Earticle

본 연구에서는 옥내 배선 및 배선기구에 대하여, 통계자료, 관련법, 실태조사 등의 분석을 통하여 그 위험성을 확인하였다. 또한 구성부품을 분류하였고 FMEA 기법 적용이 가능한 신뢰성평가 소프트웨어를 이용하여 고장모드를 발견하고 이를 바탕으로 위험우선순위지수와 중요도를 도출하였다. 옥내 배선 및 배선기구의 구성부품별 중요도는 패널, MCCB/ELB, 커넥터, 스위치, 콘센트, 플러그, 소켓 및 전기배선에서 나타났으며 이중에서 콘센트와 플러그, 전기배선 및 커넥터에서 고장모드가 가장 높게 나타났다. 위험우선순위가 동시에 높은 부품은 콘센트와 플러그, 전기배선 및 커넥터로 중요도와 비슷하게 도출되었다. 특히 콘센트와 플러그 부분에서는 누전 및 접촉불량으로 인한 감전 및 누전화재가 잠재요인으로 나타났으며, 콘센트의 과부하에 의한 과열의 경우도 전기화재를 일으키는 원인으로 작용하고 있고 이 모든 것이 옥내 배선 및 배선기구의 전기재해를 높이는 원인으로 분석되었다.

This study analyzed the risks of indoor wires and wiring appliances by looking into statistical data, relevant laws, and actual conditions. In addition, it classified the components to find a failure mode with the use of the reliability evaluation software that can apply the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) technique, and drew a risk priority index and the degree of importance. Regarding the components of indoor wires and wiring appliances, their importance factors were panel, MCCB/ELB, connector, switch, outlet, plug, socket and electric wire, of which outlet, plug, electric wire and connector had the highest failure mode. In addition, it is found that the overheat induced by outlet overload caused an electric fire and increased electric disasters of indoor wires and wiring appliances. The study results are applicable to the fires with the risk of human disaster and the risk of life safety on household items.

Schwannomas are benign, usually slow-growing tumors that originate from Schwann cells surrounding peripheral, cranial, or autonomic nerves. The most common form of these tumors is acoustic neuroma. Schwannomas of the brachial plexus are quite rare, and symptomatic schwannomas of the brachial plexus are even rarer. A 47-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of dysesthesia, neuropathic pain, and mild weakness of the right upper limb. Results of physical examination and electrodiagnostic studies supported a diagnosis as thoracic outlet syndrome. Conservative treatment did not relieve her symptoms. After 9 months, a soft mass was found at the upper margin of the right clavicle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 3.0×1.8×1.7 cm ovoid mass between the inferior trunk and the anterior division of the brachial plexus. Surgical mass excision and biopsy were performed. Pathological findings revealed the presence of schwannoma. After schwannoma removal, the right hand weakness did not progress any further and neuropathic pain gradually reduced. However, dysesthesia at the right C8 and T1 dermatome did not improve.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs due to compression of the neurovascular bundle exiting the thoracic outlet, through which the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels pass. Here, we report a case of venous TOS combined with brachial neuritis, which was caused by axillary lymphadenopathy after the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A 17-year-old female patient presented with left upper extremity swelling and pain after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine in the left deltoid muscle. Contrast-enhanced brachial plexus magnetic resonance imaging revealed severe swelling of the left axillary and subclavian lymph nodes, which lie immediately above the subclavian vein. An electrodiagnostic study revealed left brachial plexopathy, mainly involving the lower trunk with mixed demyelinating and axonal injury. The patient received intravenous steroid pulse therapy and oral steroid therapy. A follow-up examination showed complete recovery of muscle strength and function, pain, and swelling in the left upper extremity within 3 months after vaccination against COVID-19.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is caused by the compression of neurovascular structures in the thoracic cage. TOS can be classified into neurogenic TOS (NTOS) and vascular TOS. Congenital anomalies, such as cervical ribs and elongated C7 transverse processes, may be the cause of NTOS. NTOS can be subcategorized as either disputed NTOS or true NTOS. True NTOS, a very rare disease with a prevalence of about one in a million, is diagnosed by the weakness and atrophy of T1-innervated intrinsic muscles of the hand and corresponding electrodiagnostic abnormalities. We report a case of a 42-year-old patient, who presented with a 5-year history of clumsiness and 1 1-year history of weakness and atrophy in her right hand. The patient was diagnosed with true NTOS during comprehensive rehabilitation, which she received for left hemiplegia due to intracranial hemorrhage. Elongated bilateral C7 transverse processes were found on a radiological evaluation. True NTOS is often overlooked or mistaken for carpal tunnel syndrome, thus delaying the diagnosis and inevitably worsening outcomes. Therefore, an electrodiagnostic study is crucial for detecting true NTOS, rather than typical physical examinations such as the Roos stress test and Adson’s test.

True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is an uncommon disease and is difficult to diagnose at the early stage and then completely cure. We experienced a case of true neurogenic TOS with typical clinical symptoms and electrophysiologic findings as a result of repetitive habitual sleep posture. A 31-year-old woman who had complained of progressive tingling sensation on the 4th and 5th fingers with shoulder pain was diagnosed of brachial plexopathy at the lower trunk level by electrodiagnostic studies. There was no other cause of brachial plexopathy except her habit of hyperabduction of shoulder during sleep. This case demonstrated that the habitual abnormal posture can be the only major cause of neurogenic TOS. It is of importance to consider TOS with the habitual cause because simple correction of the posture could stabilize or even reverse disease progress.

The term of TOS(thoracic outlet syndrome) is used to describe patients with compressed subclavian artery, subclavian vein, and the brachial plexus in the region of the thoracic outlet. The objective of this study was to evaluate a conservative physical therapy that aims to restore normal function to the upper aperture in patients with TOS. The efficacy of this study which is conservative physical therapy, was assessed by pain, grip power, pinch grip, and satisfaction level of patients. The results were as follow; 1. Pain(VAS) was statistically significant with Group 1 and Group 2(P<0.05), and Group 2 was more statistically significant than Group 1(P<0.05). 2. Spherical grip was statistically significant with Group 1 and Group 2(P<0.05), and Group 2 was more statistically significant than Group 1(P<0.05). 3. Pinch grip was statistically significant with group 1 and Group 2(P<0.05), and Group 2 was more statistical significance than Group 1(P<0.05). 4. Satisfaction level was statistically significant with group 1 and Group 2(P<0.05), and Group 2 was more statistically significant than Group 1(P<0.05).

Introduction: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) referes to compression of one or more of the neurovascular structures traversing the superior aperture of the chest. 3 cases reported in this article are diagnosed as TOS among patients who was misdiagnosed of another diseases. Case 1: 29 years old female was diagnosed as ulnar neuropathy. She took operation but neurologic symptoms were not improved. Therefore she was carried out the electro-diagnostic studies and the result showed possibility of TOS. Scalene muscle block was done and she diagnosed TOS based on symptomatic improvement. Case 2: 37 years old female was diagnosed as herniation of intervertebral disc of C3-C6. But electrodiagnostic studies showed diagnostic possibility of TOS. Scalene muscle block was done and she diagnosed TOS based on symptomatic improvement. Case 3: 18 years old male who had history of TOS with surgical treatment. After 18 months, numbness of right upper limb occurred and the patient was diagnosed as Hirayama disease. And he was treated with physical therapy and medications but his symptoms were progressed slowly. So the patient was carried out reevaluation including electrodiagnostic studies and diagnosed as TOS. Conclusion: In 3 cases diagnosed as TOS, it was misdaignosed as another diseases due to similar neurologic symptoms between TOS and each disease. Precise electrodiagnostic studies and symptomatic improvement after scalene muscle block are essential to diasgnosis of TOS.

This study was performed to evaluate the drain runoff characteristics from one paddy field, and to provide the basic data required for the determination of flood discharge and unit drainage water for drainage improvement and farmland consolidation. For this purpose, under the assumption that drain discharge from paddy field was similar to outflow of reservoir, runoff model based on storage equation was applied to the experimental field, and simulated results were compared to the measured discharge at weir point. To estimate effective storage volume of paddy field with water depth, 4 regression formula were examined such as linear, exponential, power, and combined. From the observed runoff characteristics, it was shown to be 3.3~16.3${\ell}$/sec in weir discharge, 57.2~98% in runoff ratio, and relative error of simulated result was 3.0~39.4%, 8.5 ~56.0 % for peak flow and runoff ratio, respectively. Curve number by SCS method was calculated as mean value of 96.4 using measured rainfall and runoff data, it was considered relatively high because paddy field has generally flooding depth contrary to the upland watershed area.

True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is rare entrapment neuropathy. Its electro-physiologic findings and long term outcome after surgery are not well known. We report 21-year-old woman who presented with medial arm and forearm tingling sensation with intrinsic hand muscle weakness for 3 years. Electrophysiologic test revealed lower trunk brachial plexopathy (mainly T1 segment). Cervical rib was observed on X-ray. Surgical removal of cervical rib was done. 5 year after surgery, The clinical finding for the C8 segment was improved but T1 segment did not improved. Early detection and early treatment of true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is important for its prognosis.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a heterogeneous group of disorders arising from compression of one or more neurovascular elements from base of neck to the axilla. Many literatures consider true neurogenic and disputed TOS to be a type of neurogenic TOS. True neurogenic TOS is a rare disease with prevalence of 1 per million. True neurogenic TOS has typical clinical manifestations reflecting T1>C8 pattern of nerve fiber involvement. However, disputed TOS is poorly understood and one of most controversial pain syndrome. Many neuromuscular physicians do not accept the existence of disputed TOS, but thoracic surgeons claim that disputed TOS is under-diagnosed. In this review, we describe the characteristics of true neurogenic and disputed TOSs and discuss the controversies of disputed TOS from a skeptical view.

The true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), one type of the TOS, has vague and controversial clinical symptoms, so a variety of diseases can mimic the presentation of TOS, especially ulnar neuropathy or cervical root lesion. For most patients with TOS, common practice is to offer a course of conservative treatment, but its kinds are not enough and pain is too severe to do that in the chronic state. We experienced a case of true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome with distinctive clinical symptom and abnormal electrodiagnostic findings. The symptom was not controlled by conservative management including oral medication or physical therapy. So we injected type A botulinum toxin (Botoxⓡ) in the scalene and pectoralis minor muscles with ultrasonography guide. After 2 weeks, the pain decreased in visual analogue scale nine to four, and the compliance to physical therapy was improved. The result appeared to demonstrate that botulinum toxin injection may be helpful in controlling symptoms and making the patient adapt in physical therapy in the difficult case to management by any other methods.

The DOR (Drainage outlet raising) in the paddy field has been suggested as one of the most important best management practices for the TMDL (Total maximum daily load) management in the technical guidelines by the NIER (National institute of environmental research). However, this method is underestimated and is not well adopted by local governments for the TMDL. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the unit load reduction equation according to the application of DOR in order to expand this equation. The original equation in the guideline was derived using the HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model for 1 year in Changnyeong. We analyzed the reduction effect of the original equation application by collecting additional long-term monitoring data from the Buan, Icheon, Iksan, and Jeonju. When comparing the reduction loads between the original equation and monitoring results, the evaluation results of the original equation were 11% of the monitoring analysis results, which was underestimated. This means that the original equation needs to be improved. For assessing the equation, the HSPF Paddy-RCH model was established according to the NI ER guideline and evaluated for applicability. The performance results of the model showed a reasonable range by the statistical criteria. Modified equations 1 and 2 were proposed based on the monitoring and modeling results. Modified equation 1 was the method of modifying the original equation's main factors, and modified equation 2 was the method of applying the non-point pollution reduction efficiency according to the rainfall class using the long-term modeling results. At the level of 58.6~64.6% of monitoring data, the difference between them could be further reduced compared to the original equation. The suggested approach will be more reasonable and practicable for decision-makers and will contribute to the TMDL management plans.

본 논문에서는 차단전력문턱치에 의해 대기전력을 감소시키는 자동대기전력 차단콘센트를 구현하였다. 여기서 대기전력은 사용하고 있지 않은 전자제품에 콘센트가 꽂아져 있는 경우, 흐르는 전력을 뜻한다. 제안한 콘센트의 경우 PC(Personal Computer)나 모바일 폰과 같은 스마트 기기로 실시간 전력량을 확인 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 차단전력문턱치를 직접 제어할 수 있기 때문에 어떤 전자기기든 각 대기 전력에 맞게 차단전력문턱치를 설정하여 확실하게 대기전력을 차단할 수 있다. 소프트웨어는 비주얼 스튜디오, 코드 비젼, SN8 C 스튜디오로 코딩을 했으며, 하드웨어는 크게 ATmega128, SN8F27E93S, USB to UART, 릴레이로 구성되어 있다. 모의실험결과, 제안된 방법과 기존 방법에서 먼저 휴대폰을 비교해보면 대기전력값이 큰 차이가 없지만 컴퓨터, 에어컨, 특히 셋톱박스의 경우에는 기존 방법에 의한 대기 전력이 제안된 시스템에 의한 대기전력보다 많은 소모됨을 알 수 있다. 따라서 제안된 차단콘센트는 대기전력 측면에서 우수한 성능을 나타냄을 알 수 있다.

In this paper, the automatic standby power blocking socket outlet to reduce standby power by blocking power threshold is implemented. Where, the standby power means a flowing power when a disused power electronic is plugged into the socket outlet. The proposed socket outlet can cut off the standby power by establishing a proper block power threshold electronic device according to each electronic device because it can monitor the amount of power through the smart machines such as the real-time PC or mobile phone and directly control the blocking power threshold. The software is implemented by using Visual Studio software, code vision and SN8 C studio, and the hardware is embodied in ATmega128, SN8F27E93S, USB to UART, and relay etc. Through the simulation, we find that the standby power of the proposed method is similar to that of the conventional method in case of the cellular phone but the standby power of the proposed method is much less than that of the conventional method in case of the computer, air conditioning, and set-top box. Therefore, it is proved that the proposed socket outlet has a superior performance in terms of the standby power.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the findings of the electrodiagnostic study (EDX) and clinical evaluation in patients with classical thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Methods: Retrospective medical record review was done in 49 patients (age 46.7±15.1 years, 19 men) with clinically suspected TOS, referred for EDX from October 2003 to March 2010. EDXs were performed at 24.1±33.7 months from symptom onset. Ulnar and median, sensory and motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) were done in all patients and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MAC) NCS was done in 27 patients. Needle electromyography (EMG) was conducted in all subjects, covering at least one of those muscle-abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interossei (FDI), abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and C8 paraspinal muscles. Results: 10 patients were diagnosed with classical TOS. Paresthesia was most common symptom. Hyperabduction test(80%) and Adson's test(71.4%) were sensitive provocation test. In radiologic study, CT and MRI was more sensitive(57.1%) than simple X-ray(40%). In EMG study, MAC NCS and FDI, ADM, APB, EIP(extensor indicis proprius) needle EMG were sensitive. Conclusion: The most sensitive EDX to detect TOS was MAC NCS. Paresthesia was the most common symptom, Hyperabduction test and Adson’s test were effective provocation tests.

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the secular changes in indoor airborne dust or endotoxin levels in the dust from swine confinement buildings. Indoor levels were compared with the level at the exhaust outlet in order to examine the contribution potential of indoor dust to nearby ambient air dust. Methods: Comparisons were made on inhalable and respirable dust levels reported in 2002, 2012, and 2017 from 14, 10, and 36 swine fattening confinement buildings in Korea, respectively. This data was produced by the same research group. Levels of endotoxin adsorbed into inhalable or respirable dust were also compared. Samples of inhalable or respirable dust were collected indoors and at exhaust outlets from 17 swine fattening confinement buildings in 2019, and dust levels were compared between the indoor and the outlet. Results: The outlet inhalable dust level (0.111 mg/㎥) was approximately 19% of that from indoors, and the respirable dust level (0.033 mg/㎥) was approximately 74% of that from indoors. The outlet respirable dust levels were lower than the airborne fine dust levels in the towns where those farms are located. No significant difference was observed in the inhalable dust levels among the years examined, but the respirable dust level in 2017 (0.143 mg/㎥) was significantly lower than in 2002 (0.328 mg/㎥). The level of endotoxin in inhalable dust was significantly higher in 2017 (722 EU/㎥) than in both 2002 (75 EU/㎥) and 2012 (171 EU/㎥). Conclusion: Even though no apparent contribution from swine farm indoor dust to nearby ambient air dust was observed in terms of amount, a certain control strategy to reduce the production of airborne dust and endotoxin from swine farms is merited.

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from sewerage facilities such as a sanitary sewers, outlets, and catch basins. In addition, the dominant malodorous VOCs among the compounds in this study were studied. Methods: Waste gas samples were collected at 27 points in a sanitary sewer in commercial and residental areas. The concentrations of seven volatile organic compounds, including benzene and toluene, in the samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS). Odor concentrations were estimated using the concentration data of the VOCs and each compound's threshold limit value. Results: As a result, it appeared that the average concentration of total observed data for acetaldehyde was 15.98 ppb and benzene 1.87 ppb, toluene 82.31 ppb, ethyl benzene 63.12 ppb, m+p-xylene 15.66 ppb, oxylene 18.73 ppb, and styrene 4.39 ppb. VOC concentrations in the commercial area were higher than those in the residential area. VOC concentrations of waste gas emitted from sewer lines was also higher than those at the outlet and in the catch basins. It was estimated that the main malodorous VOC among the seven VOCs was acetaldehyde. Conclusions: As there is little data on VOC concentrations inside sewer facilities in Korea, these data will be helpful for estimating impact assessment of VOCs and establishing a counter-plan for the abatement of VOCs from sewer facilities in the future.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the phenomenon of Premium Outlet Malls. We examine the Shinsegae Chelsea Premium Outlet at Paju City, Gyeonggi-do, while placing them against the development of the outlet mall industry. Outlet malls are an important part of the new retail landscape. This study analyze the Element of the premium outlet across demographics. It explores seven critical factors which significantly influence customers’ perceptions of premium outlet. The summary of 7 components is classified as the visual, location, shopping backing up, human traces, mood, transit expedience, and tenant. Outlet shopping satisfaction on the relative influence of individual factors you look at, outlet malls, the locational component variables, human, visual, Tenant, outlet mall shopping satisfaction in order to support static (+) was identified as a significant influence. but, Convenience outlet mall component variables satisfaction with the passage of the negative (-) were analyzed a significant influence. The implications of this paper, pedestrian walkway, fatigue T structure, sign systems, and in position for the visitors confirmed that there is room for improvement.

As the desires of consumers are being diversified, the forms of commercial spaces are also being diversified. In the late 1970s when the industrial complexes began to be developed in Korea, the Guro Industrial Complex was developed to cultivate the export industry, and the Geumcheon Fashion Town evolved into a street outlet from a factory outlet to respond to the desires of the consumers according to the flow of time. Outlet shopping malls enable the consumers to purchase famous brands in affordable price, and satisfy both the brand consumption desire and the desire for rational consumption to be developed continuously. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the attraction factors of Mario Outlet were shown to be 5 factors: diversity of purpose, identifiability of cognition, convenience of approach, Efficient consumption, and affordability of convenience. Among these factors, diversity of purpose, convenience of approach, Efficient consumption, and affordability of convenience showed to have a significant positive effect on intention of revisit.