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mtDNA D-loop 970bp의 염기서열을 이용하여 제주견과 우리나라의 토종견인 진도견, 풍산견, 삽살견과의 관계와 외국 품종들과의 유연관계를 분석하였다. 또한 초가변영역인 598bp의 D-loop부위가 보고된 염기서열들은 추가로 GenBank에서 수집하여 전체 30개의 품종으로부터 214종의 단상형들을 이용하여 AMOVA 분석을 하였다. 염기서열 분석결과 제주견에서 5종류, 진도견 4종류, 삽사리 4종류, 풍산견 5종류, 이스트라이카와 웨스트라이카(Canis familiaris) 각 2종류, 회색늑대(Canis lupus) 2종류, 코요테(Canis latrans) 2종류의 단상형을 얻었다. 한국, 일본, 중국, 유럽의 견품종 사이에 지역의 차이로부터 오는 변이성(1.4%)은 동일 지역에 서로 다른 품종들 사이의 변이(16.2%) 보다도 매우 적은 변이를 보이고 있었다. 개의 조상으로 여기는 늑대와 오늘날 개의 집단과의 염기서열 분산성분 분석에서 개(1.63%)와 늑대(3.64%)의 집단내 변이보다는 개와 늑대 사이의 진단간 변이(4.51%)가 높게 나타난 것으로 나타났으며, 이 값을 근거로 하면 개와 늑대사이에 유전적 분기시기는 약 1~2백 만년 전인 것으로 추정되었다. 염기서열의 변이성과 유연관계분석에서 제주견, 진도견, 풍산견, 삽살견 모두 독특한 계통분기를 형성하지 못했다. 즉 이러한 결과는 국내 토종견들 사이와 또는 유입된 외래품종들 사이에 오랜 세월 동안 서로 상당한 교류가 있었을 것으로 생각되었다. 제주견에서는 삽살이, 진도견, 풍산견의 염기서열과 가까운 유연관계를 보이는 단상형들이 산포되어 있는 것으로 확인되어 제주견 집단이 우리나라 재래종들과의 모계조상에 있어서 구분은 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 제주견이 집단으로 고정정도를 가늠하는 Fixation index인 Fst 값은 진도견, 풍산견, 삽살견 가운데 가장 낮게 나타났다.

Phylogenetic relationships of Jeju dogs to other domestic and foreign dog breeds were assessed using mtDNA D-loop sequences. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed using complete sequences (970 bp excluding the tandem repeat region) determined for five Cheju, four Jindo, four Sapsaree, five Pungsan, two of each East and West Laika dogs (Canis familiaris), two gray wolves (Canis lupus) and two coyotes(Canis latrans) and also published complete sequences for dogs. Coyote sequences were used as outgroups. In addition, a total of 214 haplotypes of 598bp D-loop sequences from 30 dog breeds were collected from GenBank and used to investigate genetic structure of population. In the analyses of full D-loop sequence variation and the phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor-joining method, neither haplotypes nor clades specific for any domestic dog breeds were observed. The inter-species sequence variation (4.51%) between domestic dogs and wolves was much higher than the intra-species sequence variation within domestic dogs(1.63%) and wolves(3.64%). The divergence of the dog and wolf occurred approximately 1~2 million years ago based on these values. The taxa of Jeju dog breed in the phylogenetic tree are clustered separately and intermingled with other taxa of breeds, suggesting that active crossbreeding of Jeju dogs with other domestic breeds.

본 연구는 한우 mt DNA 염기서열 가운데 tRNAPro와 tRNAPhe 유전자 사이에 위치하고 있는 D-loop 영역의 염기서열을 결정하고 한우의 염기변이 다형성을 분석하기 위하여 mt DNA의 D-loop 영역내 404번부터 15061까지 1142bp 크기의 염기서열 부위를 특이적인 primer를 이용하여 PCR로 증폭하였다. 한우의 mt DNA내 D-loop 영역에서 단일염기의 치환 및 삽입에 의해 총 24개의 polymorphic site가 확인되었다. 한우 mt DNA D-loop 영역 가운데 16042∼16122번째에 위치하고 있는 영역의 염기치환율이 다른 염기서열 영역에 비하여 약 50%를 점유하고 있었으며 이들 polymorphic site에서 16055, 16230 및 16260 번의 염기치환은 한우에서만 검출된 새로운 염기변이로 확인되었다. 따라서, 한우 D-loop 영역내 특이적인 염기변이는 모계 및 세포질 DNA marker로서 한우품종을 특정하는데 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 시사하였다. Polymorphic site의 출현빈도는 169번째 염기가 81.3%로 가장 출현율이 높았고 다음으로 16302번과 16093번째는 56.3% 그리고 16042번와 16119번째 염기가 각각 50.0%와 43.8%의 치환율을 보였으며 나머지 14개 염기는 6.3%에서 25.0% 수준의 출현율을 나타냈다. 한우와 타 품종간의 유전적 근연관계를 추정한 결과 Bos taurus 계통의 유럽종과 유전적 유사도가 높은 것으로 추정되었고, Africa와 India의 Bos indicus 계통의 품종과는 상대적으로 근연관계가 먼 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검출한 mt DNA내 D-loop 영역의 염기서열 다형성은 한우집단의 유전적 변이성 추정과 모계유전 분석 및 나아가 경제적으로 중요한 형질들과의 연관성 분석에 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was performed to determine sequences of the mt DNA D-loop region, including tRNAPro and tRNAPhe and to analysis sequence variation polymorphism in Korean cattle. The resulting sequencies were compared with previously published sequences for other cattle breeds(GenBank J01394). The PCR was used to amplify an 1142bp between nucleotides 15061 and 404 within the D-loop region of mt DNA using specific primers. Korean cattle showed 24 polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitutions and insertions of single base pairs. About 50% of polymorphic sites were found in positions 16042 to 16122 with the most variable region. Among these polymorphic sites, variations at 16055, 16230 and 16260 bp were detected as new sequence variants in Korean cattle. These specific polymorphic sites have not been reported in the Japanese black cattle and European cattle. Therefore, mt DNA variants in the D-loop region may be used as genetic markers for specifying Korean cattle. The frequencies of positions 169, 16302, 16093, 16042, 16119 with a high level of sequence polymorphism were 0.81, 0.56, 0.56, 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. In comparison of genetic distances, Korean cattle showed the more closely to European cattle as Bos taurus than Bos indicus such as African and India breeds. In conclusion, these mt DNA sequence polymorphisms in the D-loop region for Korean cattle may be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with economic important traits and genetic analysis of maternal lineage.

본 연구는 한우의 mtDNA D-loop 영역 염기변이가 산유량에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위하여 수행하였다. 젖소의 mtDNA D-loop 영역에서 단일염기의 치환이 20개의 지역에서 확인되었다. 그중 8, 169, 16042, 16051, 16057, 16093, 16119, 16122, 16209, 16255, 16302 bp 지역에서 높은 빈도의 염기치환이 검출되었다. 16119 bp 지역에서는 T가 C로 치환된 빈도가 0.138로 검출되었으며, 이 위치에서의 염기치환에 의한 산유량 효과는 -1.611(p<0.1)로 나타났다. 16185 bp 지역에서의 염기치환에 의한 산유량 효과는 3.557(p<0.05)로 나타났으며 G가 A로 치환된 빈도는 0.063로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검출한 한우 다유계통 집단의 mtDNA내 D- loop 영역의 염기서열 변이 빈도와 유량과의 연관성분석 결과 등은 한우 집단의 유전적 변이성 추정과 좀 더 다양한 경제형질과의 관련성 분석으로 다양한 유전적 지표인자 발굴에 도움 될 것이며 이를 통해 분자유전학적 기법을 이용한 한우의 육종 전략을 확립하는데 기초 자료가 되는 것은 물론 우리나라 고유 품종인 한우의 유전자원 보존과 분자육종학적인 연구에 기초 자료로서 유용하게 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was performed to analyze the sequence variations of mtDNA D-loop and their effects on milk in Hanwoo(Korean cattle). The resulting sequences were compared with previously published sequences for other cattle breeds (GenBank J01394). The Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to amplify a total of 964 bp between nucleotide 15758 and 383 within D-loop region of mtDNA using specific primers. Twenty polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitution were found in mtDNA D-loop region of Hanwoo. The frequencies of positions at 8, 169, 16042, 16051, 16057, 16093, 16119, 16122, 16209, 16255 and 16302 nt with high levels of sequence polymorphism were 0.150, 0.950, 0.085, 0.138, 0.106, 0.085, 0.138, 0.212, 0.085, 0.148 and 0.180, respectively. The substitution effect at 16119(p＜0.1) and 16185(p＜0.05) nt was found significant on milk production. Polymorphism of mtDNA sequence in D-loop region could be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with the other economically important traits and maternal lineage analysis in Hanwoo.

본 연구는 한우 mt DNA D-loop 영역의 염기변이 다형성과 경제형질간의 관련성을 분석하기 위하여 수행하였다. 한우의 mtDNA D-loop 영역에서 단일염기의 치환 의해 총 25개의 polymorphic site가 확인되었다. 그중 주요 Polymorphic site의 염기변이 빈도는 169, 16042, 16093, 16119, 16255 및 16302번째 위치에서 0.891, 0.117, 0.109, 0.182, 0.197 및 0.117로 검출되었다. 169 및 16119번째 위치에서의 염기치환에 의한 MS의 효과는 -1.08(p〈 0.05), 1.29(p〈 0.01)로 나타났으며, 169 및 16042번째 위치에서의 염기치환에 의한 BF의 효과는 -0.31(p〈 0.01)과 0.34(p〈 0.01)로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검출한 한우 mtDNA내 D-loop 영역의 염기서열 변이 빈도 등은 한우집단의 유전적 변이성 추정과 좀 더 다양한 경제형질과의 관련성 분석은 물론 모계유전 양상 분석을 통한 한우의 형성과정과 타 품종과의 계통분류적 상호 관계 등의 분석에 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was performed to analyse the sequences of variations of mtDNA D-loop and their effects on carcass traits in Hnawoo(Korean cattle). The resulting sequences were compared with previously published sequences for other cattle breeds(GenBank J01394). The PCR was used to amplify a total of 964 bp between nucleotide 15758 and 383 within D-loop region of mtDNA using specific primers. Twenty five polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitution were found in mtDNA of Hanwoo. The frequencies of positions at 169, 16042, 16093, 16119, 16255 and 16302 nt with high levels of sequence polymorphism were 0.891, 0.117, 0.109, 0.182, 0.197 and 0.117, respectively. The substitution effect at 169 and 16119 nt was found significant on marbling score. Also substitution effect at 169 and 16042 nt was highly significant(p〈 0.01) on backfat. thickness. Polymorphism of mtDNA sequence in D-loop region could be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with the other economically important traits and maternal lineage analysis in Hanwoo.

Deep learning plays a major role in the present video processing tools and algorithms. To? alleviate the limitations of present in-loop filters in the scalable extension of HEVC (SHVC), a combined residual network (CResNet) in-loop filtering is proposed in this paper. The proposed CResNet in-loop filter exploits layer information available in the spatial temporal domain to restrain the visual artifacts like blocking and ringing. Particularly, the block information related to current and co-located blocks of the spatial and temporal base layer reference frames are considered to optimize the in-loop filtering. The proposed architecture has four convolution layers at the base layer and two convolution layers at the enhancement layer that significantly reduces the coding complexity and memory. Additionally to completely train the input content and also to enhance the in-loop filter performance, the on/off level control flag for coding tree Unit (CTU) is sensed using rate distortion optimization (RDO) approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture provides up to 6.2% to 7.2% reduction in bit rate and 1.01 dB improvement in PSNR compared to the standard SHVC codec.

The methanol addition was required for the biological treatment of the blast furnace wastewater, of which the C/N ratio was less than 1. We confirmed that SNR and SDNR values were changed by the amount of the methanol addition. But, it needed to consider that the surplus poured methanol could induce the increase of CODcr in the discharge. We confirmed that in spite of the change of SNR values according to the increase of CN- concentration during the operation periods, the nitrification rate of the total process was not influenced by CN- concentration. Also, SNR and SDNR were evaluated to confirm the inhibition of F- concentration. They were not influenced by F- concentration. It was thought that the difference of these values occurred by the operation parameters.

A new type of cross-coupled planar microwave filter using coupled microstrip square open-loop resonators diplexer proposed. A method for the rigorous calculation of the coupling coefficients of basic four pole electric and magnetic coupling structures encountered. Simple empirical models are derived for estimation of the coupling coefficients. Experiments are performed to verify the theory. And a method for diplexer matching is conjugate matching that has characteristic better than open matching method.

PLL(Phase-locked loop) is necessary in various field, for example, Radio communication system and Microprocessor. Also, it is important component to product receiver or transmitter. VCO(Voltage Controlled Oscillator) occurs sine wave or square wave which is depends on frequency controlled voltage. In addition, VCO is widely used frequency synthesize and clock restoration. It is the key of the PLL block diagram. This paper will explain VCO`s CMOS integrated circuit about mainly activate GHz band. APLL(Analog Phase-locked Loop) is in common use in VCO, but I will show the special VCO on DPLL(Digital Phase- locked Loop) which is more small than normal VCO. This paper consists of introduction, Ⅱ. The Structure of Ring-Oscillator VCO, Ⅲ. Simulation and Ⅳ. Conclusion.

본 연구는 젖소(Holstein종)의 mtDNA D-loop 영역 염기변이 다형성과 경제형질간의 관련성을 분석하기 위하여 수행하였다. 젖소의 mtDNA D-loop 영역에서 단일염기의 치환에 의해 총 35개의 polymorphic site가 확인되었다. 그중 주요 Polymorphic site의 염기변이 빈도는 106, 169, 16057, 16231 및 16255 지역에서 높은 빈도의 염기치환이 검출되었다. 169 지역은 A가 G로 염기치환이 일어났고 그 빈도는 0.555로 높게 나타났으며 염기치환에 의한 산유량 효과는 1259.6 kg(P<0.05)로 나타났다. 유지방과의 관계를 분석한 결과 16118 지역은 A가 G로 치환되는 빈도가 0.02로 검출되었으며, 16135 지역은 T가 C로 치환되는 빈도가 0.02로 검출되었고, 16302 지역은 G가 A로 치환되는 빈도가 0.04로 검출되었다. 이 지역들이 유지방에 미치는 변이 효과는 - 156, - 118.15 및 - 67.77 kg(P<0.1)으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검출한 젖소 mtDNA내 D-loop 영역의 염기서열 변이 빈도와 유량, 유지방과의 연관성 분석 결과 등은 젖소집단의 유전적 변이성 추정과 좀 더 다양한 경제형질과의 관련성 분석으로 다양한 유전적 지표인자 발굴에 도움이 될 것이며 이를 통해 분자유전학적 기법을 이용한 젖소의 육종전략을 확립하는데 기초 자료가 되는 것은 물론 분자육종학적인 연구에 기초 자료로서 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was performed to analyze the sequence variation in mtDNA D-loop and their effects on milk and milk fat production in Holstein cows. The analyzed sequences were compared with previously published sequences from other cattle breeds (GenBank J01394). PCR was performed to amplify a total of 964 bp between nucleotide 15758 and 383 within D-loop region of mtDNA using specific primers. Thirty five polymorphic sites by nucleotide substitution were found in mtDNA. The frequencies of positions at 106, 169, 16057, 16231 and 16255 nt with high levels of sequence polymorphism were 0.090, 0.555, 0.055, 0.090 and 0.050, respectively. The substitution effect at 169 nt was found significant on milk production, and substitution effect at 16118, 16139 and 16302 nt was highly significant (p<0.1) on milk fat production. Polymorphism of mtDNA sequence in D-loop region might be useful for the analysis of cytoplasmic genetic variation and associations with the other economically important traits and maternal lineage analysis in Holstein cows.

Gyroscopes applications are widely used for measuring angular velocity and angular rotation of objects. For working of a vibratory gyroscope, it needs to be excited at its resonant frequency. An electronic circuit is necessary to drive gyro vibrating. This circuit is also named oscillation loop. To get best performance of a gyro, the oscillation loop has to drive gyro oscillating at its fixed resonant frequency and maintain gyro's vibration amplitude at prescribed value. That means the oscillation loop has two parts: phase (frequency) control part and amplitude control part. This paper is written to introduce phase locked loop (PLL) technique to design a phase control loop for vibratory gyroscopes, in this case is a hemispherical resonating gyroscope (HRG).

This paper proposes the basic analytical framework of web development systems from the perspective of system dynamics. Based on the feedback characteristic of web development activities, we analyze the causality in the web development from six aspects including work stress, web development, motivation, developer maintenance, recruitment and outsourcing and create a casual loop diagram of web development. Through system analysis, crucial factors needed for web developers to accomplish web development tasks continuously and stably are illuminated. The results show that external variables such as new recruitment and case outsourcing can have a short-term effect on the system, while internal variables such as work motivation and work stress have a greater influence on web development activities, which will result in a fluctuation of job performance. From the perspective of management, countermeasures are put forward on how to mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of developers and improve productivity.

The objective of this paper is to design an environmentally-friendly supply chain (efSC) network by efficiently regulating CO2 emission amount resulting from transportation process of materials or products. For designing the efSC network, a mathematical formulation considering various transportation types (i.e., normal delivery, direct delivery and direct shipment) is suggested and implemented using hybrid genetic algorithm (pro-HGA) approach. In numerical experiment, the performance of the pro-HGA approach is compared with those of other conventional approaches, and the efficiency of the efSC network is also compared with that of the SC network not regulating CO2 emission amount under various measures. Finally, it is proved that the performance of the pro-HGA approach is superior to those of the others and the efSC network outperforms the conventional SC network.

A loop RFID tag antenna and a dipole RFID antenna with a T-matching method have been designed. The characteristic of loop and dipole with T-matching antenna structures of RFID tag antennas have been studied. The impedance of different sizes of loop and dipole antenna structures are found. This paper shows parametric research of loop RFID antenna structure and RFID dipole antenna with T-matching method to match the impedance of commercially available RFID chips.

본 연구의 목적은 시스템 다이나믹스를 활용하여 최근 국내에서 사회적 재난의 하나로 논의되고 있는 미세먼지에 대한 동태적 생애주기 인과지도를 구축하고, 지속가능한 도시 메타볼리즘 패러다 임을 적용한 통합적인 미세먼지 재난관리 틀을 제안하는 것이다. 이러한 목표를 이루기 위해, 본 연구는 미세먼지 및 재난관리와 관련된 이전의 연구들을 통합적으로 검토했다. 결과적으로 본 연구 는 미세먼지 재난의 주요 요인들을 추출하고, 생애주기에 따라 요인 상호 간의 부적 또는 양적 인과 관계를 확인하여 관계가 확인된 변수들을 지속가능 도시메타볼리즘의 주요요소인 경제, 사회, 환경 의 특성 및 새로운 재난 관리단계에 따라 인과지도를 구축하였다. 새롭게 제안하는 재난관리 틀은 기존 재난관리의 단계 틀 보다 분류기준이 명확하고, 재난의 시간적 동태적 특성 및 지속가능성을 반영할 수 있어 미세먼지와 같은 사회적 재난을 미리 예측하고 모니터링하기 용이할 것이며, 이에 따라 정책결정 당국자들이 적절하고 빠르게 재난대응 계획을 수립하고 실행할 수 있게 할 것이다.

This study used system dynamics to build a dynamic life-cycle causal loop diagram for fine dust, one of social disasters recently discussed in Korea in order to propose an integrated disaster management framework for fine dust disaster with a sustainable urban metabolism paradigm. To reach this goal, this study reviewed the previous research related to fine dust and disaster management comprehensively. As a result, this study extracted the major factors of fine dust disaster, checked a mutual causal relationship, and then built a causal loop diagram using variables in each factor according to a sustainable urban metabolism paradigm composed of economic, social and environmental characteristics and a new disaster management framework. The proposed disaster management framework has clearer classification criteria than the existing framework and reflects the time-dynamic characteristics of disasters and sustainability, making it easier to predict and monitor fine dust disaster in advance and enabling policy makers and practitioners to prepare action plans and implement them in an appropriate and prompt manner.