Earticle

연결어미 ‘-(으)러’는 [‘-(으)ㄹ’ + ‘-어’]로 형태소 분석이 될 수 있다. ‘-(으)러’는 선어말어 미 ‘-(으)시-’와 결합할 수 있고, 선어말어미 ‘-었-, -겠-, -느-, -더-, -(으)리-’ 등과 결합할 수 없으며, 일부 특수조사와 결합할 수 있다. 목적관계 접속문에서 ‘-(으)러’의 기본 의미는 ‘주체의 오거나 가는 위치 이동의 목적’이다. 그리고 ‘-(으)러’는 담화의 처음에 어떤 제안이나 명령을 나타내는 문장에 사용될 수 있다. 또 한 대화에서 상대방의 질문에 대답할 때 ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문은 후행절이 생략된 채 나 타나는 경우가 있다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문의 선·후행절은 주어 일치 제약을 받는다. 또한 선·후행절 주어 는 [+인격성]의 의미 자질을 가진다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문의 선행절에는 ‘-(으)러’는 동 작성 동사와의 결합에서 부분적 제약을 받으며, 이동 동사나 상태 동사와의 결합에서 제약을 받는다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문의 후행절에는 일반적으로 이동 동사가 쓰인다. ‘무엇하러’ 와 ‘뭐하러’는 점차 부사화되고 있다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문의 시상은 주로 후행절에 의해 표시된다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문은 후행절에 평서문과 의문문, 명령문, 청유문, 감탄문이 올 수 있다. ‘-(으)러’ 목적관계 접속문의 후행절의 ‘안, -지 않-, 못, -지 못하-, -지 말-’ 부정 에는 특별한 제약을 받지 않으며, 선행절의 ‘안, -지 않-, 못, -지 못하-’ 부정에는 제약을 받 는다. 일부 ‘-(으)러’ 접속절 구성은 점차 동사구 구성화 또는 합성 동사화되고 있는 것으로 보인다.

The morphemes of the conjunctive ending “-(eu)reo” can be analyzed as [“-(eu)r” + “-eo”]. “-(eu)reo” can be combined with the prefinal ending “-(eu)si-”, but cannot be combined with the prefinal endings “-eot-, -get-, -neu-, -deo-, -(eu)ri-”. And “-(eu)reo” can be combined with semantic particle. In the purpose conjunctive sentence, the basic meaning of the conjunctive ending “-(eu)reo” is to express the purpose of the movement of the subject's position such as coming or going. “-(eu)reo” can be used in sentences beginning with a proposal or an order. And when answering each other's questions in the dialogue, sometimes the following clause of the purpose conjunctive sentence of “-(eu)reo” can be omitted. The subject of the preceding clause in “-(eu)reo” purpose conjunctive sentence is always consistent with the subject of the following clause, and the subjects of the preceding and following clauses have the semantic feature of [+personality]. In the preceding clause of the purpose conjunctive sentence of “-(eu)reo”, the combination of “-(eu)reo” and action verbs is partially restricted, and the combination with moving verbs or adjectives is restricted. Moving verbs are generally used in the following clause of the purpose conjunctive sentence of “-(eu)reo”. “mueotareo” and “mwohareo” gradually become adverbial. The tense and aspect of the purpose conjunctive sentence of “-(eu)reo” are mainly reflected by the following clause. The following clause of the “-(eu)reo” purpose conjunctive sentence can be followed with the declarative sentence, the interrogative sentence, the imperative sentence, the propositive sentence and the exclamatory sentence. The negation of the following clause in the purpose conjunctive sentence of “-(eu)reo” is not restricted by “an, -ji anh-, mot, -ji mota-, -ji mal-”; the negation of the preceding clause is restricted by “an, -ji anh-, mot, -ji mota-”. A part of clause structure connected by “-(eu)reo” gradually shows the trend of “verb phrasization” or “composite verbization”.

Background/Aims: Brain and bone metastases are common in patients with lung cancer. The development of metastasis is associated with poor survival in lung cancer patients. Although tumor morphologic features on radiographs are routinely assessed for differentiation between benign and malignant lung nodules, they are not used to predict metastasis. We assessed morphologic features of pulmonary adenocarcinomas with brain/bone metastasis on computed tomography (CT) to identify related factors for metastasis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of initial chest CT findings (size, type of contour, percentage of necrosis, enhancement, presence or absence of calcification, and air cavity) from 2009 to 2010 of patients with brain or bone metastasis and compared the findings with those of patients without metastases. Results: In total, 128 patients were included (78 men, 52 women; mean age 69 years; range, 36 to 87). Nineteen patients had brain metastases and 32 had bone metastases. Morphologic features associated with brain metastasis included size ≥ 50 mm (odds ratio [OR], 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 9.17; p = 0.013), necrosis ≥ 30% (OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.62 to 12.55; p =0.002), and presence of calcification (OR, 3.97; 95% CI, 1.16 to 13.55; p = 0.035). Morphologic features associated with bone metastasis included necrosis ≥ 30% (OR, 4.639; 95% CI, 1.98 to 10.82; p < 0.001) and T 3 to 4 stage (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.07 to 6.00; p = 0.031). Conclusions: We found that necrosis ≥ 30% was associated with pulmonary adenocarcinoma with brain and bone metastasis at initial chest CT morphologic feature. To validate these results, further research should be conducted.

Background: To evaluate the feasibility, inter-reader reliability, and intra-reader reliability for various morphological features reported to be related to iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBFS) on knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: A total of 145 patients with a clinical diagnosis and knee MRI findings consistent with ITBFS were included in the "study group" and 232 patients without knee pathology on both physical examination and MRI were included in the "control group". Various morphologic features on knee MRI were assessed including the patella shape, patella height, lateral epicondyle anterior-posterior (AP) width, lateral epicondyle height, ITB diameter (ITB-d), and ITB area (ITB-a). Results: Patients in the study group had significantly higher lateral epicondyle height (13.9 mm vs. 12.92 mm, P = 0.003), ITB-d (2.9 mm vs. 2.0 mm, P = 0.022), and ITB-a (38.5 mm² vs. 23.8 mm², P < 0.001) than the control group. ITB-a showed higher area under the curve index (0.849 with 74.1% sensitivity and 72.4% specificity at a 30.3 mm² cutoff) than ITB-d (0.710 with 70.8% sensitivity and 61.2% specificity at 2.4 mm cutoff) and lateral epicondyle height (0.776 with 72.4% sensitivity and 67.8% specificity at 13.4 mm cutoff). However, only the inter-reader agreement for ITB-a (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.65) was moderate, while the agreements for other morphologic features were good or excellent. Conclusions: Lateral epicondyle height seems to be a reliable and feasible morphologic feature for diagnosis of ITBFS.

Background: Genetic alterations have been identified inmelanomas according to different levels of sun exposure. Whereas the conventional morphology-based classificationprovides a clue for tumor growth and prognosis, the newclassification by genetic alterations offers a basis for targetedtherapy. Objective: The purpose of this study is to demonstratethe biological behavior of melanoma subtypes andcompare the two classifications in the Korean population. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed onpatients found to have malignant melanoma in SeveranceHospital from 2005 to 2012. Age, sex, location of the tumor,histologic subtype, tumor depth, ulceration, lymph nodeinvasion, visceral organ metastasis, and overall survival wereevaluated. Results: Of the 206 cases, the most common typewas acral melanoma (n=94, 45.6%), followed by nonchronicsun damage-induced melanoma (n=43, 20.9%), andmucosal melanoma (n=40, 19.4%). Twenty-one patients(10.2%) had the chronic sun-damaged type, whereas eightpatients (3.9%) had tumors of unknown primary origin. Lentigo maligna melanoma was newly classified as thechronic sun-damaged type, and acral lentiginous melanomaas the acral type. More than half of the superficial spreadingmelanomas were newly grouped as nonchronic sun-damagedmelanomas, whereas nodular melanoma was ratherevenly distributed. Conclusion: The distribution of melanomaswas largely similar in both the morphology-based andsun exposure-based classifications, and in both classifications,mucosal melanoma had the worst 5-year survivalowing to its tumor thickness and advanced stage at the timeof diagnosis.

본 연구는 넓은잎 딱총나무 잎으로부터 유도된 캘러스의 형태학적 특성과 효능에 관한 것이다. 딱총나무에서 유도된 캘러스 내의 세포들을 촬영한 표면주사현미경 사진에서 분열능이 높은 세포의 특성을 보여주었다. 유도된 넓은잎 딱총나무 캘러스를 생물반응기 내에서 배양시켜 얻은 딱총나무 식물세포배양 추출물은 DPPH 제거 및 $PPAR{\alpha}$ 활성 실험결과에서 자유라디컬 제거능 및 항염증 효능이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 딱총나무 캘러스 세포 배양 추출물은 화장품의 항노화 신소재로서 응용될 수 있다.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the preliminary use of morphologic operation (MO) in analyzing trabecular pattern of alveolar bone for the predicting systemic osteoporosis. Materials and Methods : Study subjects consisted of 35 females (average age 48.5 years) and 25 males (average age 25.8 years). Bone mineral density BMD $(grams/cm^2)$ of lumbar spine and proximal femur of these subjects were measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected from the digitized periapical radiographs of subjects' posterior jaw. A custom computer program processed morphology operations of ROIs. We compared mean values of 11 MO variables according to the osteoporotic group divided by the T-scores of DEXA. We also studied correlation between radiographic density and these MO variables. Results : The mean radiographic densities insignificantly correlated with MO variables. There were statistically significant differences among the values of 9 MO variables according to the osteoporotic group. Conclusion Morphologic operation can be effective in analyzing trabecular pattern of alveolar bone for the predicting osteoporosis.

이상의 논의를 통해서 얻은 결과를 간략히 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영건의궤에 한자로 차용 표기된 어휘의 해독 결과 얻은 단어 가운데 단어의 내부구조가 단일한 단어는 25개이다. 둘 이상의 형태소로 이루어진 복합어 중 용언과 체언의 결합으로 이루어진 합성어를 제시하면 다음과 같다. (1) 용언 어근에 체언이 결합한 어휘로는 걸배목 㐝排目(서궐097ㅇ06), 걸(들)쇠 㐦金(창수072ㅇ02), 가래꺽쇠 加乃巪金(인정079ㄷ01), 들창 㐦窓(창수063ㅇ10), 열쇠 開金(서궐108ㄷ01), 수막새 夫防草 (영녕059ㄷ04), 사래박쇠 沙乃朴鐵(증건055ㅇ03), 거멀못 巨勿釘(진건095ㄷ09), 넙도마 廣刀磨(서궐136ㄷ08), 대(큰)곱쇠 大曲金(의소078ㄷ12), 大排乃地 대(큰)밀지래(창덕창경054ㅇ11) 등이 있다. (2) 용언의 명사형에 체언이 결합한 어휘로는 굄쇠 塊音鐵(古音鐵), 비김쇠 非只音鐵(非音鐵), 비침못 照音釘이 있다. (3) 용언의 관형사형에 체언이 결합한 어휘로는 션귀틀 立耳機, 쫄정 㐒釘(㐒丁, 召釘, 召丁, 㐒乙釘, 召乙丁, 㐒錠)이 있다. 둘째, 영건의궤에 쓰인 접두사로 ‘假(加, 㖙), 童(同, 東), 唐, 沙(砂), 唐, 常, 眞, 鼠, 旕, 平, 隅, 虛, 夫, 雄, 仰, 水, 女, 汗’ 이 나타나는 데 비해 접미사로는 ‘-개(介, 箇, 盖)’와 ‘-이(只, 非, 耳)’가 쓰인 것으로 나타나 파생어의 생성에 접두사가 접미사에 비해 생산적으로 관여했음을 알 수 있다. 일반적으로 접두사가 접미사에 비해 파생력이 낮음을 감안하면 다소 두드러지는 특징이라 할 만한데 이는 우선 영건의궤가 특정 분야에 관한 기록이라는 점에서 원인을 찾을 수 있겠다. 즉 영건의궤가 영건문서이니만큼 기재되는 어휘도 건축 관련 어휘로 한정이 된다. 그래서 파생되어 나온 밑말의 씨의 범주를 바꾸지 않고 종류만 분화시키는 접두사가 건축 부재나 자재, 연장이라는 한정된 범위의 어휘를 표기하는 데 접미사보다는 더 활발하게 활용된 것이다.

This study aims to enlarge the description of ‘the history of Korean Lexicology’, by studying special charateristics of borrowed characters in Yeonggeon Uigwe that is published lively in the age of Modern Korean. Uigwe is a documentary literature of the whole process in the national rites, in which the masters, persons, goods and expense etc. that is mobilized in the events are described in detail. This literature is very useful materials, social and cultural, economical aspects at that time to study. Especially, one can search rich linguistic materials in the persons and sorts of stuffs, receptacles which is utilized in the events. All the terms shown in Uigwe were recorded in Chinese, but most of them represent substantially the pronunciation of the Korean. Accordingly, the study of this words in Uigwe may contribute to enlargement of the Korean and support to understand an instituitions and customs in the past.

Background: Cleft lip and palate deformity have unknown patterns of maxillofacial growth and development. The maxillofacial growth can be affected either by congenital or environmental factors such as infection and trauma. Surgical repair of cleft lip and palate may interfere the subsequent growth and development of maxillofacial region. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of maxillofacial growth patterns in adult cleft lip and palate patients. Materials and Methods: The material for this study consisted of 17 adult male patients with cleft lip and palate. Cephalometric tracing and measurements were done by one investigator. The relationship between 17 cleft lip and palate patients and Korean norms were evaluated statistically. Results: There were statistically difference in Na, perpendicular to point A, SNA angle, effective maxillary length, maxillofacial differencial, Wit's appraisal and upper incisor to point A (p < 0.01). Pogonion to Na. perpendicular also statistically differed (p < 0.05). Other measurements didn't statistically differ. Conclusion: It was evident that in adult cleft lip and palate patients, maxilla was retruded and short. Careful cleft lip and palate repair and treatment are recommended for facilitating normal growth of maxilla.

Background: When we make treatment plan of class III malocclusion children, it is difficult to determine whether we treat it with orthognathic surgery or without orthognathic surgery. To determine that, we must consider many factors, such as cephalometric analysis, growth pattern, family history, and skeletal age. A Harvold cephalometric analysis is useful in determining the amount of discrepancy by comparing the maxillary unit length with mandibular unit length. We tried this study to help the decision of treatment planning in class III malocclusion children by comparison in class III malocclusion and normal occlusion children using a Harvold analysis. Materials and Methods: The materials for this study consisted of 20 class III malocclusion children. Cephalometric tracing and measurements were performed by one investigator. The control group consisted of 18 normal occlusion children and lateral cephalograms were obtained from 8.5 to 14.5 years old children biannually. The relationships between class III malocclusion group and normal occlusion group were evaluated statistically. Results: The lower anterior facial heights between two groups were not significantly different, although the lower anterior facial heights of class III malocclusion group was higher than those of normal occlusion group in all age groups. The Maxillary-mandibular unit length differences of class III malocclusion group were significantly higher than those of normal occlusion group(p < 0.05). Conclusion: A Harvold analysis was useful to make treatment planning for class III malocclusion children.

수치지형모형(DTM)은 지형정보자료를 취득하는 표본추출과 지형을 기하학적으로 재현, 묘사하는 보간법의 두가지 기본요소로 구분된다. 이들은 지형의 형태에 따라 영향을 받으며, 지형의 불규칙성이라는 측면에서 볼 때 후자보다는 전자에 더 비중을 둔다. DTM 평가의 가장 중요한 요소는 정확성과 효율성이며 표본추출과정은 위 두가지 요소에 영향을 주며 특히 지성선의 지형정보는 DTM의 정확성에 크게 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 밀도증가식 표본추출법을 중심으로 지성선 지형정보를 이에 첨가함으로써 효율적이며 정확도가 높은 DTM 자료와 기술을 얻고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 총 240가지의 독립된 수치 비교시험이 실시되었으며 적절한 전산프로그램도 개발되었다. 연구결과 지성선 정보를 첨가했을 경우 효율성은 조금 떨어지나 정확도에서 약 30% 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

Digital Terrain Model is composed of two basic elements, namely, sampling and interpolation. They represent the procurement of data and the geometric reconstruction of terrain relief respectively. For evaluation DTM data, following two paremeters appear to be the most important factor, that is, the accuracy and efficiency and, in particular, the break point information significantly affect to the accuracy of DTM data. The main objective of this study is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of DTM by applying Progressive Sampling with distinct morphologic information. In this study, the total of 240 individual numerical tests has been implemented and the appropriate computer program is also developed for the test. The result of investigation shows that the Progressive Sampling with break point information improves the accuracy of DTM by 30 percent approximately.