Earticle

Forests in Korea’s island regions cover more than 60% of inhabited islands and over 90% of uninhabited islands, serving critical ecological and socio-cultural functions. However, the current nationwide forest function evaluation system does not adequately reflect the unique environmental characteristics of these island areas. This study aims to improve the classification and evaluation framework for forest functions by integrating spatial data with indicators tailored to island-specific conditions. Using the island areas of Jeollanam-do Province as a case study, the analysis was conducted on more than 2,300 watershed units. Revised evaluation criteria were applied to assess six major forest functions: timber production, water conservation, disaster prevention, living environment preservation, forest recreation, and environmental conservation. The accuracy of forest function classification was enhanced by incorporating data on legally designated protection zones, tourism and cultural heritage sites, and updated land cover information. The results reveal that while the conventional system disproportionately emphasized disaster prevention-assigning this function to approximately 93% of the watersheds-the improved model identified environmental conservation as the dominant function, with increased representation of recreational and community-related roles. Stakeholder consultations and field survey confirmed the practicality and applicability of the revised system, suggesting its potential for supporting sustainable forest use and ecosystem service planning in both inhabited and uninhabited island contexts.

This study investigated the production of insoluble dietary fiber using forest waste and the dietary effect of manufactured insoluble fiber on physiological function in rat fed high cholesterol duets. Insoluble dietary fiber was prepared from the wood chips of oak (Quercus mongolica). The best condition for steam-explosion treatment for the preparation of insonuble dietary fiber was 25 kg/cm$^3$pressure for 6 minutes. In the chemical analysis of insoluble dietary fiber pretreated by 1% sodium hydroxide solution with steam-exploded wood, $\alpha$-cellulose content was 61.7% in the insoluble dietary fiber which contained 7.6% residual lignin. In order to compare insoluble dietary fiber with commercial $\alpha$-cellulose of physiological function, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified as fiber free diet (FF group), 5% commercial $\alpha$-cellulose diet (5C group), 10% commercial $\alpha$-cellulose (l0C group), 5% insoluble dietary fiber dict (5M group), and 10% insoluble dietary fiber (10M group). The rats were fed ad libidum for 4 weeks. Food intake, weights gain, and food efficiency ratio in high cholesterol groups were higher than those of normal group, but there were no significant differences between the experimental groups. There were not any significant differences in the weights of livers, kidneys and small intestine of insoluble dietary fiber supplemented groups, but weight of cecum in all insolube dietary fiber group were significantly higher than those of FF group. A gstrointestinal transit time was decreased by supplementation of insoluble dietary fiber. Weight and water contents of feces in the insoluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were significantly higher than those of the FF group. There were not any significant differences in the activities of the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) between the experimental groups. In conclusion, the manufactured insoluble dietary fiber and commercial insoluble fiber have the same physiological effects. The preparation method of the insoluble dietary fiber from the oak chips suited its purpose.

Increasing life expectancy leads to a rise in the prevalence of aging-related mental diseases and a concomitant increase in the financial and societal pressures related to their prevention and management. This issue is attracting increasing attention from researchers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether a healing program in a forest environment is effective for improving cognitive function, depression, anxiety, and stress in elderly people. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The experimental group consisted of 18 males and females aged 60 to 80 years who participated in a forest healing program for seven days, while the comparison group comprised 10 people with similar demographics. For the process of data analysis, this study performed a cross-analysis to determine the homogeneity of the data and carried out the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a nonparametric statistical test, to verify the significance of each group. Participation in the forest healing program led to a significant improve-ment in cognitive function (p=0.030). The levels of depression decreased, but this result was not statistically significant. The levels of anxiety decreased significantly (p=0.004). The mean cortisol score, a measurement of stress, decreased, but it was not statistically significant. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of this program for improving certain mental conditions of elderly people, and affirmed that the use of long-term forest healing programs can be expected to alleviate national pressures created by aging societies.

This study examined the process of forest hiking (FH) through skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and investigated subsequent chang-es in muscle function, erythrocytes, and immunocytes. A total of 60 par-ticipants who their ages, heights, and weights of 73.05±3.23 years, 1.63±0.06 m, and 67.75±9.22 kg. They resided in two living communities, and were assigned to the control (CON, n=30) group, whereas those from the other were allocated to the FH (n=30) group. The intervention consisted of a hiking program performed for 120 min per day, twice per week, over a 4-week period. The degree of oxygen utilization in muscles during the hiking was monitored by measuring SmO2 in the vastus later-alis (VL). During hiking, SmO2 levels in the FH group progressively de-clined, reaching a nadir between 60 and 90 min, followed by partial re-covery. After the intervention, the FH group showed pronounced im-provements in contraction time in the VL than in the biceps femoris (BF), while maximum displacement improved in both the VL and BF (P<0.05). Among erythrocytes parameters, significant interaction effects were observed for hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpus-cular hemoglobin concentration (P<0.05). In addition, significant inter-action effects were found in immunocytes (P<0.01). This study demon-strated that SmO2 can be effectively measured during FH and confirmed that a 4-week hiking induced marked improvements not only in muscle function but also in erythrocytes and immunocytes in older adults.

This study aimed to predict changes in forest area using a probability density function, in order to promote effective forest management in the area north of the civilian control line (known as the Minbuk area) in Korea. Time series analysis (2010 and 2016) of forest area using land cover maps and accessibility expressed by distance covariates (distance from buildings, roads, and civilian control line) was applied to a probability density function. In order to estimate the probability density function, mean and variance were calculated using three methods: area weight (AW), area rate weight (ARW), and sample area change rate weight (SRW). Forest area increases in regions with lower accessibility (i.e., greater distance) from buildings and roads, but no relationship with accessibility from the civilian control line was found. Estimation of forest area change using different distance covariates shows that SRW using distance from buildings provides the most accurate estimation, with around 0.98-fold difference from actual forest area change, and performs well in a Chi-Square test. Furthermore, estimation of forest area until 2028 using SRW and distance from buildings most closely replicates patterns of actual forest area changes, suggesting that estimation of future change could be possible using this method. The method allows investigation of the current status of land cover in the Minbuk area, as well as predictions of future changes in forest area that could be utilized in forest management planning and policymaking in the northern area.

Middle-aged women are at a stage where immune function tends to decline, making it essential to develop programs that strengthen the immune system and maintain health. While forest environments have become an effective exercise venue for modern health management, studies on the effects of exercise in forest environments on improving immune function have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of forest walking exercise on immune function in middle-aged women. Seven middle-aged women participated in a 10-week forest walking exercise program, conducted twice a week, followed by blood analysis. The exercise intensity was progressively increased based on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion. Blood analysis was performed using indicators to evaluate immune cell activity, and the results were as follows: A significant improvement was observed in NK cell activity, while no significant changes were found in T-cells, B-cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, or basophils. These findings suggest that exercise in forest environments has a greater impact on innate immune cells, such as NK cells. It is also believed that physical activity conducted in a forest environment may have contributed to the enhancement of NK cell activity. Future studies should focus on long-term research and program development considering various aspects of the immune system.

향후 임도사업(林道事業)과 임도배치망(林道配置網) 계획(計劃)에 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공코자 현재 개설(開設)되어 있는 임도(林道)를 중심으로 임도개설비(林道開設費)에 대한 투자효과(投資效果)를 최대로 하는 최적임도배치(最適林道配置) 및 집재기능(集材機能)을 고려한 임도배치망(林道配置網)을 평가(評價)하였다. 1. 적정(適定) 임도밀도(林道密度) 및 임도연장거리(林道延長距離)를 계산(計算) 비교(比較)한 결과(結果), 각(各) 조사지(調査地)의 유성별(流城別) 기설(旣設) 임도밀도(林道密度)가 이론적으로 계산(計算)한 임도밀도(林道密度)보다 작았으며 앞으로 좀더 많은 임도개설(林道開設)이 필요하였다. 2. 투자효과(投資效果)를 최대(最大)로 하는 임도로선배치법(林道路線配置法)에 의해 계산(計算)한 임도배치망(林道配置網)과 기설(旣設)의 임도배치망(林道配置網)을 비교분석(比較分析)한 결과(結果), 각(各) 조사지(調査地)에서 기설(旣設)의 임도망(林道網)은 공도적(公道的) 기능(機能)을 높이기 위한 임도망(林道網)으로서 우회률(迂回率)이 큰 임도로선망(林道路線網)인 반면, 투자효과(投資效果)를 최대(最大)로 하는 임도배치망(林道配置網)은 공도적(公道的) 기능(機能)이 고려(考慮)되면서 임업적(林業的) 기능(機能)이 고려된 집재기능(集材機能)이 높은 수기형상(樹技形狀)의 임도망(林道網)으로 배치(配置)되어 계획구역(計劃區域)에 골고루 배치(配置)되어 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 기설(旣設)의 임도배치망(林道配置網)이 다소 집재기능적(集材機能的)인 면(面)과 임업적(林業的) 기능(機能)이 결여(缺如)된 임도배치망(林道配置網)이라고 하겠으며 앞으로 좀더 투자효과(投資效果)와 집재기능(集材機能)을 고려(考慮)한 임도배치망계획(林道配置網計劃) 필요(必要)하겠다. 3. 각(各) 조사지(調査地)에 대한 평균(平均) 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)와 평균(平均) 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)이 기설(旣設) 임도망(林道網)과 계산(計算)에 의한 임도배치망(林道配置網)에 대한 수평거리(水平距離)와 사거리별(斜距離別) 평균(平均) 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)와 평균(平均) 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)이 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 최대집재수평거리(最大集材水平距離)를 동일하게 적용(適用)했을 경우, 기설(旣設) 임도망(林道網)과 계산결과(計算結果) 임도망(林道網)의 평균(平均) 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)와 평균(平均) 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)이 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 기설(旣設) 임도망(林道網)을 기준으로 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)를 동일하게 적용(遭用)했을 경우도 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)를 수평거리(水平距離)와 사거리(斜距離)로 구별했을 때에 평균(平均) 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)와 평균(平均) 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)이 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 임도배치(林道配置)를 가능하면 산능선(山陵線)이나 산복(山腹)을 중심으로 배치(配置)하는 것이 효과적(效果的)이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기설(旣設)의 임도(林道)와 계산(計算)하여 배치(配置)한 임도(林道)의 집재거리별(集材距離別) 평균(平均) 집재가능면적(集材可能面積), 집재면적률(集材面積率)의 수평거리(水平距離)와 사거리(斜距離)의 총 평균값도 차이가 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 이를 볼 때, 기설(旣設)의 임도(林道)보다는 투자효과(投資效果)를 최대(最大)로 하는 임도배치망(林道配置網)이 임업적(林業的) 기능(機能)과 집재기능적(集材機能的)인 면(面)에서 더욱 효과적(效果的)이고 최대집재거리(最大集材距離)를 수평거리(水平距離)보다 사거리(斜距離)로 계산(計算)했을 경우가 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)이 작으므로 임도배치망(林道配置網)을 가능하면 산복(山腹)과 산능선(山陵線)을 중심으로 배치(配置)하는 것이 집재기능(集材機能)을 더욱 높일 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 앞으로 임도로선배치계획시(林道路線配置計劃時)에 가능하면 집재기능(集材機能)을 고려(考慮)하여 집재가능면적(集材可能面積)을 크게 할 수 있도록 임도배치망(林道配置網)을 구축(構築)할 필요가 있겠다. 4. 현재(現在) 개설(開設)되어 있는 임도로선(林道路線)이 산능선부(山稜線部), 산복부(山腹部), 계곡부중(溪谷部中) 어느 구역을 중심으로 개설(開設)되어 있는지를 평가(評價)하기 위해 임도로선(林道路線)의 위치(位置)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), 기설(旣設)의 임도로선(林道路線)이 대부분 산복부(山腹部)와 계곡부(溪谷部) 중심으로 배치(配置)되어 있었으며, 기설(旣設)의 임도망(林道網)이 집재기능(集材機能)이 다소 결여된 임도배치망(林道配置網)이므로 향후 좀더 집재작업(集材作業)시스템을 고려(考慮)한 임도로선배치(林道路線配置)가 요망(要望)된다.

This study was carried out to provide fundamental data for prospective forest-road project and forest-road network arrangement through appraising existing forest-road network with density, extension distance, maximum yarding distance and yarding area, position of forest-road line considered above foundation of two theories, one is "theory of optimal forest-road density" which has expense for yarding cost and constructing forest-road minimized, the other is "theory of optimal forest-road arrangement" which has investment effect maximized. The results are as follows. 1. In density and extension distance of the forest-road by site, it was showed up that density of existing forest-road is lower than that of calculated forest-road. So, it is thought that some additional forest-roads have to be constructed. 2. In the arrangement of the forest-road network by site, it was showed up that the arrangement of calculated forest-road is higher than that of existing forest-road arrangement for the forestry and yarding function. So, it is thought that the arrangement of forest-road network have to be considered to maximize the investment effect. 3. In "mean maximum distance for yarding" and "mean area which yarding can be done" by horizontal and inclined distance, the existing forest-road networks were different from those of calculated forest-road network. So, calculated forest-road network making investment effect maximize is more effective than existing forest-road network. Hence, in prospective forest-road project, it is needed that forest-road network having "area which yarding can be done" maximized through considering function for yarding have to be constructed.

The population dynamics of Ecklonia stolonifera was investigated at Tongyeong coastal area in the South Sea of Korea. The blade length and width, stipe length and diameter, mean total length and mean weight were measured from randomly collected fifty individuals in every month. The plants in Tongyeong population were relatively bigger than those of Busan Korea and Aomori Japan in terms of their blade length and width. The population biomass was low in winter and high in spring and summer. The sporangial sori were found from August to December but prominent in September and October. About 90 % of the Tongyeong population was consisted of one- and two-year old plants and the zoosporangial sori were observed mostly in two-year old plants. It was different from the results of Busan and Aomori population in which the zoosporangial sori were observed from the plants older than three years. The new populations were developed from the zoospores of two-year old plants and their generation time was relatively shorter than those of Busan and Aomori.

With rapid economic growth, the urban environment has created a problem of human physical and mental illness. In order to solve these problems, urban forests have emerged as a way to mitigate the environmental risks through improving the polluted environment of the city and improve the quality of life. As the urban forests have expanded, the school forests movement has also been taking an important place recently. The study focused on the performance of school forests by comparing the perceptions among teachers and students about their functions. The questionnaire was composed of 4 questions concerning human matters, 10 questions for space recognition, 4 questions for thermal environment, 2 questions for health promotion, and 20 total questions for composition of survey items. The reliability of the school forest function, number of tree planting areas and quantities, the harmony of the planting, and the satisfaction of the school forest were analyzed in the questionnaire conducted by the school members. Although it does not recognize school forests, it has a positive response to the green space that is built outdoors. It is considered that outdoor education and environmental education are sufficient in school forests and green spaces. The results showed that the outdoor green space was more satisfactory when compared with the general school. Teachers and students' preferences were similar to 'seasonal changes' and' trees of various colors and shapes'. The reliability analysis between each item shows that the coefficient for cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .700 to .834. The purpose of this study is to identify the perception of forest function among school forest members and to utilize them as a basic data in the future.

본 연구는 산림 분야 이해관계자를 대상으로 한 설문조사를 기반으로, 산림기능구분도의 현실적이고 효과적인 개선 방향을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 대상은 산주, 공무원, 임업 분야 종사자, 연구원으로, 이들의 산림기능구분에 대한 인식, 활용 현황 및 개편 필요성을 조사하였다. 설문조사 결과, 산림기능구분도의 활용성과 만족도를 제고하기 위해 기존 제도나 지침에 따른 형식적 경영계획 수립을 지양하고, 현장 중심의 맞춤형 산림 관리 방안을 도입해야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 특히, 통합 및 단순화의 필요성과 관련하여 생활환경보전기능이 가장 높은 응답 비율을 보였으며, 그 다음으로 자연환경보전기능과 수원함양기능이 동일한 비중으로 나타났다. 또한, 산림경관 제공, 온실가스 흡수 및 저장, 산림휴양, 생물다양성 보전과 같은 기능은 추가적 고려 및 강조가 필요한 요소로 평가되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 산림기능구분도의 개편 및 중장기 산림 관리 방향 설정에 실질적인 기여를 할 것으로 기대된다.

This study aims to propose practical and effective improvements to the forest function classification map based on a survey of stakeholders in the forestry sector. The study surveyed forest owners, government officials, forestry practitioners, and researchers to assess their perceptions of forest function classification, its current utilization, and the need for revisions. The findings suggest that enhancing the utility and satisfaction of the classification map requires moving away from rigid management plans driven by existing policies or guidelines. Instead, adopting field-oriented and customized forest management practices is necessary. Regarding the need for integration and simplification, the function of living environment conservation received the highest priority, followed by the natural environment conservation and water supply, which were rated equally. Additionally, functions such as landscape provision, greenhouse gas absorption and storage, forest recreation, and biodiversity conservation were identified as areas needing further emphasis. These results are expected to significantly contribute to the revision of the forest function classification map and the formulation of long-term forest management strategies.

이 연구는 다른 수종에 비해 상대적으로 빠른 생장을 보여 상업적으로 중요하게 여겨지는 뉴질랜드 사우스랜드 지역에 조림된 미송(美松) (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco)의 흉고단면적(胸高斷面績) 추정 함수 유도에 관한 것이다. 흉고단면적(胸高斷面績) 함수를 도출하기 위하여 중간 측정 주기의 영구 표본점 데이터가 사용되었고, 대수차분(代數差分) 방정식을 이용하여 흉고단면적(胸高斷面績) 함수식을 유도하였다. 모수(母數) 추정은 SAS의 비선형 루틴에 의하여 수행하였다. 다양한 생장 추정 함수 모델을 적용한 후 잔차를 분석하여 평균제곱오차가 가장 작고 잔차 패턴이 편의가 없는 생장식을 선발하여, 추가 독립변수를 적용하여 모델의 추정 정도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 여러 추정 생장 함수 중 지위지수(地位指數) 및 간벌주기를 독립변수로 포함한 Schumacher 다형곡선(多形曲線) 생장식이 가장 정밀한 추정을 나타내었다. 이 결과로 흉고단면적(胸高斷面績) 생장과 지위지수(地位指數)사이에는 양(+)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 정의된 간벌주기는 흉고단면적(胸高斷面績)식의 정도(精度)를 높이는데 유용한 것으로 나타났다.

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesd Mirb. Franco) is highly regarded as a commercial timber species throughout the world in part due to its fast growth relative to many other species. In this study, basal area per hectare equation for Douglas-fir plantations in Southland of New Zealand has been developed based on medium measurement cycles of permanent sample plots data set. The function was developed using the algebraic difference equation method, and various sigmoid-shaped projection equations were used. Parameter estimation was obtained by non-linear routine of the SAS. As a result, of the functions tested a variant of the Schumacher polymorphic function including site index and thinning term as predictor variables showed the higher precision of the fitting. The results indicate that site index is positively correlated with basal area growth. And the thinning term was found to be useful to increase precision of the model.

In this study, a survey was carried out on 500 tourists, who visit Kwangwon area, for the purpose of proposing the development method for medical tourism products using forest resources in Kwangwon area. The result suggested high recognition of forest therapy tourism for rest, health and mental stress relief, and the identification of beautiful natural resources in Kwangwon province as products for stabilizing and resting exhausted body and mind. As about 70% of respondents showed their will to revisit if a forest therapy function in Kwangwon province is connected to medical tourism products, a basic direction for the development of medical tourism products as forest therapy function in Kwangwon province through this would become competitive products for the image change into a recharging tourist spot when the concentrated development of forest therapy function-enhanced products.

산림자원의 효율적인 관리를 위한 정보획득을 위해서는 서로 다른 센서를 장착한 다수의 무인항공기가 동시에 운영되어야 한다. 이에 따라 지상제어국 안테나는 지속적으로 대국에 대한 추적을 수행해야 할 뿐만 아니라 타 무인항공기에 대한 전파간섭 영향을 억제해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 위상배열안테나 시스템을 기반으로 구축된 지상제어국에 있어, VPR 알고리즘을 기반으로 지속적인 추적 및 전파간섭 억제를 위한 빔 형성 기법에 관하여 연구하였다. 다양한 무인항공기 운영 환경에 대한 모의실험 결과, 제시된 기법을 기반으로 운항중인 무인항공국에 대한 지속적인 추적을 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 다수의 전파간섭원에 대해 지속적인 패턴 널을 형성하여 전파간섭을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

To efficiently manage forest resources, it is essential to deploy multiple unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with various sensors simultaneously. Consequently, the ground control station antenna should not only maintain continuous tracking of the target station but also minimize the impact of radio interference on other unmanned aerial vehicle stations. In this paper, we presented beam forming techniques based on the VPR algorithm within a ground control station constructed using a phased array antenna system. Through simulation experiments in diverse unmanned aerial vehicle operating environments, it was demonstrated that the presented method enables not only the continuous tracking of operational unmanned aerial vehicles but also the suppression of radio interference by establishing a continuous pattern null for multiple operational radio interference sources.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a System Dynamics model for estimating the volume of forest resources in the future and simulating the volume of function of public benefit linked to forest resources in dynamic manner. Also it is to analyze the impact when the volume of forest land conversion is controlled by policy using the SD model. The analysis was done at nation-wide for the simulation period 2000 to 2040. Estimated forest area was 6.2 million ha and estimated growing stock was $4.7\;billion\;m^3$ in 2040 from the future forecast without policies. Changing of forest resources, 13.9 billion tons of forest-ground-water storage was estimated, $1.8\;million\;m^3$ of erosion control of forest was estimated and 377 million tons of $CO_2$ absorption was estimated. As a result of simulation with two alternatives, forest area was less reduced and growing stock was bigger than do nothing policy. Also, function of public benefit reflected by changes of forest resources was enhanced. This study contributes to estimate the quantitatively measured volume of forest resources and function of public benefit over the 30 years in Korean forest land in scientific way. Using this SD model, decision maker would develop forest land policies more delicately for deserving forest resources and increasing the volume of function of public.

As the water shortage has become a noticeable issue due to climate change, forests play an importance role as the provider of water supply service. There is, however, little information about the relationships between the factors used in the estimation of water supply service and coarse pore fraction of forest soil which determines the potential of water supply. To find out whether there would be an amelioration in the scoring system of water supply service estimation, we examined all factors except meteorological one and additionally, analyzed 4 extra factors that might be related with coarse pore fraction of soil. A total of 2,214 soil samples were collected throughout South Korea to measure coarse pore fractions from 2015 to 2020. First, the result of average coarse pore fraction of all samples showed 32.98±6.59% which was consistent with previous studies. And the results of non-parametric analysis of variance indicated that only two of eleven factors that was used in the scoring system matched the results of coarse pore fraction of forest soils. Tree canopy coverage showed no difference among categories, and slope also showed no significance at level of 0.05 in the linear regression analysis. Additionally, the applicability of 4 extra factors were confirmed, as the result of coarse pore fractions of soil samples were different for various categories of each factor. Therefore, the scoring system of water supply service of forest should be revised to improve accuracy.