Earticle

소득이 증가하며, 가정 내 조리가 줄어들며, 외식이 증가하고 있다. 외식 초기에는 가정 내 조리를 줄이는 것만으로도 의미가 있었다. 그러나 지금은 단지 외식하는 것만으로는 의미를 찾을 수 없다. 이제 소비자는 더 나은 식당 또는 긍정적으로 색다른 식당을 이용하려는 욕구 증대로 누구에게나 다 알려진 보편적인 맛집을 찾는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 이렇다 보니 맛집 순례, 맛집 기행이라는 용어까지 등장하고 있다. 이들에게 맛집 이용만으로는 부족하다. 자신들이 찾았던 맛집과 관련된 음식, 시설 등에 대해서 촬영하여 SNS에 올리는 경우가 다반사다. 이른바 맛집 인증까지 하나의 필수 코스가 되어가고 있다. 이와 같은 상황을 반영하여 이 연구는 맛집은 어떤 과정을 통해 인정되는지를 지각된 가치 측면에서 파악하였다. 즉, 지각된 가치가 이 연구 모형의 메커니즘이 되는 것이다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 맛집의 본질적 요인, 외형적 요인, 서비스적 요인만이 소비자의 지각된 보상에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그러나 맛집의 본질적 요인, 외형적 요인, 서비스적 요인, 심리적 요인, 상징적 요인은 모두 지각된 가치에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 재방문의도에 지각된 보상은 영향을 미치지 않았지만 지각된 가치는 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

Income is increasing, home cooking is decreasing, and eating out is increasing. In the early days of eating out, it was only meaningful to reduce home cooking. Now, however, just eating out does not make sense. Now, consumers are making efforts to find universal restaurants that are well-known to everyone by increasing their desire to use better restaurants or positively different restaurants. As a result, the terms pilgrimage to famous restaurants and traveling to famous restaurants are also emerging. The use of restaurants alone is not enough for them. It is common to film food and facilities related to the restaurants they have visited and post them on social media. The so-called certification of famous restaurants is becoming an essential course. Reflecting this situation, this study grasped through what process famous restaurants were recognized in terms of perceived value. In other words, the perceived value becomes the mechanism of this research model. According to the results of the study, only essential, external, and service factors of famous restaurants positively influenced the perceived compensation of consumers. However, the essential, external, service, psychological, and symbolic factors of famous restaurants all had a positive effect on the perceived value. The perceived compensation did not affect the intention to revisit, but the perceived value had a positive effect.

Various environmental stresses lead to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plants, resulting in ER stress. In eukaryotic cells, an effective mechanism known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) has evolved to deal with this problem. In plants, UPR facilitates in the folding or degradation of unfolded proteins and regulates the expression of various stress-related genes. Although the stress response induced by phosphorylation of the translation attenuation factor (TAF) is well understood, the mechanism of protein translation regulation is unclear. In this study, to find out the mechanism of protein translation regulation by TAF, the characteristics of stress-related gene expression were analyzed. To analyze the expression of stress-related genes, 5’ UTR of a gene including uORF was fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and GFP expression was analyzed under ER stress conditions. As a result of analyzing the protein expression of the gene, it was confirmed that in the case of the gene containing uORF, the protein translation was increased compared to the normal growth condition. However, there was no significant difference at the transcription level. Additional experiments were conducted to confirm whether the regulation of protein translation by uORF is regulated by phosphorylation of TAF. In plants, a mutant of GCN2 (gcn2), known as an TAF kinase, was crossed and the gene expression regulation by TAF was analyzed. As a result, it was confirmed that dephosphorylation of TAF reduced the protein translation of the gene including uORF. However, there was no significant difference at the transcription level. These results showed the consistent results under various stress conditions. Taken together, these results show that plants regulate gene expression at the translation level to adapt to various environmental stresses, suggesting that TAF phosphorylation plays a key role in translation regulation. * Corresponding

L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the well-known antiviral agents, especially to influenza virus. Since the in vivo antiviral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin C could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using Gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like humans. First, we found that vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (H3N2/Hongkong). Viral titers in the lung of vitamin C-insufficient Gulo (-/-) mice were definitely increased but production of anti-viral cytokine, interferon (IFN)-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, was decreased. On the contrary, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, were increased in the lung. Taken together, vitamin C shows in vivo antiviral immune responses at the early time of infection, especially against influenza virus, through increased production of IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$.

Hematopoiesis involves a series of lineage differentiation programs initiated in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) found in bone marrow (BM). To ensure lifelong hematopoiesis, various molecular mechanisms are needed to maintain the HSC pool. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a DNA-binding, zinc-finger protein that regulates the expression of its target gene by organizing higher order chromatin structures. Currently, the role of CTCF in controlling HSC homeostasis is unknown. Using a tamoxifeninducible CTCF conditional knockout mouse system, we aimed to determine whether CTCF regulates the homeostatic maintenance of HSCs. In adult mice, acute systemic CTCF ablation led to severe BM failure and the rapid shrinkage of multiple c-Kithi progenitor populations, including Sca-1+ HSCs. Similarly, hematopoietic system-confined CTCF depletion caused an acute loss of HSCs and highly increased mortality. Mixed BM chimeras reconstituted with supporting BM demonstrated that CTCF deficiency-mediated HSC depletion has both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic effects. Although c-Kithi myeloid progenitor cell populations were severely reduced after ablating Ctcf, c-Kitint common lymphoid progenitors and their progenies were less affected by the lack of CTCF. Whole-transcriptome microarray and cell cycle analyses indicated that CTCF deficiency results in the enhanced expression of the cell cycle-promoting program, and that CTCF-depleted HSCs express higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, in vivo treatment with an antioxidant partially rescued c-Kithi cell populations and their quiescence. Altogether, our results suggest that CTCF is indispensable for maintaining adult HSC pools, likely by regulating ROS-dependent HSC quiescence.

Salt stress is a major environmental factor influencing plant growth and development. To identify salt tolerance determinants, we systematically screened salt sensitive rice mutants by use of the Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposon tagging system. In this study, we focused on the salt sensitive mutant line, designated SSM-1. A gene encoding a NAC transcription factor homologue was disrupted by the insertion of a Ds transposon into SSM-1 line. The OsNAC075 gene (EU541472) has 7 exons and encodes a protein (486-aa) containing the NAC domain in its N-terminal region. Sequence comparison showed that the OsNAC075 protein had a strikingly conserved region at the N-terminus, which is considered as the characteristic of the NAC protein family. OsNAC075 protein was orthologous to Arabidopsis thaliana ANAC075. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed OsNAC075 belonged to the OsNAC3 subfamily, which plays an important role in response to stress stimuli. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of OsNAC075 gene was rapidly and strongly induced by stresses such as NaCl, ABA and low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$). Our data suggest that OsNAC075 holds promising utility in improving salt tolerance in rice.

The activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) can be induced by the changes in environmental pH, but the mechanism of HSF1 activation by acidification is not completely understood. This paper reports that a low pH (pH~6.0) can trigger human HSF1 activation. Considering the involvement of the imidazole group of histidine residues under acid pH stress, an in vitro EMSA experiment, Trp-fluorescence spectroscopy, and protein structural analysis showed that the residue, His83, is the essential for pH-dependent human HSF1-activation. To determine the roles of His83 in the HSF1-mediated stress response affecting the cellular acid resistance, mouse embryo fibroblasts with normal wild-type or mutant mouse HSF1 expression were preconditioned by heating or pH stress. The results suggest that His83 is essential for HSF1 activation or the HSF1-mediated transcription of heat shock proteins, in protecting cells from acid pH stress.

In view of the effect of factor Ⅶ as a risk factor for essential hypertension, we investigated the length (I/D) polymorphism at position 323 promoter region and exon 8-Msp I RFLP of the human factor Ⅶ gene in the Korean patients with essential hypertension and normal controls. There were no significant differences in the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects. The significant linkage disequilibrium was however, detected between two polymorphic sites. The Msp I RFLP and I/D polymorphism were also significantly associated with plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. Therefore, our results suggest that the significant association between two genetic variations in the human factor Ⅶ gene and plasma TG level may reflect the potential role of human factor Ⅶ gene as one of the genetic components for cardiovascular risk.

The effect of refeeding with various single essential amino acids on the recovery of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in fasted young chickens was examined. Young chickens (29 days of age) were divided into 15 experimental groups. Chickens in one group were fed on the commercial diet ad libitum for 4 days. The remaining 56 chickens in 14 experimental groups were fasted. After 2 days of fasting, 52 chicks in 13 fasted groups were refed with one of the following experimental diets for 2 days. Eleven experimental diets were protein-free diets supplemented with one of 11 essential amino acids (Arg, Gly, His, Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, Lys, Thr, Trp, Val). The remaining 2 experimental diets were a protein-free diet containing 11 essential amino acids and a protein-free diet not supplemented with amino acids. Birds in the remaining fasted group continued to be fasted for 2 days. Fasting for 2 days markedly reduced plasma IGF-I concentration. When fasted chickens were refed the protein-free diet containing either Gly alone or all essential amino acids, plasma IGF-I concentration was recovered to the level similar to that of fed chickens. Protein-free diet alone, however, failed to restore the reduced IGF-I concentration in plasma. Body weight loss modulated by feeding with protein-free diets supplemented with various single essential amino acids was associated with changes in plasma IGF-I concentrations. We concluded that body weight loss by feeding with a protein-free diet was lower than that of fasted chickens and that body weight loss associated with the decrease in plasma IGF-I concentration was modulated by feeding with protein-free diets containing various single essential amino acids.

정신화는 최근 심리치료 성과에 효과적인 핵심 요인으로 관심을 받고 있는 개념으로서 그동안 치료가 힘들었던 성격장애에 효과적인 치료 방법으로 검증되어 주목받고 있다. 또한 정신화는 폭력, 비행 등 청소년 문제 상담 프로그램에도 효과적으로 적용되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정신화를 소개하고 관련 문헌과 연구들을 개관하여 향후 정신화와 관련된 연구 방향을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 정신화를 대인 관계 상황에서 자신과 타인의 행동 기저에 있는 정신 상태(신념, 동기, 정서, 바람, 욕구)를 상상하여 사회적 세계를 이해하는 활동으로 정의하고, 정신화에 대한 개념 및 유사 개념들 간의 공통점 및 차이점을 확인하였다. 또한 정신화의 발달 및 손상 과정, 정신건강과의 관련성, 측정의 문제를 살펴보았으며, 마지막으로 정신화기반치료의 치료 모형, 과정 및 효과에 대해 소개하였다. 끝으로 정신화에 대한 국내 연구의 활성화를 위해 몇 가지 논의점을 제시하였다.

Mentalizing has been regarded as an essential factor for achieving a effective psychotherapy outcome for patients with borderline personality disorder. Mentalizing is also applied in counseling programs for youths with violence problems. This paper attempts to introduce the concept of mentalizing and its related research and suggest future areas of study with regard to mentalizing. Mentalizing is defined as the ability to understand the mental states that underlie overt behavior in both oneself and others(e.g., the needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, goals, purposes, and reasons). This paper reviews the concept of mentalizing and its commonalities and differences with related concepts. Also, this paper reviews the development of mentalizing as well as its defects, relation to mental health, measurement, and mentalization-based-therapy. Suggestions for future studies are included in the discussion section

퇴계의 견해에 있어서, 지각(知覺)은 이른바 허령(虛靈)을 체(體)로 하는 마음의 용(用)으로서 단순히 감각(感覺)에 그치는 수준의 것이 아니라 반드시 의리(義理)의 당연(當然)과 소연(所然)을 파악할 수 있는 기능에 속한다. 사람의 마음은 천지의 온갖 사물을 모두 다 비추어 낼 만큼 순전히 맑은 기(氣)와 천지의 온갖 사물을 모두 다 이루어 낼 만큼 완전히 갖춘 리(理)의 총화이기 때문에 허령하고, 허령하기 때문에 천지의 온갖 사물을 다가오는 대로 낱낱 남김이 없이 모두 지각하는 기능을 가진다. 순전히 맑은 기는 지각하는 바탕이고, 완전히 갖춘 리는 지각하는 까닭이다. 따라서 지각은 감각적 현현(顯現)을 얻는 찰나와 동시에 곧장 사물의 법칙을 파악하는 데까지 이르는 바의 직관(直觀)을 판단력의 핵심으로 가진다. 직관이 우리의 지각에 배속되어 있는 까닭에, 우리는 현실미의 주요 범주를 이루는 온갖 사물의 미적 규율을 사려(思慮)에 의거하지 않고도 이미 지각의 단계에서 이내 인식할 수 있는 능력을 얻는다. 이러한 이유를 들어서, 퇴계의 지각 이론과 문학 작품을 통하여 지각의 본질과 대상 및 지각과 미적 인식의 문제를 고찰해 보았다.

In Toegye’s theory of perception, the perception is the function of human heart which keeps emptiness and spiritualness with the body and, it belongs in the function which will be able to determine reason and reasonability in justice beyond the level of sense. Human heart has the intrinsic attribute of emptiness and spiritualness because being an unified body of the pureness of energy which as will shed light all things of heaven and earth and the perfection of reason which as will create all things of heaven and earth. Human heart has the function of perceiving things as approaches all because having the intrinsic attribute of emptiness and spiritualness. The pureness of energy is the basis which perceives and, the perfection of reason is the cause which perceives. Consequently, the perception has the intuition with core of judgment which reaches to the law of things in the same time when gets the sensual image. Because like this intuition being attached in our perceptions, we can get the ability which recognizes aesthetic law of all things accomplishing the important category of actual beauty already at once from process of perception without depending in thought. Follows like this viewpoint, from Toegye’s theory of perception and his literary works, we tried to investigate the real nature and the object of perception, also we tried to discuss the problem of aesthetic judgment which relates in perception.

Objectives : For the purpose of developing new anti-HIV agents from natural sources, the extracts of Ricinus communis were tested for their inhibitory effects on essential enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT), protease and alpha-glucosidase. Inhibition activity of major compounds of Ricinus communis were predicted from quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) in silico. Methods and Results : In the anti-HIV-1 RT using enzyme-linked oligonucleotide sorbent assay (ELOSA) method, water and methanol extracts (100ug/ml) of Ricinus communis showed strong activity of 94.2% and 82.7%, respectively. In the HIV-1 protease and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay, neither water nor methanol extracts of Ricinus communis inhibited the activity of the enzyme to cleave any substrates as oligopeptides and oligosaccharides. Conclusions : We found that for these samples it is possible that the inhibition of the RT in vitro is due to the secondary metabolites of Ricinus communis such as ricinine and quercetin. It would beof great interest to identify the compounds which are responsible for this inhibition, since all therapeutically useful agents up to date are RT inhibitors.