Earticle

German can undergo word order change into [IO-DO-V] in double object construction(DOC), and Korean also can. However, two languages exhibit different typological properties and derivation aspects in this word order type. The purpose of this paper is to argue the followings: First, in terms of typology, whereas German is a language with a variety of DOCs, Korean is one with highly limited DOCs. Second, whereas the [IO-DO-V] word order DOC type of German is derived by ‘a prior V raising plus remant vP or ApplP topicalization’ mechanism depending on syntactic environments, that of Korean by scrambling. Third, the [IO-DO-V] word order DOC type of Korean has a constraint by which an unsaturated function cannot be scrambled.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the one-time aerobic exercise on pulmonary function, oxygen saturation, and smoking in male college students in their 20’s. Methods: The experiment was performed on 11 healthy men who had no musculoskeletal or neurological diseases and who smoked. The subjects performed an aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, using a step box. Before and after the exercise, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume for one second (FEV1), and oxygen saturation were measured. Results: Between the two measurements, there were no significant differences in oxygen saturation (p>.05). However, the differences in FVC and FEV1 were statistically significant (p<.05). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that a one-time aerobic exercise improves pulmonary function.

이 연구에서는 수공법이 시행된 수평 생산정 유전을 대상으로 저류층 시뮬레이션에서 고려할 수 있는 포화도 함수의 끝점 스케일링 적용기법을 시험하고 수치모델에서의 유동영향을 비교분석하였다. 2점, 3점 및 경사진 저류층의 전역에 걸친 깊이별 포화도 끝점 스케일링, 활성유체 경계면 및 전이지역의 유동제어와 관련된 끝점 스케일링 등 6 가지 경우에 대해 생산측면에서의 특징적 영향을 분석하였다. 이러한 결과는 제한된 정보로부터 포괄적 포화도 함수의 구현이나 저류암의 특성별 포화도 함수의 생성 등 분석유전의 다상유체분포 및 유동 해석과 예측의 중요한 자료이며 통합적 history matching 후속 작업에 직접 활용될 것이다.서론

This study aims to analyze the endpoint scaling effect of saturation function on fluid behavior in the reservoir simulation of waterflood oil field with a horizontal production well and two injection wells. The six cases of endpoint scalings have been studied through the reservoir performances, including 2-point, 3-point, endpoint variation with depth, quiescence, mobile fluid correction of fluid contacts and endpoint variation in transition zone. Implementing endpoint scalings and generating saturation functions modified were examined with characteristic nature of reservoir responses. The results of endpoint scaling are vital for the integrated matching of multiphase behavior and performance predictions of the reservoir studied.

We consider an unknown linear time invariant plan with static load disturbance. A saturation function nonlinear element is sued to find th one point information in the frequency domain. We analyze an asymmetric self-oscillation caused by static load disturbance with relay feedback and saturation function feedback. We propose a new method to tune a PID controller using a saturation nonlinear feedback element in the presence of asymmetric oscillation. The proposed method does not require the knowledge of plant d.c. gain with an asymmetric oscillation in the plat output.

릴레이 대신 포화함수를 이용하여 선형 플랜트의 극한 이득과 주기를 결정하였다. 포화함수를 사용함으로서 플랜트의 고주파 성분을 감소 시켜 묘사함수 사용에 의한 극한이득과 주기 결정의 정확도를 증가시켰다. 또한 적절한 포화함수를 사용할 수 있는 간단한 절차를 기술하였으며 진동이 발생하지 않는 플랜트에 대해서 지연요소를 이용한 자동동조 방법을 제시하였다.

We use the slope bounded saturation nonlinear feedback element instead of relay to find ultimate gain and period of linear plant. Saturation nonlinear element reduces the high harmonics of plant output. The reduction of high harmonics improve the accuracy of describing function method used to find ultimate gain and period. We give a simple procedure to find ultimate gain and period with saturation nonlinear element. A PID controller design method with known time delay element is also given, which is very useful when oscillation is not occurred with nonlinear element.

본 연구에서는 수정된 상태변수 의존 비선형 형을 바탕으로 부정합조건 불확실성과 정합조건 외란을 갖는 비선형 시스템의 제어를 위한 새로운 둔감한 비선형 연속 가변구조제어기의 체계적인 설계를 제안한다. 부정합조건 불확실과 정합조건 외란 비선형 시스템을 상태변수 의존 비선형 시스템 형으로 표현한 후 체계적인 둔감한 새로운 제어기 설계를 한다. 대상 시스템의 확장을 위하여 비선형 시스템 함수의 불확정성을 상태변수 의존 항과 비의존 항 두 부분으로 나눈다. 본 비선형 제어는 제어 결과 동특성을 선형으로하기 위하여 그리고 슬라이딩 모드 존재조건을 쉽게 만족시키기 위하여 변환된 선형 슬라이딩 면을 선정한다. 선정된 슬라이딩 면 위에 슬라이딩 존재조건과 폐루프 지수 안정성을 만족하는 제어입력을 제안한다. 정리를 통하여 증명한다. 본 제어의 실용성을 위하여 가변구조제어의 내재된 특성인 제어입력의 불연속성을 극적으로 개선한다. 설계 예와 시뮬레이션 연구를 통하여 제안된 제어기의 유용성을 입증한다.

In this note, a systematic design of a new robust nonlinear continuous variable structure control system(VSCS) based on the modified state dependent nonlinear form is presented for the control of uncertain affine nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties and matched disturbance. After an affine uncertain nonlinear system is represented in the form of state dependent nonlinear system, a systematic design of a new robust nonlinear VSCS is presented. The uncertainty of the nonlinear system function is separated into the tow parts, i.e., state dependent term and state independent term for extension of target plants. To be linear in the closed loop resultant dynamics and in order to easily satisfy the existence condition of the sliding mode, the transformed linear sliding surface is applied. A corresponding control input is proposed to satisfy the closed loop exponential stability and the existence condition of the sliding mode on the linear transformed sliding surface, which will be investigated in Theorem 1. For practical application, the discontinuity of the control input as the inherent property of the VSS is improved dramatically. Through a design example and simulation studies, the usefulness of the proposed controller is verified.

We use a saturation function with memory instead of a pure saturation function to generate a limit cycle in order to find one point information of a plant in the frequency domain. The saturation function with memory is useful in the presence of noise and/or a short duration of short duration of external disturbances. We analyze the error caused by the approximation that the saturation function with memory treated as a pure saturation function. We propose a new tuning formula for PID controller which can be applied a saturation function having memory with an arbitrary memory size. We show that the proposed method is more accurate than that of the approximation method via an example.

An unknown linear time invariant plant with asymmetric oscillation in the output such as a static load disturbance. A saturation function nonlinear element is used to find the one point information in the frequency domain. An asymmetric self-oscillation caused by such as a static load disturbance saturation function feedback is analyzed. a new method to tune a PID controller based on the analysis is proposed in the presence of asymmetric oscillation. The proposed method does not require the knowledge of plant d.c. gain with an asymmetric oscillation in the plant output.

본 연구에서는 다입출력 불확실 선형 플랜트를 위한 포화함수에 의한 연속 슬라이딩 면 변환 가변 구조 시스템이 주어진다. 이론적으로 불연속 슬라이딩 면 변환 가변구조 시스템을 제안한다. 사전에 결정된 슬라이딩 면 위에 슬라이딩 모드의 다입출력 존재 조건과 함께 페루프 지수 안정성에 대해 검토한다. 실제 응용을 위하여 포화 함수에 의하여 불연속 가변구조 시스템의 연속 근사화를 이룬다. 실제적인 관점에서 가변 구조 시스템의 내부 특성인 제어입력의 불연속성을 많이 개선한다, 설계 예와 시뮬레이션 연구를 통하여 제안된 연속 변환 가변구조 시스템 제어기의 유용성을 입증한다.

In this note, a continuous sliding surface transformed variable structure systems by the saturation function is presented for MIMO uncertain linear plants. A discontinuous sliding surface transformed VSS is proposed theoretically. The closed loop exponential stability together with the MIMO existence condition of the sliding mode on the predetermined sliding surface is investigated. For practical applications, a continuous approximation of the discontinuous VSS is made by means of the saturation function. The discontinuity of the control input as the inherent property of the VSS is much improved in view of the practical aspects. Through a design example and simulation studies, the usefulness of the proposed continuous transformed VSS controller is verified.

we an autotuning algorithm for PI controller with unknown plant. The proposed algorithm uses a saturation function and time delay element as a test signal. Since the integral element of PI controller reduces a phase margin and amplitude margin in the closed loop system, the closed loop system could be resulted in unstable with PI controller, To avoid unstable in the closed loop system with PI controller, the proposed algorithm identifies one point information in the 3rd quadrant of Nyquist plot with a time delay element. The proposed method improves an accuracy of one point identified information with one saturation function.

본 연구의 목적은 Incentive Spirometer를 이용한 심호흡이 시간경과에 따라 늑골골절 환자의 폐기능과 산소포화도에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이다. 연구대상은 G시 소재 일개 병원에 입원한 늑골골절 환자 25명으로 대상자들에게 Incentive Spirometer를 이용한 심호흡이 교육되었다. 자료수집은 2013년 6월부터 10월까지로 폐기능과 산소포화도는 Micro spirometer와 pulse oximeter를 사용하여 입원 시와 중재 1일, 2일, 3일, 4일, 5일, 6일 후에 측정되었다. 자료는 SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 21.0 version program을 이용하여 기술분석 및 repeated measure ANOVA으로 분석되었다. Incentive Spirometer를 이용한 심호흡을 적용한 후의 폐기능과 산소포화도는 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였다. 따라서 늑골골절 환자에게 지속적으로 수행하는 Incentive Spirometer 심호흡이 권장될 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of deep breathing with Incentive Spirometer on pulmonary function and O2 saturation by time process in patients with rib fracture. The participants were 25 patients with rib fracture admitted to a hospital in G city. Deep breathing with Incentive Spirometer was educated for participants. Data were collected from June to October, 2013. Pulmonary function and O2 saturation were measured by using Micro spirometer and pulse oximeter at admission one day and 1day, 2day, 3day, 4day, 5day and 6day after applying intervention.. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 21.0 version program with descriptive statistics, and repeated measure ANOVA. The level of pulmonary function and O2 saturation after applying deep breathing with incentive spirometer were increased as time went on. Therefore, patients with rib fracture should be suggested the continuous deep breathing with incentive spirometer.

목 적 : 메타콜린 흡인 후 나타나는 forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)의 감소율과 percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2)의 감소율간 연관성과 급성기 천식 발작 환아에 있어 SpO2의 진단적 가치를 확인하고, SpO2를 통한 중등도 이상의 천식 발작 환아의 조기 진단과 중증도의 구분을 통한 적극적인 치료 계획을 수립하기 위한 대안을 제시 하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 8월부터 2008년 8월까지 만성 기침과 반복되는 천명을 주소로 인하대병원 소아과 외래를 방문한 3세에서 18세 사이의 소아 351명을 대상으로 메타콜린(Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA)을 완충식염수와 배합 및 희석하여 각기 0.31, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25 mg/mL의 농도로 높여가며 폐기능 검사 수치와 함께 SpO2를 측정 및 기록하였다. 결 과 : 전체 대상군의 FEV1%fall과 SpO2간의 피어슨 상관 계수(Pearson correlation coefficient, r)는 r=-0.814 (P<0.01)였으며 FEV1%fall이 20%일때의 SpO2평균은 95.80±1.2%이었고 FEV1%fall이 40%일때의 SpO2평균은 92.30±0.81%이었다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 FEV1%fall과 경피적 산소 포화도간의 강한 음의 상관관계를 확인 함으로서 급성 천식 발작 환아에 있어 폐기능검사나 동맥혈 가스분석과 마찬가지로 경피적 산소포화도 측정이 천식의 중증도를 구분하는 중요한 진단적 지표가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 FEV1%fall에 따른 SpO2의 평균값을 기준으로 했을때 GINA 가이드라인이나 일본의 가이드라인에서 제시한 천식 발작 기준인 95%보다 높은 96%를 중등도, 91%보다 높은 92%를 중증 천식 발작의 기준으로 간주하고 적극적인 치료를 계획하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose : Our study was designed to verify the correlation between the level of percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and to classify the severity according to SpO2 level when asthma exacerbation is developed. Methods : We performed the methacholine bronchial provocation tests with monitoring SpO2 on 350 children who visited the pediatric allergy clinic with chronic cough or recurrent wheezing from August 2006 to August 2008. Results : There was a significant correlation between FEV1%fall and SpO2 (r=-0.814, P<0.01). The mean value of SpO2 was 95.80%±1.2% when decrement of FEV1 was 20%. It was 92.3%±0.81% when FEV1 decreased by 40%. Conclusion : Monitoring SpO2 is a convenient and reliable objective method to determine an appropriate therapeutic option when the pulmonary function test or arteial blood gas analysis is not available in children with asthma. We suggest less than 96% of SpO2 for the moderate attack, less than 92% for the severe attack, as the criteria for the severity of asthma exacerbations in Korea, which is higher than those suggested by GINA guideline or Japanese guidelines.