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본 연구는 WHO의 ICF를 기반으로 제정된 WHODAS-Ⅱ를 활용하여 장애인의 생활기능과 사회적 장벽이 장애인 낙인감에 미치는 영향을 분석한 것이다. 주요변수로는 장애인의 생활기능에 해당하는 이해와 의사소통, 돌아다니기, 자기관리, 타인과 어울리기, 일상생활, 사회활동참여와 환경요인에 해당하는 사회적 장벽, 즉 장애인들이 지역사회에서 경험하는 사회 환경을 독립변수로 설정하였고, 인구사회학적 특성 가운데 연령, 성별, 장애등급, 손상기간을 통제변수로 하여, 종속변수인 장애인의 낙인감과의 관계를 고찰하였다. 조사대상은 전국에 거주하는 만 18세 이상의 외부신체기능장애인 421명이고, 연구방법은 주요변수의 특성파악을 위해 기술분석과 pearson 상관관계분석을 실시하였고, 장애인 낙인감에 영향을 미치는 요인 검증을 위해서는 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 장애인의 낙인감에 영향을 미치는 요인은 통제변수 중에서 연령이었으며, 생활기능 중 이해와 의사소통은 감각장애인의 낙인감에, 타인과 어울리기는 신체장애인의 낙인감에, 일상생활은 감각장애인과 외부신체기능장애인의 낙인감에, 사회활동참여는 외부신체기능장애인과 신체장애인의 낙인감에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과로, 장애인이 사회적 위기에 적절하게 대응하기 위해서는 낙인감에 영향을 미치는 개인요인과 환경요인을 모두 포괄하는 정책적, 실천적 방안모색이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of functioning and social barriers of the disabled on perceived stigma using WHODAS-Ⅱas an assessment instrument based on ICF by WHO. In individual perspective, functioning of the disabled-understanding and communicating, moving and getting around, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation-was regarded as independent variables. For another independent variable, in environmental perspective, there was the social environment for the disabled to experience in their community. Having control over characteristics of socio-demographic and impairment related information, this study was to examine the effects of independent variables on perceived stigma of the disabled as a dependent variable. 421 persons with external body functioning disability over 18 selected as subjects of this study. As for method of research, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and hierarchial regression analysis was used to identify the individual and environmental factors affecting on perceived stigma of persons with external body functioning disability. The major results of this study were as follow. As a result of examining, functioning such as understanding and communicating had an influence on perceived stigma of persons with sensory disorder, functioning such as get along had an influence on perceived stigma of the physically disabled. Also life activities affected perceived stigma of persons with sensory disorder and of persons with external body functioning disability, and participation affected perceived stigma of persons with external body functioning disability and of the physically disabled. In accordance to the results of this study, the strategies of policy and practice in social welfare for the disabled can be suggested to include all that factors, between individual factors and environmental factors, decreasing perceived stigma.

Purpose: This study examined the association between family functioning and environmental mastery among breast cancer survivors. Specifically, it tested a serial mediation model involving autonomous motivation and healthy behaviors and compared this pathway with the potential role of controlled motivation.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 192 community-dwelling Korean breast cancer survivors recruited from an outpatient breast clinic. Participants completed a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing family functioning, autonomous and controlled motivation for self-management, engagement in healthy behaviors, and environmental mastery. Serial mediation was tested using a regression-based bootstrapping approach implemented with Hayes’ PROCESS macro.Results: Family functioning was positively associated with both healthy behaviors and environmental mastery. The serial indirect effect through autonomous motivation and healthy behaviors was significant (standardized indirect effect, 0.03; 95% bootstrapped confidence interval [BootCI], 0.00?0.06). In addition, healthy behaviors independently mediated the association between family functioning and environmental mastery (standardized indirect effect, 0.11; 95% BootCI, 0.05?0.17). Controlled motivation was not significantly associated with family functioning and did not contribute to indirect effects.Conclusion: Supportive family functioning may enhance environmental mastery primarily through greater engagement in healthy behaviors, including a significant sequential pathway involving autonomous motivation. These findings support family-centered, autonomy-supportive approaches that strengthen healthy behaviors to promote psychological adjustment during breast cancer survivorship.

We studied the navigation ability and visual functioning of patients with MCI in Virtual Environments (VEs). Forty nineparticipants consisted of elderly adults with/without MCI. Neuropsychological tests (RCFT, BVRT, TMT, and Digit Span), the Groton Maze Learning Test (12 trials), and the VE navigation learning task (6 trials) were performed. As a result, there were significant group differences for the immediate-recall RCFT, the delayed-recall RCFT, and the BVRT, but not for the GMLT. For the VE task, there was a significant difference between the MCI and normal group, and no interactions between groups and trials were found. The VE task was correlated with the RCFT, the BVRT, and the GMLT. The RCFT and the BVRT combined accounted for 45% of VE performance. Thus, we concluded that patients with MCI are inferior in VE navigation, and that visual retention/memory play a role in navigation abilities.

Objective To follow up the long-term functioning in a community through assessing personal background and status based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) after a stroke, by using a Korean version of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale II (K-WHODAS II). Methods We surveyed 146 patients diagnosed at the first-onset of acute stroke and discharged after Inha University Hospital, and 101 patients answered the K-WHODAS II survey. We analyzed the relationship of six functioning domains of K-WHODAS II with K-MMSE (Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination) and K-MBI (Korean version of Modified Barthel Index) at admission and discharge, and personal background. All subjects were divided into five groups, according to the disease durations, to assess the functional changes and the differences of K-MMSE and K-MBI at the admission and discharge. Results K-MBI and K-MMSE at admission and discharge showed no significant differences in all five groups, respectively (p>0.05), reflecting no baseline disparity for long-term follow-up. All subjects showed positive gains of K-MBI and K-MMSE at discharge (p<0.05). The six functioning domains and total scores of K-WHODAS II had decreasing trends until 3 years after the stroke onset, but rose thereafter. Higher scores of K-MBI and K-MMSE, younger age, women, working status, higher educational level, and living with a partner were correlated with lower scores of K-WHODAS II (p<0.05).Conclusion The long-term functioning after stroke was affected not only by cognitive and motor status in hospital, but also by certain kinds of personal background. K-WHODAS II may be used to monitor functioning status in a community and to assess personal backgrounds in subjects with chronic stroke.

Purpose: Risk factors associated with stunting are often studied individually, while their combined effect within a single framework is poorly understood. This study aimed to model the interrelationships between family function, dietary diversity, family environmental sanitation, and household food insecurity access as predictors of stunting in rural areas of Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional approach was conducted on 339 mothers with stunted children under five years of age in a rural area of Indonesia from June to August 2025. Data were collected using questionnaires and measurements of stunting. Data analysis utilised Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) to examine the relationships among mothers' factors, child factors, family functioning (as measured by the Family Assessment Device - FAD), dietary diversity, family environmental sanitation (FES), household food insecurity access (HFIA), and stunting.Results: The final structural model demonstrated that dietary diversity (p=.001; β=.16) and family functioning (p=.003; β=.20) were the most significant direct predictors of stunting. Notably, 'child factors' (e.g., medical history) also had a direct effect on stunting (p=.029; β=0.14), but more importantly, exerted a powerful indirect influence by significantly shaping family functioning, FES, and HFIA. While 'mother factors' (e.g. education) influenced household food and hygiene, they did not have a direct statistical effect on stunting in the final model.Conclusion: Alongside dietary diversity, family functioning is a key predictor of stunting. To be effective, community nursing interventions must integrate strategies that support family dynamics with traditional nutritional guidance.

Purpose: Stroke survivors and their informal family caregivers may share the impact of the disease, which may affect family functioning and quality of life (QoL) for both. This study compared the perceptions of stroke survivors and informal family caregivers regarding family functioning and QoL and examined the QoL of those reporting effective versus ineffective family functioning. Methods: A cross-sectional study design and convenience sampling were used. Stroke survivor-informal family caregiver dyads were recruited from a medical university hospital. We assessed participants' demographic and clinical variables, including disease severity, family functioning, and QoL. Independent t-test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Results: Seventy-one stroke survivor-informal family caregiver dyads participated in the current study. Most stroke survivors and informal family caregivers reported effective family functioning, with no significant differences. However, significant differences existed in the seven domains (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, and role-emotional) of QoL, except emotional health. Stroke survivors reporting ineffective family functioning had a significantly lower mental component summary score, unlike informal family caregivers. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that family functioning is crucial to ensure stroke survivors' QoL, particularly regarding their mental health. Health professionals should prioritize mental health assessments and provide appropriate care interventions for stroke survivors in the first 1-6 months after stroke onset.

Objective To explore the amount of practice and progression during task-oriented circuit training (TOCT) in chronic stroke survivors; to test the use of pedometers and observation-based measures in detecting step activity; to verify the possible correlation between step activity and locomotor function improvements.Methods Six community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors underwent 10 TOCT sessions (2 hours/each) over 2 weeks in which they were trained both on a treadmill and on six task-oriented workstations (W1?W6). During the sessions, they wore a piezoelectric pedometer and step activities were recorded. Outcome measures were as follows: % of activities during which pedometers worked properly; pedometer-based measures (total step counts, treadmill steps, workstation steps? total and W2,W3,W5,W6); observation-based measures (number of repetitions in task W1 and W4); walking speed changes measured by the 10-m walking test (10MWT) and walking endurance changes (6-minute walking test) after TOCT.Results During TOCT sessions (n=57), activities were recorded through pedometer-based measures in 4 out of the 6 patients. The total amount of step activity was 5,980.05±1,968.39 steps (54.29% in task-oriented workstations, 37.67% on treadmill, and 8.03% during breaks). Exercise progression was highlighted significantly by observational measures (W1, W4). A positive correlation was observed between increased gait speed and observational stair step repetitions progression (W1) (r=0.91, p=0.01) or pedometer-based tandem exercise step progression (W3) (r=0.98, p=0.01).Conclusion TOCT can be considered a high-intensity, progressive intervention to restore locomotor function in chronic stroke survivors. Pedometer-based measures might help in quantifying TOCT’s volume of practice; however, further investigations are required.

Not only have female juvenile offenders been understudied, but also few attempts have been made to explore differences between female and male juvenile offenders. To examine gender differences among juvenile offenders, 36 female juvenile offenders were compared with 202 male juvenile offenders, in terms of offender background characteristics and personality functioning. As a result, female and male juvenile offenders differed in various aspects: as to whether they had a history of psychological abuse in the family and whether they had delinquent friends. Significant differences found between female and male juvenile offenders included alcohol/drug abuse and ability to handle difficult situations. In addition, female juvenile offenders were more likely to display mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, paranoia, schizophrenia, and suicidal ideations, than male juvenile offenders. The present study emphasizes that differential efforts of intervention and treatment for female juvenile offenders are necessary in order to prevent repetitive delinquent behaviors. Finally, limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

In the present study, we explored whether there are items that function differently across women and men on Tellegen’s Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire(MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, In Press) by using Mantel-Haenszel(MH) statistic. For the purpose of the study, we applied MHITER program to a sample of responses to the 300-item MPQ personality test. The subjects were 300 individuals(137 men and 163 women, with a mean age of 39.72). The findings of the present study are as following. Firstly, some of the MPQ scales showed significant mean differences across gender; these were Social Potency, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Harm Avoidance, and Absorption scales. Secondly, six MPQ scales showed more than three items functioning differently. Among others, the Traditionalism scale had the most DIF items, which is followed by Stress Reaction, Aggression, Social Potency, Achievement, and Harm Avoidance. In conclusion, there was a non-negligible number of DIF items across gender in MPQ scales, implying that there may be many DIF items in other personality tests that are currently used. The fact that men and women differently responded to some items reflect a socio-cultural impact in their perspectives on the personality items/tests.

Objective: To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular function, gait ability, and hematological variables in chronic stroke survivors.Methods: Twenty-nine higher-functioning, ambulatory chronic stroke survivors were randomized to HIIT (n=15) or MICT (n=14). Participants underwent supervised training three times weekly for six weeks, consisting of 30 minutes conventional therapy followed by 40 minutes aerobic exercise (HIIT: six 1-minute high-intensity intervals at 80%?100% maximum heart rate (HRmax) with 4-minute active recovery; MICT: continuous exercise at 60%?80% HRmax). Outcomes included cardiovascular function (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], HRmax, walking heart rate), gait (10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go test, 6-Minute Walk Test), and lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides).Results: In this higher-functioning cohort (n=29), HIIT showed significantly greater improvements than MICT in VO2max (F=40.574, p=0.001), HR_max (F=24.661, p=0.001), walking heart rate (F=11.277, p=0.002), 10-Meter Walk Test (F=20.865, p=0.001), Timed Up and Go test (F=12.317, p=0.002), and 6-Minute Walk Test (F=9.742, p=0.004). Lipid profiles improved significantly within the HIIT group only (p<0.05), no between-group differences were observed.Conclusion: In higher-functioning chronic stroke survivors, HIIT was superior to MICT for cardiovascular fitness and functional mobility under a matched exposure; lipid changes occurred within HIIT only without between-group effects. These findings support incorporating HIIT into stroke rehabilitation programs to enhance recovery outcomes.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing subjective health status among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) usingthe International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the 2021 Survey on the Status and Needs of Individuals with SCI conducted by theKorea Spinal Cord Injury Association. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted in four steps. Independent variablesincluded sociodemographic factors, satisfaction with medical services (environmental factor), the need for weight control, the need fornutritional education, the need for dietary management, and disability acceptance (personal factors) along with exercise and activity ofdaily living (activity and participation factors). These factors were added sequentially at each step based on the ICF model. Results: A total of 513 participants were analyzed in this study, with an average subjective health status of 5.51±2.39. Higher satisfactionwith medical services (β=.27, p<.001), frequent exercise (β=.19, p=.008), and a greater level of activities of daily living (β=.02, p<.001)were significantly associated with improved subjective health status. Conversely, a lower need for nutritional education (β=-.25, p=.042)was negatively associated. Conclusion: This study highlighted satisfaction with medical services, nutrition education needs, exercise frequency, and activities ofdaily living as important factors. These findings provide insight into how the health status of individuals with SCI can be enhancedthrough targeted interventions and support from healthcare providers.

이 연구는 K-MBECF 문항의 적합도와 난이도 분석을 통해 문항을 축소하고 내용타당도를 검증함으로써 K-MBECF 단축형 개발의 토대를 마련하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 K-MBECF 연구의 원자료를 문항반응이론에 기초한 라쉬분석을 통해 문항 적합도와 문항 난이도를 산출하였다. 또한 음악 과제 각 문항이 인지기능의 세부영역(기억력, 언어기능, 주의력, 지남력, 전두엽/집행기능)을 실제적으로 평가하고 있는가에 대한 타당성을 검증하기 위해 전문가 6명의 설문지 평정 결과를 근거로 내용타당도 지수(Content Validity Index, CVI)를 산출하였다. 문항 적합도 및 문항 난이도 분석 결과, K-MBECF 전체 18문항 중 8문항을 제외한 10문항이 적합한 것으로 나타나 이를 단축형 개발을 위한 문항으로 선정하였다. 내용타당도 검증에서는 모든 문항에서 CVI가 .60 이상으로 내용적 타당성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 음악 과제 각 문항이 인지기능 세부영역에 대한 실제적 평가의 적절성을 제시한다고 할 수 있다. 이에 치매노인의 인지기능 평가를 위한 K-MBECF 단축형 개발은 평가의 효율성을 높이고 임상적 활용도를 증가시킬 것으로 사료된다.

The aim of this study was to reduce a number of item using item goodness-of-fit and item difficulty analyses and verify content validity of Korean version of the Music-Based Evaluation of Cognitive Functioning (K-MBECF) in order to provide basis for developing a short form of K-MBECF. Item goodness-of-fit and item difficulty analyses about the low data of K-MBECF study were evaluated using Rasch analysis based on Item Response Theory (IRT). The Content Validity Index (CVI) was also evaluated by means of a questionnaire which was answered by 6 experts to verify the content validity regarding whether each item of music performance tasks practically assess detailed categories of cognitive function including memory, language, attention, orientation, frontal/executive function. The results of item goodness-of-fit and item difficulty analyses represented that 10 out of total 18 items of K-MBECF were found to be fits and were selected for those of a short form. The CVI results indicated that all items found to be valid with CVI higher than .60, which suggested that each item in music performance tasks was appropriate to evaluate detailed categories in cognitive function. Therefore, it is expected that developing a short form of K-MBECF can be effective on evaluating cognitive function for dementia elderly.

이 연구는 치매노인의 인지기능에 대한 음악치료 진단평가 도구인 MBECF 수정판을 번안한 K-MBECF의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검정하고자 한 것이었다. K-MBECF 개발은 한국의 문화적 특성을 고려하여 임상 전문가들 간의 토의와 2차례의 예비연구를 통해 이루어졌다. 연구방법은 2012년 8월 21일부터 2013년 2월 18일까지 치매노인 50명을 대상으로 K-MBECF와 K-MMSE 검사를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, K-MBECF와 K-MMSE의 Pearson 상관계수는 .745로 높은 공존타당도를 보였으며, K-MMSE 범주에 따른 K-MBECF의 점수 분포를 살펴본 결과, 중증 집단이 경증 및 중등도 집단보다 유의미하게 낮은 점수를 보였다. K-MBECF의 문항 신뢰도에 있어서는 Cronbach's α 계수가 .833으로 높은 내적 일치도를 보였으며, 관찰자 간 신뢰도는 93%의 일치도를 보였다. 이와 같은 결과는 K-MBECF가 한국 치매노인의 인지기능에 대한 음악치료 진단평가 도구로서 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of Korean version of the Music-Based Evaluation of Cognitive Functioning(K-MBECF), which was translated from the revised version of MBECF, as a music therapy assessment tool for cognitive function of older adults with dementia. The K-MBECF has been developed in consideration of the cultural characteristics of Korea, after discussion with clinical experts and two preliminary studies. Both K-MBECF and K-MMSE tests for fifty older adults with dementia were performed during the period from Aug 21, 2012 to Feb 18, 2013. The results revealed that high concurrent validity was found between K-MBECF and K-MMSE with Pearson correlation coefficient value of .745. The examination of corresponding score distribution of K-MBECF according to K-MMSE category indicated that the severe group showed significantly lower scores compared to mild or moderate groups. The item reliability of K-MBECF showed a high internal consistency with Cronbach's α value of .833, and the inter-scorer reliability was 93%. The results obtained from this study suggested that the K-MBECF could be used as one of music therapy assessment tools for cognitive function of older adults with dementia in Korea.

배경: 현대사회는 개인주의의 확산과 핵가족화로 인해 가족 내 정서적 유대가 약화되고, 세대 간 단절이 심 화되고 있다. 이에 따라 전통적으로 가족윤리의 핵심이었던 효(孝)사상이 약화되며, 가족기능의 회복이 중요 한 과제로 부상하였다. 이러한 변화 속에서 가족은 더이상 안정적 지지망이 되지 못하고, 관계 단절과 정서 적 고립이 사회적 문제로 대두되고 있다. 목적: 본 연구는 효사상을 현대적 시각에서 재해석하여, 세대 갈등 완화와 부모-자녀 관계 회복을 중심으로 가족기능 강화 방안을 탐색하고자 한다. 효는 단순한 윤리 규범을 넘어 관계 회복과 상호이해를 이끄는 문 화적 실천 자원으로서, 현대 가족복지의 새로운 해석 틀이 될 수 있음을 밝히는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 방법론/접근: 질적 사례연구 방법(Qualitative Case Study Approach)을 적용하였다. 기존의 세대 갈등과 부모 -자녀 관계 단절을 경험한 질적 사례연구 문헌자료 및 사례집을 분석하여 세대 간 관계 회복과 정서적 연 대 형성의 과정을 탐색하고, 서술적 분석 패턴과 사례 간 공통 주제를 도출하였다. 결과/결론: 효사상의 현대적 실천은 세대 간 이해와 공감을 기반으로 갈등을 완화하고, 정서적 지지의 회복 을 통해 부모-자녀 관계를 개선하며, 효교육 제도화, 세대 소통 프로그램, 상호존중 관계 등 구체적 실천 전략을 통해 가족기능 강화로 이어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 효가 전통적 가치의 단순 계승이 아니라, 가족 내 정서적 연대와 사회적 돌봄 윤리를 회복시키는 실천적 문화 지원임을 실증적으로 보여준 다. 시사점: 본 연구는 전통적 효문화를 현대적 가족복지의 실천 기제로 재구성함으로써, 세대 간 이해와 관계 회복을 위한 정책적·교육적 방향을 제시하였다. 또한 효사상의 복원은 단지 전통의 계승을 넘어, 세대 간 상호이해를 기반으로 한 지속 가능한 가족관계 구축의 이론적 기초를 제공한다. 나아가 본 연구는 향후 효 문화 기반 가족복지 연구의 이론적 확장과 실천 모델 개발을 이끄는 출발점이 될 것이다.

Background: In contemporary society, the expansion of individualism and the predominance of nuclear families have weakened emotional bonds within the household and intensified intergenerational disconnection. As a result, Hyo (filial piety), once a central ethical foundation of family life in Korea, has gradually diminished, making the restoration of family functioning an urgent social task. Within this context, the family is no longer able to serve as a stable support system, and relational fragmentation and emotional isolation are emerging as critical social concerns. Purpose: This study aims to reinterpret the value of filial piety from a modern perspective and explore ways to strengthen family functions, focusing on alleviating generational conflicts and restoring parent-child relationships. Filial piety, beyond being a simple ethical norm, serves as a cultural practice resource that fosters relationship restoration and mutual understanding, thereby suggesting a new framework for understanding modern family welfare. Methodology/Approach: A qualitative case study method was applied. By analyzing existing qualitative case materials, including prior studies, program reports, and reconstructed interview narratives of families experiencing intergenerational conflict and parent–child relationship breakdowns, this study explored the processes of intergenerational relationship restoration and the formation of emotional solidarity, and identified descriptive analysis patterns and common themes across cases. Findings/Conclusions: The modern practice of filial piety appears to alleviate conflicts based on intergenerational understanding and empathy, improve parent-child relationships through the restoration of emotional support, and strengthen family functions through specific practical strategies such as institutionalized filial education, intergenerational communication programs, and mutually respectful relationships. These results empirically demonstrate that filial piety is not merely a simple inheritance of traditional values, but a practical cultural support that restores emotional solidarity within the family and a social ethic of care. Implications: This study reconstructs traditional Hyo culture as a practical mechanism for modern family welfare, providing policy and educational directions to promote intergenerational understanding and relational restoration. The revitalization of Hyo offers not only continuity with tradition but also a theoretical foundation for building sustainable family relationships based on mutual understanding and trust. This study will serve as a starting point for the theoretical expansion and development of practical models in future culture-based family welfare research.

Objectives: Practitioners work with children presenting with sensory processing difficulties. There is limited evidence about the relationship between children’s sensory processing and their executive functioning. This study investigated the relationship between children’s sensory processing and executive functioning. Methods: Forty parents/guardians of typically developing children (M = 7.42 years [89.05 months; SD = 11.13]; 50% female) from Australia completed the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2). Scores were analysed using Spearman rho correlations with bootstrapping. Results: Some SPM subscales were found to be significantly correlated with the four BRIEF2 composite scales: the Behavior Regulation Index (BRI; rs = .31 - .38, p < .05), Emotion Regulation Index (ERI; rs = .34 - .59, p < .05), Cognitive Regulation Index (CRI; rs = .32 - .45, p < .05) and Global Executive Composite (GEC; rs = .32 - .45; p < .05). The SPM subscales were also found to be predictive of the BRIEF2 composite scales: ERI regression model (Adj R 2 = .27, p < .005), CRI regression model (Adj R 2 = .34, p < .001) and GEC regression model (Adj R 2 = .37, p < .001). Discussion: This study provides preliminary evidence that children’s sensory processing factors impact their executive functioning since they appear to be significantly associated. This information can be used to inform occupational therapists’ goal setting and intervention provision with children and their families.

This study investigated the mean differences and differential item functioning (DIF) of the strategy inventory for language learning (SILL) by gender for university students in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ordinal logistic regression (OLR), respectively. Only memory strategies out of the six strategy categories in the SILL showed a significant gender difference, with males using more strategies than females. After matching on score levels for DIF detection using each of the scale scores of six strategy categories as a total score, a total of 13 items showed DIF across gender with 12 items in favor of males and one item in favor of females. These 13 DIF items belonged to memory strategies (5 items), cognitive strategies (4 items), metacognitive strategies (2 items), compensation strategies (1 item), and affective strategies (1 item). This study concludes with the implications of the findings followed by future study areas.

This article is based on wish for new future that we can be appreciated by future generations for overcoming numerous challenges and crises that the global village is facing due to COVID-19. The exploration of multicultural education’s paradigm shift is discussed in two categories. The first category is to research the prerequisites for investigation of new multicultural education paradigm. Here, five prerequisites(overcoming immediate challenges of the global village, good finality, optimum field operation tool, high quality intellectual and democratic citizen education, practical and qualitative outcome creation) are discussed. Another category is to explore the goals and tasks of better multicultural education’s paradigm. The discussion here is divided into everyone’s better dignity and prosperity, high quality operation of diversity and systematization of field-friendly social intelligence, and more faithful operation of school multicultural education and more thorough partnership cooperation.

본 연구는 분열형 인격성향을 가진 대학생들이 지적 기능의 저하를 가지고 있는지와 이들의 지능검사 수행과 분열 증상이 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 조사하였다. 분열형 인격장애 질문지(Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire: SPQ)의 점수에 근거하여 분열형 인격성향군(n=20)과 정상통제군(n=20)을 선택하였다. 지적 기능은 한국판 웩슬러 성인 지능검사(Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligende Scale: K-WAIS)를 사용하여 측정되었다. 그 결과 분열형 인격성향군이 정상통제군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 동작성 IQ와 전체 IQ를 보였다. K-WAIS의 소검사들 중 산수문제, 이해문제, 빠진곳찾기와 차례맞추기에서 분열형 성향군이 정상통제군에 비해 유의하게 낮은 수행을 보였다. 또한 분열형 인격성향군의 지능검사 수행과 분열 증상 간의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 산수문제와 인지-지각 요인, 차례맞추기/모양맞추기와 대인관계 요인, 산수문제와 SPQ 총점 사이에 부적 상관이 관찰되었다. 이에 덧붙여서 SPQ 총점을 예측하는 소검사를 확인하기 위해 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시한 결과 차례맞추기와 산수문제가 SPQ 총점의 약 41%를 예측하였다. 이 결과는 정신분열병 고위험군인 분열형 인격성향군이 지적 기능의 저하를 경험하고, 사회적 상황에서 당면하는 문제에 즉각적으로 대처하는 능력의 저하를 가지고 있고, 분열형 성향군에서 관찰되는 지적 기능의 저하가 주의 및 집중력, 사회적 민감성, 대인관계 및 사회적 상황에서의 대처 능력의 어려움과 관련되어 있으며 차례맞추기와 산수문제의 수행이 정신분열 스펙트럼 장애의 위험 가능성을 예측하는데 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study investigated the intellectual functioning and its relationship to schizotypal symptoms in nonclinical female college students with schizotypal personality traits. Based on the scores of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the schizotypal trait (n=20) and normal control (n=20) groups were being selected. The Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS) was administered for the measurement of intelligence functioning. Compared to the normal control group, the schizotypal trait group exhibited significantly lower Total IQ and Performance IQ. In addition, schizotypal trait group showed lower scores on the Arithmetic, Comprehension, Picture Completion and Picture Arrangement than normal controls. In terms of relationships between intellectual functioning and schizotypic symptoms in schizotypal trait group, negative correlations were observed between Arithmetic and Cognitive-Perceptual factor, between Picture Arrangement and Interpersonal factor, and between Object Assembly and Interpersonal factor. Scores on the Arithmetic were negatively correlated with the SPQ total scores. In addition, the scores of Arithmetic and Picture arrangement significantly predict the total score of SPQ. These results indicate that the intellectual functioning is impaired for nonclinical individuals with schizotypal trait, and, particularly, these individuals seem to have difficulties in attention/concentration, social sensitivity, interpersonal relationships or ability to cope with problems in social situations. In addition, the performances on Arithmetic and Picture arrangement could serve as predictors for high-risks of schizospectrum disorders.