Earticle

소비자들은 착용자의 의도에 부응해주며 의미부여를 허용해주는 새로운 스타일을 원한다. 이러한 여건에서 탄생하고 주목 받은 변화가 가능한 디자인들은 패션뿐만 아니라 여러 분야에서 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는건축 및 제품 디자인 분야와 패션디자인의 가변시스템을 비교하여 유형과 특성을 분석하고 도출된 가변시스템의 유형과 특성을 적용하여 개발하고 실물 제작한 패션디자인을 통해 가변시스템의 활용가치를 검증하고새로운 스타일을 제안하는 것에 목적이 있다. 연구는 문헌 연구와 실증 연구로 이루어졌다. 가변시스템의개념과 유형, 특성 분석을 위한 문헌연구는 가변성을 적용한 개념이 포함된 논문, 건축잡지, 보고서, 단행본등의 문헌에서 진행하고, 이를 통해 가변적 시스템의 유형과 특성의 분류 기준을 마련하였다. 실증적 연구를위한 자료 및 사례들은 문헌과 구글(www.google.com)에서 가변시스템과 관련된 키워드로 검색된 사진 사례를 선별하여 도출된 기준에 따라 분류 및 분석하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 가변적 시스템의 유형과 특성을 반영한 실물작품 4점을 제작하였다. 문헌연구와 실증연구를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가변적 시스템의 유형은 확장과 축소, 조립과 분해, 개방과 폐쇄, 방향전환, 위치이동, 축적, 발현의 7가지로 도출되었다. 둘째, 가변시스템의 특성은 구조의 형태변경에 의한 다용도로 사용이 가능한 다기능성, 위치 이동과이동 자체의 용이성에 의해 외형과 용도의 변화를 가능하게 하는 이동성, 단순히 기능과 목적을 떠나서 다양성을 즐길 수 있는 유희성의 3가지로 나타났다. 셋째, 가변시스템의 유형과 특성을 반영하여 실물제작 4점을진행하였다. 검은색과 흰색의 2겹으로 본딩한 레이저 펀칭된 인조가죽을 금속 스냅을 활용하여 구성요소들과 모티브들의 탈부착을 이루면서 변형이 용이하도록 제작하였다. 이를 통해 가변시스템의 모든 유형들을구현할 수 있었으며 가변시스템의 특성들도 다양하게 표현할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Consumers desire new styles that fulfill their intentions and enable them to give certain significance to the styles. Variable designs exist not only in fashion but also in various fields. The objective of this study is to analyze the types and characteristics of transformable systems by comparing them among architecture, product and fashion design, and also to develop, produce and propose fashion designs using such types and characteristics of transformable systems. Literature review to analyze the concepts, types and characteristics of transformable systems involved research papers, architecture magazines, reports and books including the concepts applying variability, through which the classification standard for the types and characteristics of transformable systems was established. Data and cases for empirical research were classified and analyzed according to the standard elicited by selecting cases of images searched with keywords related to transformable systems in website and literatures. Based on the results, four design works were created in light of the types and characteristics of the transformable systems. The results obtained from literature review and empirical researches are as follows. First, it turned out that there were seven types of transformable systems: enlargement and reduction, assembly and disassembly, open and shut, change of direction, shifting of location, accumulation, and manifestation. Second, there were three characteristics of transformable systems: multifunctionality that enables users to use the systems for multiple purposes by changing the shapes of the structure, mobility that changes the exterior and use by convenience in shifting locations and movements, and playfulness that allows users to enjoy diversity beyond simple functions and purposes. Third, four fashion design works were created in light of the types and characteristics of the transformable systems. This allowed for implementation of all types of transformable systems, and verified that the characteristics of the systems can also be expressed in diverse ways.

The multiple functions of mushrooms are production of antibiotics, fodder for animal stock, organic fertilizers, food nutrients, favorite food, physiologically active materials, and decomposing organic matters, and cleaning environmental pollutants. Of these first three functions were evaluated. The value of the muti- functions of mushrooms were estimated to be 112 trillion 922 one hundred million Won, and if non-evaluated ones added the estimation would be doubled. This value is similar to multi-functions value of rice, 100 trillion Won. Especially, the industrial value of antibiotics from B-glucans is estimated to be 112 trillion Won, while animal stock fodder value is 618 one hundred million Won, organic fertilizer 56 one hundred million Won and decomposer of ecology 360 one hundred million Won.

Recently, great efforts have been devoted to expanding the genetic code for the in vivo biological incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (NCAA) into proteins. Current approaches such as reassignment of sense (residue specific incorporation) and non sense codon (site specific incorporation) provide non natural amino acid as a new set of building blocks for the Eukaryotic and prokaryotic translational machinery. Even though, these methods successfully alter the protein functionality, the limitations of above methods is that they allow only incorporation of a single unnatural amino acid into the recombinant protein. This single protein exhibited two different novel functionalities acquired from the genetically incorporated NCAA, which is an interesting and not an inherent property of the protein. To incorporate two different NCAA, we developed a promising alternative approach by coupling both the residue-specific and site-specific incorporation of NCAA into a single protein. To explore the feasibility for MUAA incorporation, a model protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), was selected. GFP has five methionine (Met) residues, which will be reassigned with Met surrogate L-homopropargylglycine (L-Hpg). Simultaneously, the tyrosine (Tyr) analogue, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa), will be site specifically incorporated into K15 by evolved Methanococcus jannaschii tRNA/synthetase pairs (mutant TyrRS). The successful incorporation of L-DOPA further facilitates the selective chemical cross-linking of protein-polysaccharide interaction in vitro. GFP protein has Dopa residue were oxidized upon sodium periodate (NaIO4) which lead to the formation an orthoquinone intermediate that is subsequently attacked by nucleophilic side chains of amine group interacting polysaccharide, through either Michael addition or Schiff base formation. Further the Met analogue L-Hpg whose functionality can be chemoselectively modified with specific alkyne bearing reagent by means of a copper mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This is the first study to demonstrate that the protein has multi-functional property through combination of expanding and engineering the genetic code of amino acids. This approach will drive us toward a post proteomics era as well as it will also open a new door for synthetic biologist to generate multi characteristic proteins.

Several fabrication processes, corresponding nanostructural features and multifunctionality as well has been investigated for oxide ceramic based nanocomposites with metal nanodispersion (i.e., ceramic/metal nanocomposites). Transition metal (Ni, Co, etc) dispersed alumina and zirconia based nanocomposites have been synthesized by reducing and hot-press sintering of ceramic and metal oxide mixtures prepared by several method. Improved fracture strength (1.1 and 1.9 GPa for $Al_2O_3/Ni$ and $ZrO_2/Ni$ nanocomposites, respectively) of these composites have been achieved according to their nanostructures. In addition, ferromagnetic characteristic has been kept. The variation of magnetization with an applied stress has found to be more sensitive as smaller as the magnetic metal dispersion is. This result thus suggests the possibility of fracture and/or stress sensing of the composites by simple magnetic measurement.

We examine policy implications of including rural viability to the notion of multifunctional agriculture. We assume that rural viability refers predominantly to the number of people living in rural areas to keep the infrastructure and living conditions at good state for a good life. The economic core of viability is employment in agriculture and agriculture serving sectors. Viability benefits are modelled with the help of a viability valuation function. We demonstrate that rural viability entails adjusting fertilizer tax and buffer strip subsidy below their environmental first-best Pigouvian levels to reflect the direct and indirect employment effects of agricultural production. Moreover, when non-agricultural land use is present, an additional, non-agricultural instrument is needed to adjust the amount of land allocated to agriculture to its socially optimal level. Thus, inclusion of rural viability creates distortions in multifunctional policies. Theoretical results are illustrated with Finnish data to examine how the inclusion of rural viability to multifunctionality relates to the true socially optimal agri-environmental multifunctionality. We also assess welfare loss from promoting rural viability in the case where there is no base on viability benefits.

This article addresses two broad objectives: (i) reviewing the concept of the multifunctional agriculture in the context of the U.S. and key issues associated with operationalizing and valuing the concept, and (ii) analyzing public preferences about the multifunctionality using a national survey of registered voters. Data analysis shows that registered voters consider the multifunctionality of agriculture as an important issue relative to other public issues and 53 percent of respondents were in favor of increasing government expenditures to support farmland preservation. Regression analyses show that the public's willingness to pay for the multifunctionality is heterogeneous across individual characteristics (e.g., political orientation, ethnicity, and demographics) and geographic regions. Further, the two decisions (whether or not to pay and the intensity of willingness to pay) are shaped by different sets of factors.

This study investigates the multifunctionality of the discourse marker way in Present Day Korean through a corpus-based analysis of its occurrence in naturally occurring spoken discourse. Originally an interrogative adverb meaning ‘why,’ way has evolved into a versatile discourse marker with functions that extend beyond its conventional role in eliciting reasons. An alysis of the Sejong Spoken Corpus reveals at least seven primary functions of way: eliciting collective recall, seeking agreement, facilitating topic shifts, mitigating face-threatening acts, signaling defiance or resistance, filling gaps, and at times, carrying dual roles. These findings underscore way’s dual interpersonal and textual functions, aligning with grammaticalization and (inter-)subjectivity theories. The study’s corpus-based approach offers a comprehensive, empirically grounded view of way’s usage in everyday communication, diverging from most prior intuition-based analyses. Notably, way frequently co-occurs with other discourse markers and deictic elements, contributing to its fluidity and multifunctionality in conversational contexts. This research aims to enhance understanding of way and contributes broadly to discourse marker studies by highlighting the grammaticalization of interrogatives into discourse markers, a pathway commonly observed across languages.

Through an examination of the discourse marker yang in Jeju dialect, a branch of Korean, the present paper explores how this linguistic device functions in authentic materials. The main focus is the understanding of the multifunctional properties of yang in discourse contexts. Looking into the discoursal aspects of yang, it is shown that procedural interpretations play an important role in deciding its linguistic functions. The data suggest that it has played a significant role in establishing an interpersonal and textual relationship and even softening utterances, as discourse markers do in general. As a result, yang as a discourse marker serves various functions such as attention-caller, holding the floor, politeness strategies, etc.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the sentence-final conjunctive particle "Keredo," drawing data from the Japanese Daily Conversation Corpus: Casual Chat. The study carefully examined the characteristics of words preceding "Keredo," investigated variations in its usage patterns across different speaker demographics (age, gender, and occupation), and explored its various contextual functions. The analysis revealed that "Keredo" predominantly serves four distinct functions: opinion adjustment, emotional expression, information addition, and topic introduction. A particularly noteworthy finding was that within the "opinion adjustment" function, "Keredo" exhibited a high co-occurrence rate with negative forms. This strongly suggests that its primary role is to soften utterances, allowing speakers to avoid direct assertiveness. Furthermore, the study uncovered interesting trends related to speaker attributes. Young male university students, for instance, were observed to overuse negative forms when engaging in opinion adjustment, often conveying speculation or a reserved sense of confidence. In contrast, middle-aged male office workers frequently employed negative forms even in contexts of information addition, characterized by a cautious approach to presenting information. Conversely, middle-aged and older women demonstrated a lower rate of negative co-occurrence in opinion adjustment, instead showing a tendency to use positive "Keredo" when recounting personal experiences or describing events. An in-depth analysis of co-occurring parts of speech further clarified that the principal usage patterns of "Keredo" involve its combination with verbs expressing thought, existence, or communication?such as "suru" (to do), "omou" (to think), "aru" (to exist), and "iu" (to say)?as well as non-autonomous verbs indicating continuity or result, like "-teiru" (to be doing), and the negative auxiliary verb "nai" (not). Collectively, these findings compellingly suggest that "Keredo" transcends its conventional role as a mere conjunctive particle signifying contrast. Instead, it operates as a sophisticated, multifunctional device that actively reflects and facilitates diverse communicative strategies, often tailored to the speaker's specific social attributes. Its functions extend to softening speech, adeptly adjusting interpersonal relationships, and enabling a variety of modes for presenting information.

고대 중국어의 상호성 표지 ‘相’은 상호적 상황 외에도 집단적 상황, 연쇄적 상황, 수동자 지시 상황, 대칭적 상황을 나타내는 등 다기능적이지만, 이후 중국어의 이음절화 경향에 따라 출현한 ‘互相’은 상호성 전용 표지이다. 이처럼 상호성 표지가 상호적 상황 외에도 다양한 상황을 나타낼 수 있는 다기능성이 있고, 이후에 출현하는 상호성 표지는 상호성 전용 표지가 되는 현상은 범언어적인 관점에서 볼 때 중국어에만 보이는 특수한 현상이 아니고 보편적인 현상이다. 상호성 전용 표지 ‘互相’이 출현한 후에도 ‘相’의 상호성 기능은 여전히 남아 있어서 기능상 중복되지만, 술어가 단음절일 때는 ‘相’을 사용하고 술어가 이음절일 때는 ‘互相’을 사용하여 술어의 음절수에 따른 상보적 분포 현상이 보인다.

The Chinese reciprocal marker “Xiang” in Classical Chinese is multifunctional, indicating not only reciprocal situations but also collective, sequential, patient-reference, and symmetric situations. However, with the emergence of the bisyllabic form “Huxiang” in accordance with the trend of disyllabization in Chinese, “Huxiang” has become a marker exclusively used for reciprocity. The phenomenon of a multifunctional reciprocal marker becoming one exclusively for reciprocity is not a unique occurrence in Chinese, but rather a universal phenomenon from a cross-linguistic perspective. Even after the emergence of the exclusively reciprocal marker “Huxiang”, the reciprocal function of “Xiang” remains, leading to functional redundancy. However, when the predicate is monosyllabic, “Xiang” is used, and when the predicate is disyllabic, “Huxiang” is used, showing a complementary distribution based on the number of syllables in the predicate.

“有”、“是”存在句是汉语中存在句的常见表现形式，本文以R语言软件为工具，采用多重对应分析方法，从多重概念变量特征的角度对二者的互换性进行了深入探讨。研究发现，“有”和“是”存在句原型用法区分清晰，“有”字句的核心变量是“内在参照框架”，“是”字句的核心变量是焦点与背景的量值“相等”。通过置信椭圆图可知，在实际的语言使用中，二者互换可能性较大。其中，“空间”维度和“内在参照框架”对“有”和“是”存在句互换的驱动力最大，而“时间”维度和焦点与背景的量值“未知”关系对二者互换性的驱动力相对较小。

The 'You/Shi' existential constructions are common expressions in Chinese existential sentences. This study investigates the interchangeability of these constructions through the lens of multiple conceptual variables, employing Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) via R language software. The findings suggest that 'You' and 'Shi' existential sentences are used differently according to their prototypical functions. In 'You' existential sentences, the internal reference frame serves as the core variable, whereas in 'Shi' existential sentences, the primary variable is the equivalence in quantity between the focus and background. The confidence ellipse demonstrates considerable interchangeability between the two types of sentences in practical language use. Moreover, the key factors driving this interchangeability are 'spatial aspects' and the 'intrinsic reference frame,' while the unclear relationship between 'temporal aspects' and 'focus-background quantity' has a comparatively lesser influence.

Rice-farming is not only a most important source of Korean farmers’ income but also the basis for multifunctionality such as food security, environmental protection, ecological conservation, clean air free of green-house gas, and preservation of cultural diversity. In recent years, global warming is accelerating and concerns over climate change are gaining momentum. This paper focuses on the multifuntionality of rice-farming in conjunction with climate change. We evaluate monetary value of various attributes of alternatives for improved rice farming, by using choice experiments. A total of 200 households residing in Seoul or Gyeonggi Province were surveyed, where multinomial logit and mixed logit models were used to analyze the benefit of rice-farming multifuntionality to each household. The result was utilized to get at the estimated benefit of rice-farming multifuntionality to total paddy field and total population in Korea. This paper is expected to provide the agricultural policy makers with useful methodological framework and quantitative information as regards the significance of climate change in the future of rice-farming.

The aim of this study is to estimate economic value of the multifunctionality of agriculture. A monetary valuation of the multifunctionality was conducted using a contingent valuation method. The study sets up three scenarios depending on the level of agricultural protection. The monetary values per year estimated are 6,503.8 billion won, 4,335.8 billion won and 2,168 billion won for scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Women generally revealed high willingness to pay (WTP) to compare with men, and those who travels frequently to rural area showed higher preference to the multifunctionality.

우리의 농업부문은 원천적으로 부족한 농업부존자원 등 농업생산여건의 어려움으로 국제경쟁력이 취약하기 때문에 다자간 무역협상 또는 세계 여러 나라와의 자유무역협정(FTA) 등에 의한 농산물 시장 개방 움직임은 우리 농업을 크게 위축시킬 것이다. 우리나라가 이러한 상황에서 수출국들이 주장하는 대로 농업 부문을 개방하여 우리나라 농업이 붕괴된다면 농업의 고유한 기능(식량 생산 등) 뿐만 아니라 농업･농촌의 유지를 통해 창출되는 다면적 기능은 없어 질 것이다. 향후 이러한 다면적 기능을 다시 되찾기 위해서는 사회 및 경제적으로 더 많은 비용을 지불해야 할 수도 있다. 따라서 일본의 경우와 같이 농산물 개방과 관련된 협상 시 다면적 기능을 농업에 대한 지원을 정당화하는 유력한 근거로 삼아 협상에 임할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 「농업･농촌 및 식품산업기본법」에 다면적 기능을 보다 명확히 할 필요가 있고, 이에 대한 이론적 논리의 마련이 필요하다.

For the purpose of providing a stable supply of safe agricultural products and high quality foods and promoting the sustainable development of the agricultural industry and rural economies,「Framework Act on Agriculture, Rural Community, and Food Industry」enacted. However, despite these efforts, both laws do not provide enough support regarding the multifunctionality of agriculture. On the other hand, advanced countries in agriculture have reflected justifications regarding the need to support agriculture and rural communities in its laws to maintain multifunctionality in agriculture and rural communities. Based on such laws, these countries have continually cultivated greater national understanding and have utilized such consensus building practices as an impetus for further supporting agriculture and rural communities. In particular, in the case of Japan, based on its 1999 enactment of the 「Framework Act On Food, Agriculture, and Rural Communities」, the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural communities have been maintained and strengthened through a number of policies. In light of this, Japan, considered a country having similar climates and national land conditions to South Korea, was selected for further review of its handling of the issue of multifunctionality, and its implications for South Korea were further suggested in this study. A summary of this is as follows. First, in Japan, related laws clearly recognize and promote the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural communities that have not been recognized in the past. Specifically, the laws emphasize the multifunctionality of agriculture associated with the functions of conserving national land, developing sources of water, conserving the natural environment, forming favorable scenery, and passing down culture. The laws also stipulate the need for the ‘continual development of agriculture based on things that maintain and promote natural cycling functions.’ In reference to this, South Korea must revise its regulatory framework to reflect and promote aspects regarding multifunctionality and the public benefit. Second, in Japan, when the Framework Act on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Communities was established, the law provided a means for the development of specific policies. In reference to this, South Korea, should not limit its regulations to provide abstract ideologies or directions regarding multifunctionality, but establish regulations that entail legally binding measures. Third, in the case of South Korea, Basic Plans are not required and because of this, the development of comprehensive and systematic policies is not being undertaken. In light of this, regulations that require the establishment of a Basic Plan are needed at least for the purposes of acquiring greater transparency of the policies. Fourth, the Japanese system of direct payment is considered an effective means of appropriately maintaining agricultural production activities and thus is a means of contributing to maintaining multifunctionality. For the purposes of providing a stable supply of food to the people and in consideration of the contribution of agriculture on land conservation, environmental protection, and flood prevention functions, such multifunctional aspects need to further be promoted through direct payment systems. Fifth, as it is the case in Japan, during negotiations regarding the opening of agricultural markets, the concept of multifunctionality needs to be utilized as a reason for providing great support to agriculture. In order to do so, multifunctionality must be clearly established in related laws and further efforts to uncover the theoretical basis for doing so need to be undertaken.

In ancient Chinese, ‘而’ has generally been classified as a multifunctional conjunction. According to the study of this paper, the multifunctionality of ‘而’ was able to find unity in the frame that the front and back phrases of ‘而’ are the result structure. In the early stage of the appearance of ‘而’, words with similar unctions to ‘而’ appear at the same time. Those are ‘尔’, ‘且’, ‘乃’, etc. ‘尔’ has a homophonic relationship with ‘而’. Therefore, functions that overlap with ‘尔’ should be excluded from the unique function of ‘而’. Next, through comparison with ‘且’ which first appeared in the parallel structure at the time, it was found that the parallel structure of ‘而’ developed while absorbing the parallel function of ‘且’. Next, through comparison with ‘乃’, an adverb that connects both direct and inverse relationships, ‘而’is not an adverb but a conjunction, and furthermore, it is revealed that ‘乃’ has a framework in the resulting structure that can connect both direct and inverse connections at the same time, and it was confirmed that the same applies to ‘而’. Centered on ‘而’, the following phrase shows the result. The preceding phrase indicates various backgrounds for the result, namely cause, method, time, direct, inverse, assumption, condition, state, quality, etc. The multifunctionality of ‘而’ is the result of focusing on the preceding phrase, and when the focus is placed on the next phrase, ‘而’ becomes a conjunction with a single function that represents the result.

Solar-saltern has various functions which consist of food security, vitality of a farm community, balanced regional development, preservation of an environment and eco-system, conservation of a rural amenity and culture, and reduction of a disaster The salt-farming in Korea has been handed down from generation to generation, and has shared similar multifunctionality with agriculture, but it had been no opportunity to develop a sustainable eco-friendly industry for being excluded from the main agricultural and marine product policy. In order to acheive a sustainable development of the salt-farming industry, it is necessary to have the external economic effect saltern internalized and to induce governmental intervention such as direct payment This study aims to understand the multifunctionality of solar- saltern and assess its non-market value in Korea Contingent Valuation Method(CVM). The log-logistic model evaluation reveals that the median of surcharge payment intention required to preserve solar-saltern is 7,608 won, and the average amount of payment is 21,394 won. If the Weibull model evaluation is applied, the median is 8,645 won and the average amount is 19,405 won. We suggest several policy measures which would be environment-friendly and help add high value to the solar-salt industry. To conclude, local and cental government's policy consideration and the self-supporting efforts of solar-salt industry itself are asked to develop sustainable and high quality solar-salt industry.

In this article, I analyze a honey-collecting ritual called menumbai as practiced among the Petalangan of Riau in Indonesia. Petalangans have practiced the menumbai ritual, when they harvest honey from bee-hived trees. Menumbai literally means “enchanting bees with songs,”and Petalangans believe that the ritual engenders magic that protects honey-collectors from being stung by the bees. In order to discuss the tensions between transcendence and situatedness of the menumbai ritual, I analyze(1) what kinds of conventional linguistic devices and rhetorics are used to entextualize the ritual songs, and(2) how these “entextualized” process are reembedded in the immediate pragmatic contexts, and finally(3) what kinds of metalinguistic dimensions and sociocultural background mediate in the ritual performance. Through an analysis of the ritual that I documented in a Petalangan communitiy in 1999, I examine multiple participation frames of the ritual and its multifunctionality, which in turn contribute to the ritual performance’s “recontextualization”process. Given that the menumbai ritual songs are mostly love songs, I am especially concerned with the ways in which the songs encode love, and the Petalangan notions of love, as well as their specific language and genre ideologies. While many other studies of ritual language have pointed out that the transcendental quality of the ritual speech as a locus of authority and efficacy of the performance, the Petalangan case draws our attention to the importance of situatedness of the ritual and the ways to achieve it. The efficacy of the menumbai ritual performance is located in the shaman’s successful “recontextualization” achieved by the interplay between “iconicity”and “indexicality”in this particular performance.