Earticle

부적(符籍)은 이 땅에 전해 내려온 귀신 신앙과 함께 계승 발전되어 온 신부(神符)로부터 시작되었다. 그리고 역사적 흐름 속에서 불부(佛符)와 도부(道符)가 개입되어 졌고, 오늘날에는 다양한 부적 문화를 갖추게 되었다. 이러한 부적은 생명, 안녕, 행복, 풍요, 벽사, 무병, 장수 등의 의미를 담은 부적은 전통적으로 칠성 신앙을 기반으로 발전되었으며, 액운이나 질병으로부터 탈피하기 위한 보호 장치물일 뿐만 아니라 행운을 안겨주는 마법의 열쇠로도 인식된다. 불운에 대한 방어 목적은 물론이고 소망과 복을 불러들이는 길운과 더불어 제액초복(除厄招福)의 산물로 자리매김하게 된 부적은 영적 힘을 가진 귀물(鬼物)이면서 신물(神物)이다. 부적은 이제 신비하고 묘할 정도의 각별한 문제를 해결하기 위한 무속신앙의 방책의 도구로 활용되면서 좋지 못한 해로운 액을 미리 막고 이미 침범하였다면 물리치는 제액(除厄)과 이로운 복을 불러들이는 초복(招福) 기능을 갖는다. 현세적 길복 추구의 부적이 오랫동안 삶 속에 이어져 온 까닭은 불안에 대한 극복 그리고 희망적 기대에 부응한 신앙의 산물이기 때문이다. 따라서 한국사회에서의 부적은 보편적이며 타당성을 갖는 일상 문화로 자리매김하였다. 다양한 이미지를 디자인해 휴대전화 케이스 등의 제품으로 제작하여 온오프라인을 통해 판매하는 상품으로도 주목받게 되면서 본격적인 부적 상품화 시대를 열었다. 이처럼 과학화된 오늘날에 그 기능과 형태가 더욱 확대되어 현대인들의 삶에 깊은 영향을 주고 있다. 이러한 부적 문화가 오랫동안 전통의 맥락과 더불어 현대생활 속에서도 지속성을 갖고 이어지고 있는 것은 부적이 사회 변화와 시대적 흐름에 적절히 대응하며 한국인의 경외적 종교심성과 삶의 정서를 잘 반영하고 있기 때문이다.

Amulets have been passed on and developed along with the belief in shamanism. Buddhism and Taoism were also involved in this historical trend.Today, various forms of amulets are a part of religious iconography culture. These amulets are used to promote life, well-being, happiness, abundance, and obscurity. Theypromote protection from disease and the sources of longevity. Amulets have traditionally been developed based on the shamanic faith. An amulet performs as a protective mechanism to avoid bad luck or illness, as well asappearing as a magic key to foster good luck. Amulets function not only as a medium for protection, but also a vehicle that promotes hope and luck. Therefore, amuletsserve as objects that can impact the hardships of life and in bringluck. Amuletsare seen as divine objects with spiritual energy. These amulets are used as toolswithin the framework of shamanism to solve mysterious problems of life. They prevent bad manifestations from being interpreted as good in advance and defeat the negative if it has already invaded;so, amulets have the function of bringing in good fortune. The reason why amulets have existed in our lives for centuries is that these religious productsserve to resolve anxiety and promote hopeful expectations. Therefore, amulets in Korean society have become a pervasive part of daily life within the culture. They have also attracted attention through their integration as product design images applied to such everyday items as mobile phone cases, opening an era of full-fledged amulet commercialization. In this era grounded in a scientific approach to the world, the functions and forms of amulets have been further expanded;as such, they’ve had a profound impact on the lives of modern people. The reason why such an amulet culture has continuity in modern life is that it responds appropriately to social changes and the trends of the times. Concurrently, amulet culture reflects Koreans’ awe-inspiring religious spirit and emotions in life.

お守り(符籍)は、この地に伝わる鬼神信仰と共に継承発展してきた神符から始まった。そして歴史的流れの中で仏符と道符の関与を受け、今日には、多様なお守り文化をもつようになった。これらのお守りは生命、安寧、幸福、豊かさ、辟邪(魔除け)、無病、長寿などの意味が込められ、伝統的な七星信仰を基盤に発展し、厄運や病気から脱するための保護装置としてのみならず、幸運をもたらす魔法の鍵としても認識される。不運に対する防御目的はもちろん、希望と福を呼び込む吉運と共に除厄招福の産物として位置づけられるようになったお守りは、霊的な力を持った鬼物でありながら神物である。お守りは今や神秘的で奇妙なほどの、格別な問題を解決するための巫俗信仰を行う道具として活用され、有害な厄を未然に防ぎ、すでに侵犯された場合には、それを退ける除厄と有益な福を呼び込む招福の機能を持つ。現世的な吉福追求のお守りが、長い年月を越えて暮らしの中で伝わってきたのは、不安に対する克服、そして希望と期待に応えた信仰の産物であるためだ。したがって、韓国社会でのお守りは普遍的で妥当性を持つ日常文化として位置づけられた。多様なイメージをデザインし、携帯電話ケースなどの製品として製作され、オン·オフラインを通じて販売される商品としても注目されるようになり、本格的なお守り商品化時代の幕を開けたのだ。このように科学が発展した今日、その機能と形態がさらに拡大し、現代人の生活に深い影響を与えている。このようなお守り文化が長い間伝統の脈絡と共に、現代の生活の中でも持続性を持って続いているのは、お守りが社会変化と時代的流れに適切に対応し、韓国人の畏敬の念と暮らしの情緒をよく反映しているためである。

This study has been performed to investigate formability of non-vinyl PCM(pre-coated metal)sheet. First, physical test of PCM sheets were tested to evaluate finish coating characteristic of PCM. And then, test equipment was made for friction test and three non-vinyl PCM sheets were tested by straight pulling method. This paper provides the results of the friction tests showing the influence of sheet surface texture and process conditions. It was found that the influence of contact pressure and speed had an effect upon the level of friction. Also using tests, the scratch resistance of a series of polyester coating has been investigated. This investigation aims to clarify the process conditions that prevent the scratch of PCM to form the good electrical appliances such as microwave oven, air conditioner and refrigerator etc.

In drawing sheet metal, the blank holding force is applied to prevent wrinkling of the product and to add a tensile stress to the material for the plastic deformation. Applying an inappropriate blank holding force can cause wrinkling or fracture. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate blank holding force. Recent developments of the servo cushion open up the possibility to reduce the possibility of fracture and wrinkling by controlling the blank holding force along the stroke. In this study, a method is presented to find the optimal variable blank holding force curve, which uses statistical analysis with consideration of the nonlinear deformation path. The optimal blank holding force curve was numerically and experimentally applied to door inner parts. Consequently, it was shown that the application of the variable blank holding force curve to door inner parts could effectively reduce the possibility of fracture and wrinkling.

In the hot forging process lubricant influences on frictional condition only, but in the warm forging process it influence on the formability such as dimensional accuracy, filling state and frictional condition and it is important to estimate a lubricating characteristic of lubricants in the warm forging. In this paper, in order to evaluate the formability of billet in warm forging process according to the lubricant and lubricating method, lubricant and lubricating test have been performed using oil-based and water-based lubricant which were widely used in the hot and warm forging processes. The surface roughness of initial billet was measured to evaluate the influence on the formability of billet and the forming load and dimensional accuracy were compared and evaluated. From the experimental results, it can be known that water-based lubricants are more excellent than oil-based lubricants for warm forging of complex shape like a bevel gear. Also, in this study characteristics of deformation have been investigated according to surface treatment of initial billet.

For the improvement of productivity, the reduction of cost and time for manufacturing is mandatory, especially in the field of electromic industry. The study is concerned with a practical means of systematic assistance to formability estimation and selection of reliable design specification for electronic sheet metal parts. The objective of this research work is to develop a simulation system which hops to analyze the target processes with the finite element method and to acquire available design data quickly and exactly. The simulation system developed in the study consists of design verification, selection of optimal combination of parameters, knowledge acquisition and graphical user interface(GUI). Design verification is automatically carried out by using the finite element method. A data base management system and nomograms are utilized for knowledge acquisition. The developed system has been applied to some major sheet metal forming operations such as flanging, embossing, bending and blanking. According to the simulated results, the validation of the target processes has been confirmend. Analysis data, estimation rules of formability and graphical representation of the analysis have been employed for the designer's understanding and evaluation, thus providing a practical means of robust design and evaluation of forma- bility for producing electronic sheet metal parts.

Despite the increasing demands for improved product design, a limited number of works have been reported in the field of sheet metal forming. In the present study, introducing the Taguchi method, an otpimal and robust combination of parameters in found and a data base management system is utilized for knowledge acquisition. Analysis data, estimation rules of formability and graphical representation of the analysis have been employed for the dewigner's understanding and evaluation. The developed system is applied to a deep drawing process. Through the present study, it is shown that the developed systerm is useful for the design and the formability estimation of sheet metal forming processes.

Micro-forming is a suited technology to manufacture very small metallic parts(several $mm{\sim}{\mu}m$). Micro-forming of $Zr_{62}Cu_{17}Ni_{13}Al_8$ bulk metallic glass(BMG) as a candidate material for this developing process are feasible at a relatively low stress in the supercooled liquid state without any crystallization during hot deformation. In this study, micro- formability of a representative bulk metallic glass, $Zr_{62}Cu_{17}Ni_{13}Al_8$. was investigated for micro-forging of U-shape pattern. Micro-formability was estimated by comparing $R_f$ values ($=A_f/A_g$), where $A_g$ is cross-sectional area of U groove, and $A_f$ the filled area by material. Micro-forging process was simulated and analyzed by applying finite element method. FEM simulation results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results when the material properties and simulation conditions such as top die speed, remeshing criteria and boundary conditions were tightly controlled. The micro-formability of $Zr_{62}Cu_{17}Ni_{13}Al_8$ was increased with increasing load and time in the temperature range of the supercooled liquid state. Also, FEM simulation using a commercial software, DEFORM was confirmed to be applicable for the optimization of micro-forming process.

In this study, to improve the formability of the rear floor in series stamping process, the method for predicting the temperature of tools and steel sheet is proposed using FE analysis. To do this, tensile tests and straight pulling friction tests of three steel sheets are carried out at temperatures up to $300^{\circ}C$, and the effect of temperature on the tensile properties and the characteristics of friction are examined. The steel sheets have a higher n-value in the temperature range of about $50^{\circ}C$, and it is related to the maximum uniform elongation. Also, the blue shortness occurs in the temperature range of about $150^{\circ}C$. When the temperature is higher than $200^{\circ}C$, the friction coefficient increase with increasing temperature. From the FE-simulation, the effects of the punch temperature considering heat expansion in the number of stamping are examined and discussed. The technique developed in this study fur estimating tool temperature can be used to develop more feasible ways to improve continuous productivity in series stamping process.

This study investigates the effects of the size of copper sheets on the plastic deformation behavior in a microscale deep drawing process. Tensile tests are conducted on the copper sheets to study the flow stress of the materials with different grain sizes before carrying out the microscale deep drawing experiments. After the tensile tests, a novel desktop-sized microscale deep drawing system is used to perform the microscale deep drawing process. A series of microscale deep drawing experiments are subsequently performed, and the experimental results indicate that an increase in the grain size results in the reduction of the deformation load of the copper sheets due to the effects of the surface grain. The results also show that the blank holder gap improves both the formability of copper sheets and the material flow.

In metal forming technologies, the stamping process is one of the significant manufacturing processes to produce sheet metal components. It is important to design stamping process which can produce sound products without defect such as fracture and wrinkle. The objective of this study is to propose the feasible formability diagram which denotes the safe region without fracture and wrinkle for effective design of stamping process. To determine the feasible formability diagram, FE-analyses were firstly performed for the combinations of process parameters and then the characteristic values for fracture and wrinkle were estimated from the results of FE-analyses based on forming limit diagram. The characteristic values were extended through training of the artificial neural network. The feasible formability diagram was finally determined for various combinations of process parameters. The stamping process of turret suspension to support suspension module was taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of feasible formability diagram. The results of FE-analyses for process conditions within fracture and wrinkle as well as safe regions were in good agreement with experimental ones.

A 2-dimensional FEM/GEM program was developed under the plane strain assumption using linear line elements for analyzing stretch/draw forming operations of an arbitrarily shaped draw-die. FEM formulation adopted a new algorithm for solving force equilibrium as well as non-penetration condition simultaneously. Also, a rigid-viscoplastic material model with Hill's normal anisotropic yield condition and rate-sensitive hardening law is assumed, along with the Coulomb friction law in the contact regions. For the case of numerical divergence at nearly final forming stages, geometric force equilibrium method(GEM) is also introduced. The developed program was tested by simulating the forming processes of cylindrical punch/open die, and the drawing processes of automotive oilpan and hood inner panel in order to verify the usefulness and validity of FEM/GEM formulation. The numerical simulation verified the validity and robustness of developed program.

The runner system of the injection mould and the injection volume of the injection molding process greatly affect the quality of the produced part. The goal of this paper is the design of the runner system and the prediction of the injection volume for the injection moulding of a housing part of small-size air cleaner to improve the formability through the three-dimensional injection moulding analysis. The effects of the runner system of the mould on the injection moulding characteristics are investigated. From the results of the investigation, a proper design of the runner system with uniform filling characteristics and the minimized defect formation is obtained. In addition, the influence of the moving distance of the screw on filling characteristics, weldline formation and deformation characteristics is examined. From the results of the examination, an appropriate moving distance of the screw for the housing part of small-size air cleaner is estimated.

각 시대의 변화에 맞춰 장신구가 발전하며 당연히 보석 가공기술 또한 발달해 왔지만, 현대에 이르러 보석의 사용빈도가 줄어들며 세공 및 금속 관련 기술에 비해 경시되고 있다. 가공된 보석의 아름다움은 여전하지만, 희소성과 디자인적 문제로 많은 연령층을 포괄하기에는 문제가 많다. 이에 본 연구자는 가공된 보석의 조형적인 아름다움과 가치 를 알리기 위해 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 보석 커팅 면이 지닌 조형성 중 선을 중점적으로 응용하여 장신구디자인을 진행했다. 디자인에 앞서 조형성 및 보석 가공 관련 문헌과 디자인 사례에 대한 이론적인 접근을 진행했으며, 이를 토대로 보석 커팅 형태의 조형성을 응용한 장신구디자인 진행했다. 본 연구를 통해 현 귀금속 분야에서 소외되고 있는 보석 연구의 활성화를 도모하고 보석을 활용한 디자인 개발이 다수 진행될 수 있을 것이라 기대하며, 앞으로 보석 관련 연구의 새로운 방향성을 제시하는 발판이 될 것이라 생각한다.

The accessories growth according to the changes in each era and of course, jewelry processing technology has also improved, but in modern times, the frequency of use of jewelry has decreased, and it has been neglected compared to crafting and metal-related technologies. The beauty of crafted jewelry still remains, there are many problems to cover many age groups due to valuable and design problems. Accordingly, this researcher intends to conduct research to inform the formative beauty and value of processed jewelry. Jewelry designby mainly applying lines during the shaping of the jewelry cutting surface. Prior to the design, a theoretical approach to the design case and jewelry processing literature, and based on this, jewelry design applied in the form of jewelry cutting. This study is expected to promote the vitalization of jewelry research, which is currently marginalized in the field of precious metals, and to develop a number of designs using jewelry.

The objective of this study was to develop formability evaluation techniques in order to apply aluminum sandwich panel for automotive body parts. For this purpose, formability evaluation by using FLD (forming limit diagram) was carried out in order to secure the fundamental data for the measurement of sheet metal forming and the establishment of optimum forming conditions of the aluminum sandwich panel. From the results of these formability evaluation, the formability of aluminum alloy sheet which was the skin component for the sandwich panel was higher than that of sandwich panel. In addition, the formability of sandwich sheet which was made by present study was same as that of sandwich panel made by foreign country. Also, it was found that sandwich panel made in present study could have the excellent deep draw-ability when it was compared to the foreign made sandwich panel.

Formability simulation of automotive panels at early design phases can reduce product and tooling development time and cost. However, for the simulation to be effective in leading the design process, fast and reliable results should be achieved with limited design definition and minimum modeling effort. In this paper, nonlinear finite element analysis is used to develop an automated process for the formability simulation of automotive body panels at early design phases. Due to the limited design definition at early design phases, the automated simulation process is based on the plane strain analysis for selected number of typical sections along the panel. Therefore, an entire panel can be analyzed with few sections. The state of plane strain can be easily induced, during simulation through symmetry and applied boundary conditions that simplify the modeling process. To study the reliability and effectiveness of the developed simulation process, the analytical results are compared with measured results of production automotive body side panels. The comparison demonstrates that the developed simulation process is reliable and can be effective for analyzing sheet metal formability, in early vehicle development phases.

The use of magnesium alloys meets the need of reducing weight of componests(especially in automotive and aerospace industry) keeping unmodified their mechanical properties. The adoption of magnesium alloys in sheet forming processes is still limited, due to their low formability at room temperature caused by the hexagonal crystal structure. In this study, the authors aim to understand the process condition which can lead to a successful improvement in the formability of a magnesium alloy(AZ31). Experiment and simulations of deep drawing were doned at various warm temperature for the blank and tool(holde and die)while the punch was kept at room temperature by cooling wale. in order to confirm that the deep drawing performance of magnesium alloy can be considerably enhanced with using the local heating and cooling technique.

In automotive industries, stamping of laser-welded blank gives many merits which brings about dimensional accuracy, strong body assembly and high productivity. However the welding of blanks with different thickness or/and different strength materials introduces many challenging formability problems for process development and tool design. In this paper, the deformation characteristics for deep drawing process of laser-welded blank with different thickness sheets are investigated by experiment and FEM simulation. And also the optimal location of weld line in laser-welded blank with different thickness sheets is calculated to compensate for the movement of weld line on deep drawing process. In addition, the effect of location of weld line is clarified using FEM simulation.