Earticle

This study examined the cases of English education practices at home through the lenses of some language acquisition approaches, theories, and methods. The English educational practices were guided and supported by parents at home, and the parents claimed that their children could master English by being exposed to English from early on. This study suggested some implications of the importance of establishing and implementing English reading programs for children in the public education system. The findings in the current study show that input of English is the most crucial and essential part of acquiring English. Having children exposed to oral and written English, which is fundamental in English education, many parents shared their success stories of raising children who can communicate in English as a tool for having their voices in the world. The present study found that children exposed to English at home enjoyed using English as a useful tool in today’s modern world. This study implies that well-implemented reading programs would provide good quality English education for children.

本研究では、韓国語母語話者4名の日本語によるフォーマルな談話資料を材料として用いて、文末のノダ形 式と終助詞の習得の様相を分析した。その後、学習者HT氏に焦点を絞り、習得期(2001年-2002年)の談話 資料と、帰国後の約10年経った維持期(2012年-2014年)の計6回の談話資料を分析し、習得と維持の両面に ついて、クラッシェンのインプット仮説の観点から分析した。その結果は、次のようにまとめられる。 まず、学習者は、日本語の文末表現を「言い切りの文→終助詞付加文→ノダ形式付加文→ノダ形式と終助詞 付加文」の順序で積み上げ式の習得を行い、特にノダ形式付加文は過去形に接続して用いる。それは李吉鎔 (2010)が明らかにした、丁寧体において活用が難しくなる環境で形態的手続きの複雑な〈マス形式〉を回避 し、普通形に機械的に〈ンデス〉をつけていくといった簡略化の結果である。 次に、HT氏についてクラッシェンのインプット仮説を参照すると、〔習得期〕は「i+1」の途中にあり、 「+1」を積極的に使用する段階であると考えられる。HT氏の〔習得期〕における「i」は、言い切りの文とノ ダ形式付加文であり、「+1」は終助詞付加文と、ノダ形式と終助詞付加文であると考えられる。そして、新 しい習得が行われないHT氏の〔維持期〕においては、「i」は言い切りの文とノダ形式付加文、終助詞付加文 とノダ形式+終助詞付加文のすべてであり、「+1」の事象は存在しないことになる。 最後に、第2言語の維持や摩滅の観点からは、HT氏の〔維持期〕は磨滅が起こっていると考えれば、「i- 1」の状態になる。ここで「-1」は終助詞付加文と、ノダ形式と終助詞付加文である。HT氏の〔習得期〕は、 ノダ形式と終助詞付加文の過剰般化による独自体系の構築期(+1の段階)にあたるため、〔維持期〕において は独自体系の構築が緩和されたものと考えられる。

This research analyzes the acquisition of noda and other final particles in Japanese observed in formal speech of four Korean learners. In this paper, we will particularly focus on one of these learners (HT), analyzing speech collected during the language acquisition stage (2001-2002) and during the maintenance stage (2012-2014), 10 years after his return to Korea. The analysis is based on Krashen’s Input Hypothesis. Based on the data, we can say that final particles were acquired in the following order: bold sentences → sentences ending with final particles → sentences ending with noda → sentences ending with noda and final particle. It was observed that noda was added specially to the past tense of the verbs. This result was mentioned in Lee (2010). Since in the past tense the use of polite style (masu) added to the verb is more complex than the use of verb+ndesu, it is supposed that the learner avoided the first form and often used ndesu added to the plain form of the verb. This was seen as a simplification. According to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, the [i+1] pattern is observed during the learning stage. In HT data, the occurrence of bold sentences (sentences with no final particle) and noda sentences were seen as [i], while final particle sentences and noda+final particle　sentences were seen as [+1]. During the maintenance stage, we observed the [i-1] pattern since the use of final particles sentences and noda+final particle　sentences decreased considerably. In conclusion, we can state that HT’s data shows overuse of noda+final particle　sentences during the learning stage. In the maintenance stage, however, this phenomenon is reduced.

본 연구는 서비스산업으로부터의 중간재 투입이 제조업에서의 다른 생산요소 투입을 대체함으로써 전체 경제에서의 생산성 증가율에 기여할 수 있다는 Oulton의 가설을 검정하였는데, 1985년부터 2010년까지의 한국의 제조업을 대상으로 하여 Translog 비용함수를 추정하고 추정된 계수값을 이용하여 대체탄력성을 계산하였다. Oulton 가설에 의하면 제조업에서의 생산기술이 중간재로서 서비스산업의 생산물을 사용하게 되는 경우 전체 경제의 생산성 향상에 기여할 수 있으며 그러한 기여가 지속적으로 증가하기 위한 조건은 서비스 중간재 투입과 다른 생산요소 사이의 대체탄력성이 탄력적이어야 한다는 제약이 있는데 이를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자본, 노동, 에너지 투입은 서비스 투입과 대체적인 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났고, 중간재 투입은 보완적인 관계를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 대체탄력성의 크기는 자본과 노동의 경우 모두 비탄력적인 것으로 나타나 경제 전체의 생산성 향상에 기여하는 효과는 지속적으로 확대되지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다.

In order to test Oulton’s hypothesis that service input can contribute to the rise of productivity in the whole economy, the translog cost function was estimated by SUR and the elasticities of substitution between input (capital, labor, energy, material, service) were calculated during the period of 1985-2010 in Korea. According to Oulton’s hypothesis, an increase of service input can raise the productivity in the whole economy and the growth rate of productivity continues to be positive under the condition that the elasticity of substitution between service input and capital or labor input is greater than one. Testing Oulton’s hypothesis our empirical results show that capital, labor, and energy input are substitutes for service input and that material input and service input are complements respectively. However, the capital and labor elasticity of substitution with service input are not larger than one, that is, the growth rate of productivity in the whole economy will decrease over time although productivity still remains positive.