Earticle

유득공(柳得恭)은 역사에서 망각된 발해사를 복원하기 위하여 여러 사서에 단편적으로 기록된 사료들을 수집하여 ≪발해고≫(1784)를 저술하였다. ≪발해고≫의 의의는 발해사에 대한 최초의 저술이라는 점과 함께 그 서문에서 신라와 발해가 양립한 남북국(南北國) 시대를 제기한 문제의식에 있다. 그렇지만 ≪발해고≫의 내용을 살펴보면 누락된 사료도 적지 않고 고증의 오류도 발견된다. 최근 학계에 보고된 ≪발해고≫ 이본들을 검토한 결과, 유득공은 초고본을 대폭 수정하였음이 확인되었다. 초고본과 수정본의 내용을 비교해 보면 다음과 같다. 군고는 자구 수정과 사료 추가라는 부분적 수정을 거쳤으며, 신고는 고려로 망명한 발해 유민 기사를 추가하여 분량이 크게 늘어났다. 그리고 지리고는 구성과 체계를 대폭 수정하였는데, 특히 지리 고증은 상당히 높은 수준을 보여준다. 반면 예문고는 초고본의 국서고에 사료를 추가하는 데 그쳤다. 유득공이 ≪발해고≫를 처음 저술하고 뒤이어 수정본을 낼 수 있었던 배경으로 당시 실학파 사이에 유행한 총서 간행과의 관련성을 들 수 있다. 즉 박지원(朴趾源)이 1784년 무렵 진행하고 있던 ≪삼한총서(三韓叢書)≫는 초고본과 관계가 있고, 서형수(徐瀅修)와 이덕무(李德懋) 등이 1791년 무렵 추진하던 ≪소화총서(小華叢書)≫는 수정본과 관계가 있었던 것이다. 또한 유득공의 발해 지리에 대한 인식이 1790년 1차 연행까지 견지되다가 1795년에 바뀐 점을 감안하면, 수정본의 집필 시기는 이 사이로 추정된다. 한편 현재까지 전하는 ≪발해고≫ 수정본 5종의 내용을 검토한 결과, 유득공은 수정본을 두 차례 이상 수정하였음이 확인된다. 따라서 1800년 이후 말년까지 유득공은 기회가 닿는 대로 ≪발해고≫를 수정ㆍ보완하였던 것이다.

Yudeukgong(柳得恭) wrote the Balhaego(1784) to reconstruct forgotten history of Balhae through collecting piecemeal historical materials which have been recorded in various histories. The Balhaego has the significance not only as it was the first work about the history of Balhae but also it contained a critical mind that raised the Southern and Northern kingdoms period which Silla and Balhae stood together in the preface. However, there have been some omitted historical materials and some faults were found in the historical investigation when we examined the contents of the Balhaego. Recently, as the result of examining different versions of Balhaego which were reported in the academic world, it was checked that Yudeukgong must have revised the first draft. The comparison between the first draft and revised version gives as follow; the former was partially modified with the revision of words and addition of historical materials; the volume of the latter increased considerably as the story of Balhae's refugee who fled to Goryeo was added there. Meanwhile, the Jirigo was revised a lot. We can see that the investigation of geography shows fairly high standard. On the other hand, the revision of the Yemoongo was just an addition of historical materials to Gookseogo of first draft. Yudeukgong could write the Balhaego for the first time and published its revised version right after the first edition in the relation of intellectual fashion for Silhak(Realist School of Confucianism) scholars to publish collections of books at athat times. That is, the Samhanchongseo, which was being worked by Park Jiwon around 1784 had reference to the first draft of the Balhaego. Sowhachongseo, being pushed ahead in the year of 1791 was connected with the revised version. Also, it was assumed that Yudeukgong might have written the revised version for the years from 1790 to 1795 considering he had kept his recognition about the geography of Balhae in his first official visit to Beijing in 1790 but changed his idea in 1795. After reviewing the five extant versions of the Balhaego, it is confirmed that Yudeukgong remodified the revised version more than twice. Therefore, we can reach that Yudeukgong revised and supplemented the Balhaego as much as he could after 1800 to his last days.

본 글은 도덕과 교육과정 개정 시안에서 중․고등학교 교육과정을 보았다. 중․고등학교 도덕과 개정시안은 한 마디로 ‘도덕과 답게 가르치고, 배울 수 있도록’해야 한다는 점을 분명하게 천명하고 있다. 그러면 도덕과 답게 가르치고자 할 때, 최우선 과제는 무엇일까? 단언하건대 그것은 도덕교과서다 교사와 학생 모두는 교과내용에서 자유로운 사람은 없다고 여겨진다. 교과서는 배우는 학생들에게 꿈을 꾸게 하고 삶을 결단하고 대화할 수 있는 대상이다. 그러나 그것은 교과서가 학생들의 삶을 안아주고 위로해주고 용기를 줄 때 가능한 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 본 글은 좋은 교과서, 배우고 싶은 교과서를 위한 작은 생각을 말해보았다. 우선 도덕과 교육의 질적 제고를 위해 교과서가 학생들의 생활세계의 지평을 토대로 그들의 숨결을 어루만지는 친숙한 동반자가 되어야한다는 점을 논변하였다. 이러한 측면에서 정보화 사회의 주요주제, 영상서사, 도덕적 탐구 방법, 교과서 구성문제, 교과서의 진술방식, 논술지도 연계방안 등을 조명해보려 하였다.

This paper is concerned with the revised plan for educational curriculum, namely the one for ethics in secondary school. It clarifies the idea that ‘ethics should be taught and learned in its own way.’ Then what is the first and essential thing to do it? Of course, it is the matter of the ethics textbook. That's why the revised plan is examined. Above all, the textbook should be focused on students' life. In other words, the main themes of textbook are to be interacted with students' life and knowledge. Those are as follows: First, the contents of the information society should be underlined as main themes. Second, mass culture, screen media, screen narrative, literary story, etc. should be reflected in main themes. That is, the ethical meaning should be realized through music, screen narrative, dance, story and the like. Third, the matter of introducing various methods for ethical research should be handled. Fourth, the constructive problem of textbook was mentioned. Photos, pictures, illustration and etc. are too easily treated in the textbook. Fifth, the statement method of textbook is covered. It needs the way to state centering on students' life and I-oriented life.

The International Chamber of Commerce has issued the first complete draft of UCP 600, which will come into effect on 1 July, 2007. Bankers and international traders who desire to be successful in the business of documentary credit need a thorough understanding of the UCP issued by the ICC and subsequent revisions to these rules from time to time. Therefore, this paper deals with some problems in revised rules by comparison between New UCP 600 and UCP 500. The objective of this paper is to I) examine the impact of UCP 600 for L/C operation, 2) compare UCP 500 with UCP 600, 3) show the major changes in practice between the two publications, 4) draw out some problems of UCP 600 draft.

China initiated the revision of the Maritime Law and the first draft of the Proposal is soliciting opinions from law field as well as shipping field. The Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China has been continuously carrying out revision research on the Maritime law. It has organized two systematic studies in 2000 and 2013 respectively, with certain basic accumulation. Considering the professional and the complexity of maritime law, a research program is formed again in 2017 and, after nearly two years of hard work, a first draft proposal was ultimately finished. The Proposal borrows some general principles from the 2002 Athens Protocol for the passenger carrier’s liability regime. What’s more, some provisions specific for cruise carrier’s duties and liabilities are added in such as network liability system, cruise carrier’s duties, compulsory insurance and direct action against liability insurers, thus providing a cruise passenger with stronger protection and making it easier for him/her to understand just which his/her rights are. However, the regime of cruise carrier’s liability in this paper still needs some improvement because of some slight imperfections. This article aims to give a somewhat comprehensive study on the liability framework of the cruise carrier in the Proposal and, where necessary, compare with the current Maritime Law and the 2002 Athens Protocol, focus on the responsibility period of the cruise carrier, the relevant obligations, the application of the laws in various sections of the cruise journey, the grounds for responsibility, the limit of liability, compulsory insurance and direct claims against liability insurers.

The working document from the Rules Negotiation was released on 28 May, 2008. This document consists of three parts: Annex A(Chairman's Explanatory note and Anti-dumping, Annex B(Subsidy), and Annex C(Fisheries Subsidy) This paper analyses the working document for fisheries subsidy agreement which was intended to provoke discussions on the broad parameters of possible outcomes to the negotiations to draft final texts. The first Draft for fisheries subsidy agreement consists of eight Articles: prohibition of certain fisheries subsidies; general exceptions to prohibited subsidies; special and differential treatment of developing country Members; general discipline on the use of subsidies; fisheries management; notifications and surveillance; transitional provisions; and dispute settlement. This Draft causes considerable concerns to Korean government, because it contains several provisions disadvantagious to Korean fisheries industry. First, it does not establish a non-actionable subsidy at all. Second, Article I prohibits subsidies the benefits of which are conferred on operating costs of fishing or service vessels, which include, among others, fuel subsidy most sensitive to Korean fishery industry. Third, subsidies exclusively for improving crew safety are not automatically considered as non-actional subsidy. Fourth, there had been put too much burden on developed countries for notifications and surveillance obligations and transitional provisions. Fifth, dispute settlement clause puts too much burden on the subsidizing country, because where a subsidy that has not been notified as required is the subject of dispute settlement pursuant to the DSU, such subsidy shall be presumed to be prohibited.

1948년 탄생한 남북한의 헌법은 헌법사적인 측면에서 보면 한반도의 분할 통치이후 자유와 공산이라는 양 진영 간의 체제경쟁 속에서, 단독정부수립과 단정반대라는 민족적 담론과 각자의 우월적인 체제 선전을 위하여 탄생한 정치․규범적 산물이다. 일찍이 우리의 역사에서는 찾아 볼 수 없었던 새로운 국가와 이념에 관한 정치경험이라고 할 수 있다. 일반적으로 국가의 최고규범으로서의 헌법은 새로운 국가가 탄생할 당시 그 시대적 가치와 정치, 경제 등의 사회적 환경을 규범적으로 정리하여 제정되기 때문에 국가형태와 통치구조는 헌법제정권자의 선택의 문제이자, 향후 국가 정체성을 결정하는 가장 중요한 최고의 규범으로서의 지위를 가지게 되는 것이다. 대한민국헌법은 지금까지 아홉 차례의 개정을 했다. 제정당시의 국가형태와 이념, 자유민주주의와 시장경제의 원리 등 우리헌법이 지향하는 근본가치 등이 변한 것은 아니다. 북한의 헌법 역시 사회주의 개조작업 이후 인민민주주의헌법에서 사회주의헌법으로 개정하였으나, 헌법제정권력에 근본적인 변화나 정변(政變)으로 인한 통치권력의 교체, 국가체제 등이 바뀐 것은 아니기에 북한헌법의 제정과정과 헌법초안에 대한 연구는 이러한 헌법사적인 범주 내 에서 의미가 있다. 또한 통일을 논의함에 있어서 1948년 북한헌법 제정 당시, 초안에서 규정하고 있었던 ‘주권재민의 원칙’과 ‘사유재산보호’, ‘법 앞에 평등’ 규정 등은 지금의 북한헌법에는 그러한 규정이 존재하지 않거나 또는 상당한 차이를 보여 주고 있기 때문에 오늘날 통일헌법을 구상하는데 있어서, 현재의 남북한의 헌법을 가지고 비교, 논의하기보다는 오히려 해방직후로 거슬러 올라가 당시 논의되었던 헌법 초안 등을 비교해 볼 때 상호간의 공통영역이 보다 넓게 도출될 수 있을 것이다. 오늘날 남북한 사이에 존재하는 상이한 국가체제와 이념, 그로인한 헌법을 비롯한 법체계의 간극이 분단의 세월만큼이나 깊다면, 이제 다시 분단직후의 상황으로 회귀하여 남북한의 헌법을 비교해 볼 때 비로소 더욱 많은 가능성이 열릴 수도 있을 것이다.

North Korea established and announced its constitution on September 8, 1948. However, the period during which North Korea discussed about the establishment of constitution was in the 3rd People's Assembly in North Korea called for two days from November 18 to November 19, 1947. In this assembly, 'Chosun Temporary Committee for the establishment of Constitution' which consisted of 31 persons including Kim Il-sung and Kim Doo-bong was founded. After numerous times of screenings and corrections on the first draft prepared, it was brought in on the conference table of the first Supreme People's Assembly on September 8, 1948. After 3 times of conference for 3 days from September 6 to 7, 1948, the constitution was established and announced on September 8. Through this, ‘the Democratic People's Republic of Korea’ was born and, at the same time, the North Korean regime was established. The enactment of North Korea's constitution in 1948 was a political and normative output created for the national discourse of establishing single government and the propaganda for its communist state system in the competition of two regimes, the communist camp and the liberalist camp, after the division of the Korean Peninsula. Since, in general, a constitution is established as the supreme norm of a state by summarizing normatively the contemporary value of the epoch when the new state is born and its social environment such as politics and economics, not only state form and governance structure become a matter of choice of constituent power but also constitution owns the position as the supreme norm that determines the identity of the state in the future. Even for South Korea, the constitution has been amended 9 times but didn't change any state form or the basic principles of the constitution. Similarly, North Korea has changed the name to Socialist Constitution after their socialist renovation work, but since their state system was not changed through a fundamental change in the constituent power or a political upheaval in political system, the study on the establishment of North Korea's constitution in 1948 would be significant in the scope of such constitutional history.

이 논문은 이북 규범문법과 학교문법의 상관관계를 문장론을 중심으로 밝히는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 이북의 문법규범이 확립된 70년대 규범문법 이후 관련 저서인 <문화어문법규범초고>(1972), <조선문화어문법규범>(1976), <조선문화어문법>(1979), <조선문화어문법규범>(2011)을 이북 규범문법 분석 대상으로 삼았고, 이북 학교문법의 분석 대상으로는 사범대학 예비 교원을 위한 대학 교재인 <조선문화어2>(2003)를 선택하였다. 이북의 문장론에서 주요한 문법 개념인 ‘단어결합’이 교과서에서는 충분히 다루어지지 않는 데 반해 사범대학 예비 교원을 위한 대학 교재에서는 충분히 다루어지고 있기 때문이다. 2장에서 이북의 규범문법인 <문화어문법규범초고>(1972), <조선문화어문법규범>(1976), <조선문화어문법>(1979), <조선문화어문법규범>(2011)의 체제와 구성을 이북의 학교문법인 <조선문화어2>(2003)과 비교 분석하였고, 3장에서는 <조선문화어2>(2003)의 문장론 구성과 유사한 <조선문화어문법규범>(1976), <조선문화어문법규범>(2011)의 문장론 내용을 1) 문장과 단어결합, 2) 문장성분, 3) 문장의 갈래, 4) 옮김법, 5) 문장부호법으로 구분하여 분석하였다.

This study compared the syntax of normative grammar and school grammar in North Korea. In the 1970s, grammar norms were established in North Korea and related books were released. The First Draft of Cultural Language and Grammar Standards (1972), Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (1976), Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (1979), and Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (2011) were used to identify normative grammar while Joseon Cultural Language 2 (2003), a university textbook for pre-service teachers at the College of Education, was used to identify school grammar. Word combinations, a grammatical concept that is often not covered in grammar textbooks, were dealt with at length in the pre-service teachers’ textbook. In Section 2, the systems and organizations styles of normative texts were compared, namely The First Draft of Cultural Language and Grammar Standards (1972), Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (1976), Joseon Cultural Language Grammar (1979), Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (2011), and Joseon Cultural Language 2 (2003), which is a textbook. In Section 3, the syntax contents of Joseon Cultural Language Grammar Regulations (1976, 2011), which were organized similarly to the syntax content of Joseon Cultural Language 2 (2003), were analyzed to identify 1) sentence and word combinations, 2) sentence components, 3) sentence types, 4) quotation methods, and 5) punctuation methods.

WTO DDA agricultural negotiations is carrying out as a part of the New Round. Now it is under the making process of modality for each negotiating issue. Recently. Chairman's first draft(revision) of modality for agricultural negotiation was distributed to member countries in march 2003. According to the first draft(revision) of modality, the results of current agricultural negotiation may be characterized in more reformative methods and strengthened special and differential treatment for developing countries than those of UR negotiation on agriculture. Thus, it is vital for Korean agricultural sector to maintain the developing country status in terms of both minimizing negative impacts and faithfully implementing its commitments on agricultural sector. We need to prepare the effective strategies and tactics coping with the international challenges to our status in WTO negotiations on agriculture.

이 연구는 북한의 제1차 5개년계획(1957~1961) 초안 작성 과정에 대한 분석을 통해 1950년대 중반의 북·소 관계 변화를 조명하였다. 1954년 말부터 대두된 공업화 노선에 따라 북한 내각은 「5개년계획 지침」을 작성하였다. 소련 측과의 협의와 제3차 당 대회에서의 심의를 위해 작성된 「5개년계획 초안」에서도 중공업 중시 기조는 이어졌다. 이러한 방침에 불만을 갖고 있던 소련 측은 김일성의 모스크바 방문을 기회로 5개년계획의 재작성을 요구했다. 이에 김일성은 반소련계운동과 같은 탈소련화로 대응하였다. 특히 조선로동당 제3차 대회에서 김일성은 중공업 중시 노선을 유지하는 한편, 당에 대한 지배력을 강화하고 반대파를 배제하려 하였다. 이에 소련대사관은 반김일성파를 형성하기 시작한 소련계 및 연안계와 행동을 모의하기 시작하였다. 결론적으로, 제1차 5개년계획 작성을 둘러싼 북·소간의 갈등이 ‘1956년 위기’의 한 원인을 제공했다.

This study sheds light on the changes in North Korea?Soviet relations in the mid-1950s through analysis of the process of drafting North Korea’s First Five-Year Plan (1957-1961). The North Korean cabinet drawn up the “Five Year Plan Guidelines” according to the radical industrialization line that emerged from the end of 1954. The “Draft Five-Year Plan,” prepared for consultation with the Soviet Union and for deliberation at the Third Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea, still placed emphasis on heavy industry. Taking the of Kim Il-sung’s visit to Moscow, the Soviets, discontented with this policy, asked to revise the Five-Year Plan. Kim Il-sung reacted to this demand by launching de-Sovietization policy and purging pro-Soviet fractions. At the third congress of the party, Kim Il-sung attempted to tighten his control over the party and to exclude the opposition while maintaining the heavy-industry-first policy. The Soviet embassy responded by plotting a action with the pro-Soviet and the Yanan fractions, which formed the opposition to Kim Il-sung. In conclusion, the conflict between North Korea and the Soviet Union over the establishment of the first Five-Year Plan provided the cause of the 1956 crisis.

2019년 유엔 국제법위원회(International Law Commission, ILC)는 제71차 회기에서 무력충돌 관련 환경보호에 관한 원칙 초안(Draft principles on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts)을 주석과 함께 잠정 채택하였다. ILC가 잠정 채택한 28개의 원칙 초안은 무력충돌과 관련한 환경보호의 문제를 무력충돌 상황 뿐 아니라 무력충돌 이전과 종료 후로 시간적 범위를 확대함으로써, 예방적 및 사후적 조치의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 또한 인권법과 환경법의 개념 및 원칙들을 반영함으로써 기존 무력충돌법에서의 환경보호에 관한 논의의 취약점을 보완하며 보호의 범위 및 조치를 폭넓게 다루고 있다. 나아가 무력충돌의 현대적 양상을 고려하여 국가 뿐 아니라 비국가행위자와 비국제적 무력충돌에 모두 적용되는 원칙을 도출하고자 하였다. 이 글의 목적은 ILC가 2019년 채택한 무력충돌 관련 환경보호 제1회독 초안과 주석의 내용을 중심으로 무력충돌 관련 환경보호의 국제사회의 논의의 발전 동향과 쟁점을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 제1회독 초안의 주요 내용을 소개하고, ILC에서의 논의와 유엔 총회 제6위원회에서의 국가 논평을 중심으로 동 초안의 쟁점을 살펴보았다. 동 주제에 대한 국가들의 입장을 살펴보았을 때, 제1회독 초안은 원칙이라는 형태와 비구속적 문구의 사용, 인권법 및 환경법 원칙의 도입, 비국제적 무력충돌 상황에서의 환경 보호를 중심으로 한 논쟁과 수정이 있을 것으로 예상된다. 한편 동 초안은 무력충돌시 환경보호 규범을 강화하고자 하였으나 여전히 한계가 있음을 보여준다. 관련한 국가들의 논평과 수정 방향은 향후 무력충돌 관련 환경규범의 발전 방향을 보여줄 것이다.

In 2019, at its 71st session, the UN International Law Commission (ILC) provisionally adopted the Draft Principles on Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts together with the corresponding commentaries. The 28 draft principles underline the importance of preventive and post-conflict measures by extending the temporal phases of environmental protection to the periods before and after an armed conflict. In addition, reflecting the principles of environmental law and international human rights law, the work counterbalances the weaknesses in discussions on environmental protection in existing rules on the law of armed conflict by covering an extended scope and measures of protection. Furthermore, taking into account the nature of modern armed conflict, the draft principles cover also non-state actors and non-international armed conflicts. The article addresses current trends and issues in the development of international discussions on protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts, focusing on the draft principles provisionally adopted by the ILC in 2019 at first reading. After introducing the draft principles and commentaries thereto, the article considers the main controversies over the content encountered in discussions at the ILC and in comments raised by States at the Sixth Committee of the UN General Assembly. The draft principles at first reading can be expected to be modified according to the following points: using obligatory phrasing, introducing human rights and environmental law principles, and applying the draft principles to non-international armed conflict situations. The ILC draft shows that strengthening the existing rules on this subject is not an easy task, and has limitations. Nevertheless, the draft principles may serve to guide practice on the issue; and meanwhile, comments received from States and revision of the draft may reveal the direction of development of future rules for protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts.