Earticle

A burning principle in gasoline engine is the one of being burned, by which a mixer in air and gasoline enters a combustion chamber and causes a spark in the proper timing. This is formed, by which ECU controls the fuel-injection volume and the fuel-injection timing, and determines the performance of engine. The purpose of this study is to test the characteristics on knocking in gasoline engine with the knocking-sensor equipment and to research into the characteristics in knocking while directly controling the optimal igniting timing and the fuel-injection timing through engine ECU. Given controlling ECU by grasping the characteristics in knocking, which becomes the most problem in the engine tuning market, the tuning in a true sense will be formed in gasoline engine.

1. Through this experiment, we made certain that the best distinguished frequency area of the Hyundae Beta 2.0 engine's knocking is 6.8khz. 2. Through the experiment, we checked the output power voltage condition of the logging output with the generation of a engine knocking. And wechecked up that it generated maximumly up to 11.4 V which depends on the degree of the streng.

본 연구에서는 수평 정렬 탄소나노튜브 나노복합재료(Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotube, HACNT)의 에폭시와 아세톤의 희석비율 및 프레스 압력에 따라 CNT 부피분율, 가스 투과도, 전기저항을 측정 및 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 희석비율이 감소하고 프레스 압력이 증가함에 따라 CNT 부피분율은 증가하였고, 이는 에폭시의 점도와 압력 조건이 CNT의 간극을 채우는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 시사한다. 이에 CNT 부피분율이 증가 함에 따라, 전기 저항 및 가스 투과도가 감소하게 되어 최적의 물성을 갖게 된다. 본 연구는 새롭게 제조된 HACNT 나노복합재의 성능을 최적화하기 위한 적절한 희석비율 및 프레스 압력 조건을 제시하여,다양한 분야에서 잠재적인 활용 가능성을 시사한다.

In this study, CNT volume fraction, gas permeability, and electrical conductivity of horizontally aligned carbon nanotube (HACNT) nanocomposites were measured and analyzed according to the dilution ratio of epoxy and acetone and the applied pressure. The CNT volume fraction increased with decreasing dilution ratio and increasing pressure, indicating that the viscosity of the epoxy and pressure conditions play an important role in filling the gaps between the CNTs. Gas permeability decreases with increasing pressure, showing that higher pressure effectively improves gas barrier properties. As the dilution ratio decreased and the pressure increased, the electrical conductivity tended to increase, which can be interpreted because of strengthening the electrical connection between CNTs. This study provides important insights for various applications by suggesting the optimal dilution ratio and pressure conditions to achieve the highest performance of HACNT nanocomposites.

Nucleolin (C23) is an important anti-apoptotic protein that is ubiquitously expressed in exponentially growing eukaryotic cells. In order to understand the impact of C23 in radiation therapy, we attempted to investigate the relationship of C23 expression with the radiosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We investigated the role of C23 in activating the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), which is a critical protein for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair. As a result, we found that the expression of C23 was negatively correlated with the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cell lines. In vitro clonogenic survival assays revealed that C23 knockdown increased the radiosensitivity of a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, potentially through the promotion of radiation-induced apoptosis and adjusting the cell cycle to a more radiosensitive stage. Immunofluorescence data revealed an increasing quantity of ${gamma}$-H2AX foci and decreasing radiation-induced DNA damage repair following knockdown of C23. To further clarify the mechanism of C23 in DNA DSBs repair, we detected the expression of DNA-PKcs and C23 proteins in NSCLC cell lines. C23 might participate in DNA DSBs repair for the reason that the expression of DNA-PKcs decreased at 30, 60, 120 and 360 minutes after irradiation in C23 knockdown cells. Especially, the activity of DNA-PKcs phosphorylation sites at the S2056 and T2609 was significantly suppressed. Therefore we concluded that C23 knockdown can inhibit DNA-PKcs phosphorylation activity at the S2056 and T2609 sites, thus reducing the radiation damage repair and increasing the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells. Taken together, the inhibition of C23 expression was shown to increase the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells, as implied by the relevance to the notably decreased DNA-PKcs phosphorylation activity at the S2056 and T2609 clusters. Further research on targeted C23 treatment may promote effectiveness of radiotherapy and provide new targets for NSCLC patients.

Animal bioreactors have been regarded as alternative tools for the production of limited human therapeutic proteins. The mammary glands of cattle are optimal tissues to produce therapeutic proteins that cannot be produced in large amounts in traditional systems based on microorganisms and eukaryotic cells. In this study, two knock-in vectors, pBCTPOKI-6 and pBCTPOKI-10, which target the hTPO gene on the bovine beta-casein locus, were designed to develop cloned transgenic cattle. The pBCTPOKI-6 and pBCTPOKI-10 vectors expressed hTPO protein in culture medium at a concentration of 774 pg/ml and 1,867 pg/ml, respectively. Successfully, two targeted cell clones were obtained from the bovine fibroblasts transfected with the pBCTPOKI-6 vector. Cloned embryos reconstructed with the targeted nuclei showed a lower in vitro developmental competence than those with the wild-type nuclei. After transfer of the cloned embryos into recipients, 7 pregnancies were detected at 40 to 60 days of gestation, but failed to develop to term. The results are the first trial for targeting of a human gene on the bovine milk protein gene locus, providing the potential for a large-scale production of therapeutic proteins in the animal bioreactor system.

Failure modes of Mo-tip FEA were investigated in detail as a preliminary study for the application of Mo-tip FEA to the CRT electron-gun as a cold cathode. It was identified that the destruction of Mo-tip FEA was originated from reflowing of arc-current during the spot-knocking process followed by secondary arc between gate electrode and cathode substrate. In order to prevent Mo-tip FEA from destruction due to arc-current, two kinds of methods were suggested, that is one is to provide the by-pass of the reflow current and the other is to install a current limiter in the path of gate connection line.

최근 강화된 국내외의 배출가스 규제 조건을 충족시키기 위해, 사용자의 요구대로 연료의 분사시기와 분사량을 조절할 수 있는 CRDI ECU 제어 알고리즘의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 산업용 CRDI 엔진 전용 ECU에 적용할 수 있는 노킹 판별 및 엔진 밸런스 보정이 가능한 노킹 분석 시뮬레이터를 개발하였다. 개발한 노킹 분석 시뮬레이터의 결과를 OBD-II 표준을 사용하여 차량 위주의 진단기를 개발하여 운전자가 직접 차량을 진단할 수 있는 운전자 중심의 진단 서비스를 제공하고자 한다. 이를 위해 자동차 고장진단 신호 및 센서 출력 신호를 유선시스템과 무선 시스템인 블루투스 모듈을 이용하여 실시간 통신이 제공 될 수 있는 OBD-II 진단기 S/W 설계 방안을 제안함으로써 차량의 연비를 향상시키고, 유해 배출가스의 발생을 최소화하여 엔진 효율성의 개선 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

최근 국 내외의 강화된 배출가스 규제 기준을 만족시킬 수 있는 CRDI 디젤엔진을 산업용 엔진에 적용하기 위해, 제작사에서만 제어할 수 있는 ECU를 사용자의 요구대로 분사시기와 분사량을 조절할 수 있는 엔진 제어 알고리즘을 개발하여, 엔진 성능 향상과 배출가스 저감 등을 위한 테스트 및 검증에 사용하고자 한다. 이러한 CRDI 디젤엔진 전용 Emulator를 개발하기 위해 CRDI 엔진 제어 ECU의 입력 요소 중 CKP와 CMP 센서의 작동원리를 이용하여 디젤 노킹을 판별하고 엔진 밸런스 보정 알고리즘의 설계 방안을 제안함으로써 연비 향상 및 유해 배출가스의 저감을 위한 효율적인 개선 방안을 제안한다.

Recently, for appling to industrial engines to CRDI diesel engine to meet enhanced emission regulatory standards in native and foreign, ECU that be controlled only automaker develop engine control algorithm that adjust injection timing and injection as user's need and use testing, verification for engine performance and emissions reduction. For development only CRDI diesel engine emulator, using CKP and CMP sensor performance property of CRDI engine control ECU input element, in this paper, there determine the diesel knocking and propose design methodology of engine balance correction algorithm design of the correction algorithm. And there propose efficient Improvement for fuel efficiency increasing and reduction of emissions.

CRDI 디젤엔진을 산업용 엔진에 적용하여 최근 강화된 국내외의 배출가스 규제 조건을 충족시키기 위해 사용자가 연료의 분사시기와 분사량을 조절할 수 있는 CRDI ECU 제어 알고리즘을 개발하였다. CRDI 엔진 제어 ECU의 입력 요소 중 CKP와 CMP 센서를 이용하여 디젤 노킹 및 롱투스를 판별하는 알고리즘을 개발하여 분사시기와 분사량의 조절 시점을 결정하고, 엔진의 이상 유무를 판별할 수 있는 알고리즘을 개발하여 엔진의 밸런스를 조절함으로써 연비 향상 및 유해가스 저감을 효율적으로 개선할 수 있도록 하였다.

CRDI 디젤엔진을 산업용 엔진에 적용하여 최근 강화된 국내외의 배출가스 규제 조건을 충족시키기 위해 사용자가 연료의 분사시기와 분사량을 조절할 수 있는 CRDI ECU 제어 알고리즘을 개발하였다. CRDI 엔진 제어 ECU의 입력 요소 중 CKP와 CMP 센서를 이용하여 디젤 노킹 및 롱투스를 판별하는 알고리즘을 개발하여 분사시기와 분사량의 조절 시점을 결정하고, 엔진의 이상 유무를 판별할 수 있는 알고리즘을 개발하여 엔진의 밸런스를 조절함으로써 연비 향상 및 유해가스 저감을 효율적으로 개선할 수 있도록 하였다.

Knock in SI engines causes physical damage to the piston and combustion chamber and lowers the thermal efficiency. The increase in compression ratio which can improve the thermal efficiency and engine performance has been limited by engine knock. So the need of making clear the knocking phenomenon has increased. This paper reviews the methods of knock detection, characterization and prediction of knock with the reduced chemical kinetic modeling.

A quasidimensional model is developed with the surrogate mechanism of isooctane and n-heptane to predict knock and emissions of a homogeneous GDI engine. It is composed of unburned and burned zone with the latter divided into multiple zones of equal mass to resolve temperature stratification. Validation is performed against measured pressure traces, NOx and CO emissions at different load and rpm conditions. Comparison is made between the empirical knock model and predictions by the chemistry model in this work.

논문에서는 차량등록 후 약 20개월이 경과하고 26,526 km를 주행한 외제승용차가 주행 중 터널 내에서 발생한 화재사례에 대해 화재원인 등을 조사하여 분석하였다. 발화개소는 좌우 양쪽 머플러 끝부분과 우측 배기관과 우측 머플러 접속부위 부근 및 좌측의 엔진오일이 누유되어 연소되어 있는 점화플러그 부근으로 분석되었다. 발화개소가 2개소 이상이므로 방화로 의심할 수 있는 상황이어서 엔진을 분해하여 조사한바 방화와 관련이 없음이 입증되었다. 우측 4번의 피스톤 헤드와 흡기밸브 및 배기밸브가 손상되어 있고 우측 4번의 피스톤이 고착(固着)되어 있으므로 이 화재는 노킹으로 인해 발생한 것으로 분석하였다.

In this study, the cause of a foreign car fire in tunnel was investigated and analyzed. The foreign car traveled 26,526 km about 20 months after vehicle registration. The starting part of the fire was the right and left end of mufflers, a connection between a right exhaust pipe and a right muffler, and around the spark plug where left engine oil leaked and burned. Because the fire started at more than two parts, it raised a doubt of arson. Fortunately, the result of engine investigation showed no relation with arson. A right piston head No. 4, an intake valve, and an exhaust valve were damaged and a right piston No. 4 was stuck. Therefore, the analysis suggested that the fire was caused by knocking.

A quasidimensional program is developed for a four stroke cycle homogeneous GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engine. It includes models for spray, burning rate and chemistry to predict knock and emissions. With early injection a homogeneous GDI engine goes through spark ignited, turbulent premixed combustion as in PFI (Port Fuel Injection) engines. The cylinder charge is divided into unburned and burned zone with the latter divided into multiple zones of equal mass to resolve temperature stratification. Validation is performed against measured pressure traces, NOx and CO emissions at different load and RPM conditions. Comparison is made between an empirical knock model and predictions by the chemistry model in this work.