meaning between grammatical elements, which can be useful for grammar descriptions, foreign language education, and translation.

In Korean-English literary translation, the directionality of translation (whether translating into L1 or L2) has caught the attention of many researchers. They compared the L1 translator’s target text (TT) with that of the L2 translator of the same source text (ST) and described the stylistic differences they found in the comparison. Since most analyses were based on a single ST, and the number of TTs was one in each direction (into L1 and L2, respectively), the results may only apply to the texts they analyzed in the study. To verify if the directionality of translation is the deciding factor of the stylistic traits found in each TT, this study examined 1) multiple parallel corpora comprised of multiple TTs of the same STs and 2) the corresponding translators’ other translations of different STs. After comparing a collection of TTs by the L1 group with those by the L2 group, the study found contrasting trends regarding word variety and contractions.

순위다중패턴매칭문제는 길이가 n인 텍스트 T와 패턴들의 집합 P' = {P<SUB>1</SUB>,P<SUB>2</SUB>…,P<SUB>k</SUB>}가 주어졌을 때, P'에 속하는 패턴들과 상대적인 순위가 일치하는 T의 모든 부분문자열들의 위치를 찾는 문제이다. P'에서 가장 짧은 패턴의 길이가 m, 가장 긴 패턴의 길이를 $\bar{m}$, 모든 패턴들의 길이의 합을 M, q개의 연속된 문자들을 q-그램이라 할 때, 기존에 텍스트의 핑거프린트를 이용하여 순위다중패턴매칭문제를 $O(q!+nqlogq+Mlog\bar{m}+nM)$ 시간에 해결하는 알고리즘이 제시되었다. 본 논문에서는 텍스트의 핑거프린트를 활용하여 O(max(q!,M,n))개의 스레드를 이용하여 순위다중패턴매칭문제를 평균적으로 $O(\bar{m}+qlogq+n/q!)$ 시간에 해결하는 병렬 구현 방법을 제시한다. 실험 결과, n = 1,000,000, k = 1,000, m = 5, q = 3일 때, 본 논문에서 제시하는 병렬 구현 방법은 기존의 순차 알고리즘보다 약 19.8배 빠르게 수행되었다.

In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor refers to the understanding of one conceptual domain (i.e., target domain, which is abstract) in terms of another (i.e., source domain, which is concrete). For instance, in the case of the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY (‘x is y’), TIME (x) is the target domain, whereas MONEY (y) is the source domain. This metaphor is reflected in contemporary English by a wide variety of expressions, such as You’re wasting my time (Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 8). The present study examines news texts in English to investigate how the target domain ABSTRACT COMPLEX SYSTEMS (e.g., the government, a company, economic systems, etc.; Kovecses 2010: 155) is mapped onto various source domains, such as HUMAN BODY, PLANT, BUILDING, MACHINE, etc. It then analyzes corresponding translated texts in Korean to examine whether any changes occur in the mapping of conceptual metaphors. To this end, a parallel corpus was compiled using a small sample of articles from Newsweek magazine (26,613 words) and its published Korean translation (20,209 words). A comparison of the source texts (STs) in English and the corresponding target texts (TTs) in Korean shows that the most prevalent translation strategy turned out to be the “parallel mapping” technique. That is, STs and TTs share identical source domains, and metaphorical expressions of the STs are translated literally in the TTs.