Earticle

워즈워스와 예이츠는 프랑스혁명과 부활절봉기를 겪으면서 각각 새로운 공화국의 설립과 아일랜드의 독립을 꿈꾼다. 하지만 이들 역사적 사건이 불러온 폭력 과 유혈사태는 두 시인이 이전에 가졌던 시각을 변화시킨다. 이들은 양가적 감정에 사 로잡혀 본인의 판단에 대해 끊임없이 의문을 제기하면서 분열된 자아의 양상을 보인 다. 워즈워스와 예이츠는 혼란스러운 역사적 사건을 마주할 수 있는 유일한 방법으로 각각 자연과 언어로 회귀하지만 양가적 감정을 완전히 해소하지 못한다. 두 시인은 프 랑스혁명과 부활절봉기의 빛과 그림자 사이를 끊임없이 오가며 환희와 슬픔, 긍정과 부정, 희망과 두려움을 동시에 시로 표현한다.

Both Wordsworth and Yeats dream of the establishment of a new republic and the independence of Ireland, undergoing the French Revolution and the Easter Rising. The violence and bloodshed, which these historical events bring about, however, change the two poets’s mind. They come to have ambivalent feelings, constantly questioning their own judgment of the terrible historical events. Wordsworth and Yeats could face confusing historical events only in nature and language, not completely eliminating their ambivalence in the events, though. The two poets constantly travel between the light and shadow of the French Revolution and the Easter Rising, expressing joy and sorrow, affirmation and denial, hope and fear.

In Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf explores the possibility and limitations of a complete communication of individual consciousness. Such main characters of the two novels as Mrs. Dalloway and Lily Briscoe have a wish that their consciousness can assimilate completely the consciousness of others. While they respectively try to embrace the individual consciousness of Septimus Warren Smith and Mrs. Ramsay, they usually feel frustrated partly because of the divided condition of their self and partly because of the unstable linkage between their sensational experience and their consciousness. Ironically, their wish seem to be finally fulfilled after the death of their doubles, that is, Septimus and Mrs. Ramsay. They receive an impression that the individual consciousness of Septimus and Mrs. Ramsay is revived and then assimilated into their own. At the very moment of the assimilation of consciousness, however, they feel emptiness and isolation in the center of their individual consciousness. Woolf as a modernist writer suggests that the communication of consciousness between individuals is fundamentally imperfect, and that the personality of an individual ultimately remains a mysterious phenomenon which avoids being captured by either our intellectual or sensational perception.

This article focuses on the Ireland’s cultural project in the age of globalization through the American in three plays by Friel, The Freedom of the City, Aristocrats, and Give Me Your Answer, Do!. All three plays dramatize the conflicts and exchanges between the American, an intellectual, who tries to understand Ireland by constructing her as an object of investigation, and the Irish who define themselves against the national other. The American intellectuals attempt to investigate an aspect of Irish culture and turn it into an object of analysis framed by an American discourse which is destabilized by the Irish counter-language. In these plays neither Irish nor American discourse can claim indisputable ownership of authority and truth. Instead the plays construct a diversified ideological and cultural field against claims for global homogeneity. In a context of varied collective identities permeated by contradictions and fragmentation, the divided self is preferable to the notion of a homogeneous and unified identity. The analysis of this juxtaposition has a twofold function: first, it reveals the relationship between power and knowledge as the American attempts to define and thus immobilize Ireland; second, the principle of permanent and absolute cultural difference is dismantled as the American occasionally desires and ultimately finds in Irish culture what is missing from his own; in the process a split self emerges. But the Irish, too, are occasionally involved in this gesture of the divided self.

Brian Friel plays communicate not only through words but also through the non-verbal use of space ― both the geographical places in which plays are set and the ways stage space is used. The circumstance of place is always a highly pertinent consideration in any discussion of Irish literature. I try to establish the relevance of a apposite attention to the question of place in Friel plays and propose to see it as an attempt to reveal awareness of place and divided self. The discussion of the paper centers on ‘the problem of space.’Through this attempt, I examine Friel's treatment of place as the theatrical dramaturgy in his plays in terms of the geographical space partition and the stage space and asserts that his ‘awareness of place’ reveals the cognitive mapping of Ireland's ‘divided self’. In geographical respect, Ballybeg is emblematic of Ireland and a part of Ireland rather than any one specific village in that area. In this respect Ballybeg represents an effort, at the wider application of a place, towards some kind of local universality. In dramaturgy, the experimental stage spaces are employed to deconstruct the reality 영어권문화연구 5권 2호252Friel has created within the world of Ballybeg as well as its external reality. I draw the conclusion that his attempts to map the pain of de-mythologizing both personal and public identities, facing up to lost fantasies to the individual and the nation. A focus on space particularly connected to theatrical dramaturgy(aesthetics) offers fresh interpretations of the texts and, far from narrowing the significance of Friel's work, opens it up to some of the major intellectual issues of present Ireland.

In The House of Mirth, Lily Bart’s divided self, which is rooted in her sense of guilt over her father’s death after her sumptuous debut, brings about her ambiguous and self-destructive behavior and rejection of the gender relations where the husband applies himself to work while the wife functions as a conspicuous consumer. Lily repeatedly refuses the conventional marriage in which a man’s wealth is traded for an aesthetic woman. She forgoes the opportunity to gain spiritual freedom by marrying Lawrence Selden and refuses to become a status symbol for Simon Rosedale, a Jewish upstart. Although her self-destructive behavior causes a series of scandals, she does not explain herself and is expelled from the high society. Lily seems to deliberately seal off the possibility of marriage to avoid becoming economically dependent on men. As an old maid, she tries to become independent by working as a social secretary for upstarts, establishing her own millinery business, and becoming a milliner. Lily’s precarious economic status and poverty justify Mrs. Bart’s obsession with her daughter’s marriage and the fear of the Other such as old maids. Rosedale plainly discusses financial problems that plague Lily, which is more helpful than Selden’s idealistic republic of the spirit. Lily’s failure to become independent and her tragic death underscore the need for women’s vocational training and improved job stability for women in America.

Henry Scobie's Divided Self in The Heart of the Matter Choi, Young-ho The purpose of this study is to examine Scobie's divided self in The Heart of the Matter. In most of Graham Green's novels, the protagonist's self is surrounded by internal and external conflicts. In Greene's fiction, the battles fought within the self mirror external conflict. Internal conflict is the source of responsibility which divides the self. In Chapter Ⅰ, I will explore the region of the divided self. The self traverses the axis which lies between the religious and the secular. On this axis lies the region of the divided self. In Chapter Ⅱ, I will explain Green's position of the self. I will outline and contrast the concepts of the self proposed by catholic apologists, Søren Kierkegaard, and Albert Camus. In Chapter Ⅲ, I will apply three concepts of the self to The Heart of the Matter. I will analyze the causes and effects of the divided self in The Heart of the Matter and means by which the divided self becomes the precondition for the possible movement to the self-hood. I examine the disjunction between Scobie's avowed credo and his actions. Scobie's self is essentially solipsistic. In Chapter Ⅳ, I will examine the way in which Green's protagonist attains selfhood. Scobie fails to attain selfhood. He succumbs to despair. The attainment of selfhood is premised mainly on the self's persistent striving to become more human, and also on the self's growing ability to recognize and increase its subjectivity, its truth of what it is, and what it has become.

In T. S. Eliot’s early poetry, the main characters from Prufrock to Gerontion are drifting lonely and alienated without anchoring in the world. They desire reconciliation with the world, but the greater their desire is, the more hurt, divided and drifted they are. Narcissus retreats from the human world and is transformed into various figures of self until he becomes the dancer to God. Prufrock is trapped in constantly overturned and delayed time, as he is divided between the past and the future self. His desire exists only in the postponement of time that separates desire from fulfillment. Gerontion finds history deceptive, noticing it to dissolve into incomprehensibility. He obsessively repeats “think” against unreliable history but ends up with dry thoughts rattling his brain. His thought no longer shelters itself against the fragments of his reverie.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the background, process, and result of the divided self in Edgar Allen Poe’s “William Wilson” and Saul Bellow’s Dangling Man, which, respectively, results in self-annihilation or self-liberation. The divided self in the case of William Wilson was analyzed from the perspective of the Freudian psychoanalytic theory of Super Ego, Ego and Id, while the divided self in the latter case was approached from the philosophical perspective of idealism and existentialism.The cause of the divided self in “William Wilson” can be traced back to the extremely hostile relation between his Super Ego and Id, without any neutral ground for the Ego to intervene for the reconciliation of these opposing forces. But in Dangling Man, the conflict between the self and alter ego, which had begun with hostility against each other, was managed to reach the common ground by the incessant efforts of compromise and reconciliation by the both parties. Thus incommunicability and communicability between selves make a sharp difference in these two cases, resulting either in the catastrophic ending of self-destruction in the former case, or in the happy ending of opening an intercourse with the world by liberating himself from the imprisonment of the self in the latter case. These two works seem to show the mutually exclusive methods in dealing with the alter ego, which culminates in the killing of the alter ego in “William Wilson,” and in the embracing of the alter ego in Dangling Man. However different the methods may be, one fact remains true that the divided self can’t survive without the acknowledgement of the other half, for each opposing party shares the one and identical life, like a Siamese twin.

박범신의 『은교』는 그동안 ‘늙음(나이 듦)’ 또는 노년의 욕망에 관한 서사로 해석되어왔다. 이는 영화 [은교]가 부각시킨 이미지와 논점 등이 원작을 해석하는 데 영향을 미친 결과로 보인다. 하지만 이 소설에서 ‘늙음’ 그 자체보다 중요한 것은 ‘젊음/늙음’의 대립구조 안에서 ‘젊음(영원한 청년)’이 지닌 상징적 의미와 여기에 투영된 작가의 예술관이다. 이 점은 박범신 소설의 낭만주의적 지향과도 깊은 관련이 있다. 이 같은 문제의식 아래 이 논문에서는 『은교』에 나타난 ‘젊음’의 상징성을 박범신의 예술관과 작가의식의 측면에서 살펴본다. 이 과정에서 이 글은 특히 박범신의 자전적 성장소설인 『더러운 책상』과의 연관성에 주목한다. 『더러운 책상』은 시적 직관, 예술적 천재성, 영원성과 시간의 초월, 죽음 또는 자기 살해 충동, 세속성에 대한 혐오 등과 같은 키워드를 『은교』와 공유하는 소설로, 박범신의 낭만주의적 예술관에서 ‘젊음’이 상징하는 바가 무엇인지를 분명하게 보여준다. 이 두 편의 소설은 또한 분열된 자아들의 긴장과 갈등, 그리고 상징적 통합에의 비전 등을 통해 자신의 정체성을 재정립하려는 박범신의 작가적 모색을 담고 있다. 이 글에서는 이처럼 분열된 자아들이 죽음 또는 자기 살해를 통해 상징적 통합에 이르는 과정을 추적하고, 여기에 투영된 박범신의 자의식과 작가적 욕망을 검토한다. 이 같은 관점은 『은교』를 ‘박범신 소설로서’ 더 잘 이해하게 해주는 한편, ‘갈망의 삼부작’(『촐라체』, 『고산자』, 『은교』) 등에 나타난 박범신 소설의 낭만주의적 성격을 조명하는 데에도 의미 있는 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

This paper looks into the writer's consciousness and the view of art by analyzing the symbolic meaning of youth and the feature of 'divided self' in En-gyo. Especially it focuses on the relation to A Dirty Desk, autobiographical bildungsroman of Park, Bum-shin. A Dirty Desk has a lot of key words in common with En-gyo, such as poetic intuition, artistic genius, eternity, transcendence, death drive or suicidal impulse, and hatred of secularity etc. And this novel shows clearly what youth symbolize in Park, Bum-shin's works. A Dirty Desk and En-gyo also grope for author's identity through the struggle and tension between his divided selves. So in this paper, we read En-gyo and A Dirty Desk together, and examines the opponent structure of 'youth/aging', 'soul/flesh', 'eternity/temporality', and 'the artistic/the secular' in these novels. In result, it proves that the eternal youth in the old poet(Lee, Jeok-yo) means both immortal soul of art and his authentic self in En-gyo. And his love of En-gyo signifies writer's desire for reviving his own eternal youth, recovering his first purity. Also the conflict of Lee, Jeok-yo and Seo, Ji-woo shows the writer's inner division between artistic and worldly desire. If Lee, Jeok-yo is the writer's persona and present self, Seo, Ji-woo is another self(his shadow) as a bestselling author in the past denied by himself. This paper analyzes the process to symbolic unification of his divided selves by killing another self, and the writer's desire and romantic inclination in En-gyo.

Jungsun ChoiThis essay aims to investigate the problem of ego as divided ego in his later works, especially “The Jolly Corner”(1908) and The Sense of the Past (1917). In the works, James's heroes pursue the "other" selves who are similar to heroes, but are very antithetical to them. In “The Jolly Corner” Spencer Brydon searches for the ghost who takes after him in the house where he lived in his youth. In The Sense of the Past the present Ralph Pendrel plays the role of the past ancestor who looks like him, but avoids him.In my study I suggest that in these searches of heroes' the relationship between the hero and the other self represents that of ego and alter ego respectively. Thus the heroes' searching for the other selves symbolizes their efforts to find the alter ego hidden and repressed in their "official" ego and ultimately reach the unified ego. In "The Jolly Corner" Brydon tries to pursue the ghost, which is finally identified as his alter ego repressed in his public ego. In The Sense of the Past Ralph in the past is the self containing the alter ego representing the desire that the present Ralph has hidden and repressed. In order to understand self it is necessary for Ralph to play the role of the alter ego, his ancestor, and to experience his conflicts with the other characters of the past in the old house in Mansfield Square.Ultimately the heroes obtain the complete sense of self in their searches. Brydon faints in his pursuing the alter ego and achieves his full understanding of ego, waking up in the lap of Alice. Ralph also accepts and understands other characters and gets to full understanding of alter ego. James seems to further indicate that the redemption of unified self requires the relationship with other people and love. This is plausible in the importance of Alice, Aurora and Nan in the process of Ralph's achieving the unified self.

SPR(Self-Piercing rivet) is mechanical element of joining sheet metal components without the need for pre-punched or pre-drilled holes. Newly designed SPR is developed for high joining strength and shearing strength than semi-tubular rivet. In this study, divided shank of self-piercing rivet were designed for joining DP440 and SILAFONT. Newly designed SPR was simulated by using FEM code DEFORM-3D. In simulations of SPR process, various shape of self-piercing rivet were considered for semi-tubular and newly designed SPR. In other to examine the joinability, joining load and lap-shear load of newly designed SPR were compared with semi-tubular by simulated results and experimental ones.

SPR(Self-Piercing rivet) is mechanical element of joining sheet metal components without the need forpre-punched or pre-drilled holes. Newly designed SPR is developed for high joining strength and shearing strengththan semi-tubular rivet. In this study, divided shank of self-piercing rivet were designed for joining DP440and SILAFONT. Newly designed SPR was simulated by using FEM code DEFORM-3D. In simulations of SPRprocess, various shape of self-piercing rivet were considered for semi-tubular and newly designed SPR. Inother to examine the joinability, joining load and lap-shear load of newly designed SPR were compared withsemi-tubular by simulated results and experimental ones.

The possible reunification of the two divided Koreas on the Korean Peninsula has presented various important and interesting international legal problems. In this paper, I argue that the contemporary understanding of the principle of self-determination may provide the normative justification for Korean reunification in the future, but it also may demand that the two divided Koreas comply with the essentials of self-determination as members of international society. First of all, the reunification of the two divided Koreas should be understood as a process of the exercise of the right to self-determination for all Korean people, as they are entitled to determine their political, economic and cultural status as holder of the right to self-determination. It is to be noted, in this regard, that self-determination has not only been a fundamental principle of international law, but also a right ‘reserved’ for peoples guaranteed in international human rights treaties. Undoubtedly, the Korean people living on the Korean Peninsula have satisfied the definition of the concept of a people, even if the concept of a people for the purpose of international law still remains elusive. More importantly, self-determination seems to have gained the status of a jus cogen norm, or peremptory norm, of international law binding all members of international society without exception. This means that as long as the two Koreas pursue reunification in connection with the realization of the right to self-determination for all Korean people, no country in the world would object to it. Secondly, the birth of a reunified Korea as an independent state in future should imply that the two democratic political regimes on the Korean Peninsula will merge into one single democratic state. Under contemporary international law, the principle of self-determination embraces two distinct and mutually related aspects of external and internal self-determination. While external self-determination stands as the justificatory ground for the creation of a new state through independence from foreign colonial rule or foreign occupation, internal self-determination will signify the democratic guarantees of the political process for all people residing in a self-determining territorial unit (or state). In other words, internal self-determination is a continuing democratic process, even if external self-determination has been exercised and exhausted within a territorial unit (or state). Although the democratic structure of a state may vary from state to state, without necessarily and exclusively being confined to the Western type of liberal democracy, the wills and wishes of people in a sovereign state must be respected in its domestic political process. From this perspective, the reality of the two Koreas seems to be very unsatisfactory and even problematic. South Korea has achieved democratization, at least procedurally, since 1987, yet its democracy still needs to be improved and reformed in terms of the full enjoyment of substantive democracy. North Korea has been one of the most notoriously undemocratic and dictatorial countries in the world, with serious violations of human rights for the North Korean people. Lastly, the reunification of the two Koreas should not only be carried out in the interest of all Korean people but also all ethnic minority groups residing on the Korean Peninsula. The pursuit of the reunification of the two Koreas should respect standards of international law on ethnic minority protection. This is because the internal aspect of self-determination requires (mandates) the protection of ethnic minority groups residing in a nation state. Self-determination may provide a fundamental justification for the reunification of the two divided Koreas in international society, but at the same time it also requires that the two divided Koreas comply with the essentials of self-determination in light of democracy and ethnic minority protection in order ...

본 연구의 목적은 자기수용·타인수용의 관계와 자기수용·타인수용의 고‧저로 나눈 4집단의 대인관계스트레스 차이를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2018년 강원도와 충청도에 소재한 중·고등학교 4개교에 재학 중인 중학생 175명(63.6%)과 고등학생 100명(36.4%), 총 275명(남 101명, 여 174명)을 대상으로 자기수용, 타인수용, 대인관계스트레스의 척도로 구성된 설문을 실시하고 결과를 분석하였다. 중‧고등학생의 자기수용·타인수용의 고·저 수준의 조합에 의해 4개의 집단으로 분류하였다. 각 집단을 사회형, 자기중심형, 타인중심형, 비사회형으로 명칭하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자기수용과 타인수용은 높은 유의미한 정적 상관관계가 있었다. 둘째, 각 조합의 빈도는 중학생은 비사회형, 사회형, 타인중심형, 자기중심형의 순이었으며 고등학생의 경우 사회형, 비사회형, 자기중심형, 타인중심형 순이었다. 셋째, 중학생 집단간의 대인관계 스트레스 차이는 유의한 것으로 나타났으나 고등학생들의 집단 간의 대인관계 스트레스 차이는 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-acceptance and other acceptance of adolescents and the frequency and interpersonal stress differences among four clusters divided into high and low. In 2018, 175 middle school students (63.6%), 100 high school students (36.4%), and 275 students (101 males and 174 females) were enrolled in four middle and high schools in Gangwon-do and Chungcheong-do. ?A questionnaire consisting of measures of self-acceptance, acceptance of others, and interpersonal stress was analyzed and the results were analyzed. Four categories were classified according to the combination of high and low levels of self-acceptance and others acceptance of middle and high school students. Each cluster was named as social type, self-centered type, others-oriented type, and non-social type. The main results of this study are as follows. First, self-acceptance and others acceptance had a significant high positive correlation. Second, the frequency of each combination was in the order of non-social type, social type, others-oriented type, and self-centered type for middle school students, and social type, non-social type, self-centered type, and others-centered type for high school students. Third, the differences in interpersonal stress among the middle school group were significant, but the differences in interpersonal stress among the high school students were not significant. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.