Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between collaborative information seeking and users' learning style preferences and their experience of information systems. The study investigates the role of four different factors including learning style, task complexity, and user experience in collaborative information seeking in digital environments. Sixty participants (30 pairs) were randomly chosen from volunteer graduate students of Kharazmi University (Iran). Participants completed Kolb's learning style questionnaire and a user experience questionnaire and then performed two information seeking tasks (one simple and one difficult) in a lab setting. They could exchange information with their partners or a librarian using Skype. The sessions were recorded using Camtasia. The results showed that with an increase in task difficulty, collaborative information seeking activities increased and more interactions with partners and the librarian occurred. The number of executive help-seeking requests was higher than the number of instrumental help-seeking requests. This research confirms that learning style is related to the way users interact with the digital library and help seeking. The research showed that in difficult tasks, the differences among users with different learning styles become more evident, and that generally interactions increase in more difficult tasks. Among the learning styles, the accommodating style had the highest number of relationships with collaborative information seeking variables. Most of the statistically significant relationships between users' prior computer experience and collaborative information seeking variables were related to the time variable.

디지털 시대는 예술의 영역을 융합으로 이끌고 있다. 다양한 디지털 이미지들은 혼합하거나 분리되 어 새로운 작품을 만들어 가고 디지털로 저장된 작품들은 인터넷으로 여러 사람들과 공유 할 수도 있고, 다양한 매체로 출력되거나 확장된 공간으로 디스플레이 될 수도 있다. 관객과의 상호작용에 의해 만들어지는 참여와 소통, 공유와 개방을 가능하게 하는 디지털 뉴미디어 아트는 영상, 인터넷, 사운드, 그래픽, 설치, 퍼포먼스 등 다양한 분야와 결합하고 접목되어 새로운 담론을 이끌어 낸다. 이 연구는 현대미술이 디지털 테크놀러지와 접목하면서 보여준 디지털 미디어아트에 나타난 디지털 의 시간성과 혼합성의 문제를 다루고자 한다. 먼저 디지털 미학의 특성인 비선형적 관점에서 디지 털의 시간성을 고찰해 보고자하며, 다음으로는 디지털의 미학적 특성인 다매체성을 디지털의 혼합 성으로 규정하여 분석해 보고자 한다. 마지막으로는 디지털의 시간성과 혼합성에서 동시에 다루어 지는 디지털의 상호성에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 디지털 매체의 발전에 따른 시간 개념과 표현방식 에 대한 연구는 앞으로 디지털 뉴미디어를 다루는 미술가들에게는 여러 방면에서 이미 제작된 선행 작품에 대한 연구를 제시하고, 뉴미디어 아트를 감상하는 관람자들에게는 그 작품의 해석을 보다 쉽게 접근할 수 있도록 도움을 줄 것이다. 이러한 논의는 시간성과 혼합성의 개념 확장을 통해 시 간의 공간으로의 확장을 위한 다양한 담론들을 만들고 앞으로 새롭게 전개되어갈 방향을 모색하는 기회가 될 것이다.

The digital era is leading the realm of art to a state of fusion. Diverse digital layers can be combined to create a new work and can be synthesized, saved, printed or shared with many people on the Internet. Digital media art, which enables participation, communication, sharing and openness through interactions with spectators, is generating new discourses as it is combined and grafted with diverse areas such as graphics, sound, video, installation and performance. This research addresses the concepts of digital temporality and digital complexity which appear in digital media art as contemporary art integrated with digital technology. First, with a nonlinear viewpoint, which is a characteristic of digital aesthetics, the study contemplates digital temporality. The paper also stipulates the multi-media attributes of digital aesthetics as a type of digital complexity and then aims to analyze this complexity. Lastly, the research examines digital mutuality, which is discussed simultaneously with digital temporality and complexity. This research about the concept of time and its expression, with the development of digital media, proposes additional research concerning preceding artworks in diverse aspects to artists handling digital new media. Furthermore, the paper can help new media art appreciators easily approach interpretations of artworks. By expanding the concepts of temporality and complexity, this discussion can lead to various discourses which extend the domain of time to that of space, providing an opportunity to observe how digital media arts will develop in the future.

In this paper, aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional histogram enhancement method and defect, a kind of image enhancement algorithm is put forward based on digital image complexity. Experimental results show that this method has advantages compared with traditional image enhancement algorithms, mainly reflected in the results obtained by using the improved image enhancement algorithms, the corresponding SNR and MSSIM index are higher than the original. In the paper, SNR and MSSIM index is proved best combination, which are high reflects that the similarity of after-image and the reference image and the image is more suitable to the human eye.

다중 규격, 다중 대역, 다중 서비스 시스템간의 유연한 인터페이스를 보장하기 위한 SDR(Software Defined Radio)기술의 구현을 위해서는 안정성 및 저전력, 저연산량의 DDC(Digital Down Conversion)기술이 필수적이다. DDC기술은 디지털 채널 필터로 이루어진다. 이 때 일반적인 디지털 필터는 유한어장으로 인하여 오버플로우나 반올림 오차에 취약한 단점이 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하는 DDC 구조를 제안하였다. 그 방법으로 WDF(Wave Digital Filter)를 이용한 구조는 그 구조상 반올림 오차에 의한 잡음에 강하다. 따라서 필터계수의 단어길이가 짧을 경우 유용하게 사용된다. 또한 IIR기반의 필터이기 때문에 FIR기반의 필터보다 탭수가 줄어들므로 연산량이 줄어든다. 제안한 DDC구조에 사용된 CIC(Cascaded Integrator Comb) 필터, WDF, IFOP(Interpolated Fourth-Order Polynomials)에 대하여 분석하였으며, 모의실험을 통하여 결과를 확인하였다.

Multi-standard, multi-band, multi-service system to ensure a flexible interface between the SDR (Software Defined Radio) technology for the implementation of the Stability and Low-Power, Low-Calcualrion DDC (Digital Down Conversion) technology is essential. DDC technology consists of a digital channel filter. This is a typical digital filter because of the limited fisheries are vulnerable to overflow and rounding errors are drawbacks. In this paper, we overcome this disadvantage, we propose the structure of the DDC. The way WDF (Wave Digital Filter) Structural rounding error due to the structural resistance to noise. Therefore, This is the useful structure when the filter coefficients's word length is short. In addition, since IIR filters based on FIR filters based on the amount of computation is reduced because fewer than filter's tap. The proposed structure is used in DDC that CIC (Cascaded Integrator Comb) filter, WDF, IFOP (Interpolated Fourth-Order Polynomials) were analyzed with respect to, the results were confirmed by computer simulation.

In this paper, we examine the relations of two closely related concepts, the digital Lusternik-Schnirelmann category and the digital higher topological complexity, with each other in digital images. For some certain digital images, we introduce κ-topological groups in the digital topological manner for having stronger ideas about the digital higher topological complexity. Our aim is to improve the understanding of the digital higher topological complexity. We present examples and counterexamples for κ-topological groups.

A lot of researches [1] have been conducted on digital watermark embedding in brightness. A prerequisite for the digital watermark is that the image quality does not change even if the volume of the embedded information increases. Generally, the noise on complex images is perceived than the noise on fiat images. Thus, we present a method for watermarking an image by embedding complex areas by priority. The proposed method has achieved higher image quality of digital watermarking compared to other method that do not take into consideration the complexity of blocks, although the PSNR of the proposed method is lower than for a method not based on block complexity.

The standard of evaluating function of speech coder for mobile telecommunication can be shown in channel capacity, noise immunity, encryption, complexity and encoding delay largely. This study is an algorithm to reduce complexity applying to CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) mobile telecommunication system, which has a benefit of keeping the existing advantage of telecommunication quality and low transmission rate. This paper has an objective to reduce the computing complexity by controlling the frequency band nonuniform during the changing process of LSP(Line Spectrum Pairs) parameters from LPC(Line Predictive Coding) coefficients used for EVRC(Enhanced Variable-Rate Coder, IS-127) speech coders. Its experimental result showed that when comparing the speech coder applied by the proposed algorithm with the existing EVRC speech coder, it's decreased by 45% at average. Also, the values of LSP parameters, Synthetic speech signal and Spectrogram test result were obtained same as the existing method.

This paper seeks to suggest user satisfaction model of digital signage to see how new in-store technology can effectively lead to customers' shopping satisfaction in fashion retails. Authors in particular focus on technological complexity, which is expected to serve a subtle role in using digital signage. This study employed a scenario-based online survey. Interactive digital signage with virtual try-on and video-captures functions was used as stimuli. Data were collected from 320 respondents and 307 useable responses were analyzed to examine a proposed model. Research model compares dual paths of motivators: the extrinsic motivation route that leads from usefulness to shopping outcome satisfaction and intrinsic motivation route that leads from enjoyment to shopping process satisfaction. Technological complexity of digital signage indirectly and negatively influences shopping outcome and process satisfaction, mediated by usefulness and enjoyment, but directly and positively affects shopping process satisfaction. In omni-channel environments, the findings have implications for fashion retail managers in using digital signage to maximize customer satisfaction and to counterbalance the advantages and disadvantages of technological complexity.

This letter proposes a new near-lossless image compression method with only one line buffer cost for a digital camera with Bayer format image. For such format data, it can provide a low average compression rate (4.24bits/pixel) with high-image quality (larger than 46.37dB where the error of every pixel is less than two). The experimental results show that the near-lossless compression method has better performance than JPEG-LS (lossless) with ${\delta}$ = 2 for a Bayer format image.

미국, EU, 중국, 인도 등 주요국들은 데이터의 활용을 위한 기업 활동의 자유와 경제적 이익의 극대화, 개인 데이터와 프라이버시의 보호, 데이터 주권과 데이터 민족주의 등 자국의 가치와 이익을 저마다 고유의 방식의 결합하여디지털 무역 전략을 수립하고 있다. 디지털 무역 전략은 자국의 사회문화적 가치를 반영하는 동시에 중상주의적 성격을 내포하고 있다. 개인 정보, 표현의 자유, 기업 활동의 자유 등 다양한 가치들이 때로는 긴장 관계에 놓일 수있기 때문에, 디지털 무역 전략은 사회문화적 합의가 중요하다. 이와 동시에 주요국들은 사회적 가치를 중상주의적디지털 무역 전략의 수단으로 활용하는 경향을 보이기도 한다. 대외 협상에서 사회문화적 가치를 대외 협상의 명분으로 내세우는 가운데, 자국 기업을 간접적으로 지원하거나 상대국 기술 기업의 시장 접근을 제한하는 것이다. 한편, 다자 차원의 디지털 무역 관련 경쟁과 협력의 주요 축은 선진국 대 선진국, 미국 대 중국, 선진국 대 개도국의 구도로 형성되고 있다. 미국은 선진국 대 선진국 구도에서는 유럽, 미중 구도에서는 중국, 선진국 대 개도국 구도에서는인도 및 브라질 등과 갈등 구도를 형성하는 핵심 행위자이다. 디지털 무역에서 경쟁과 협력의 동학은 미국의 공세와압박에 대하여 주요국들이 대응하는 형식을 취하는 가운데, 미국과 EU, 중국, 인도 간 상호작용이 순차적으로 확산되면서 양자 또는 국지적 쟁점에 머물지 않고 지구적 쟁점화하고 있다.

Major countries such as the United States, the EU, China, and India formulate digital trade strategies as they combine diverse social values and economic interests in their own ways, including freedom of business activities and maximization of economic benefits, protection of personal data and privacy, and data sovereignty and data nationalism. As a result, each country incorporates not just the country’s social and cultural values, but a mercantilist nature into digital trade strategies. While there is a trade-off between protection of personal data and freedom of expression/freedom of business activities in executing digital trade strategies, major countries tend to take advantage of social values to pose a mercantilistic posture in the digital trade strategies. It is against this backdrop that competitive dynamics have unfolded among major countries to secure a better place in its transition into the digital economy. Meanwhile, three cleavage structures were formed at the multilateral level such as advanced countries versus advanced countries, the United States versus China, and developed countries versus developing countries. The U.S. is a key player as it is involved in all three cleavage structures against the EU, China, and India. The dynamic of competition and cooperation in digital trade has become a global issue, going beyond a bilateral or local issue, as the U.S. takes a aggressive posture against other major countries.

This study intends to prepare a system that can be used, by applying digital technique, in analyzing complexity of architectural forms that have been visualized by the correlation based on the distribution chart made in accordance with profile lines. The profile lines are derived from the edge analysis of the architectural forms, simplified based on the visual theory. For the purpose, this study was conducted in the following ways: First, problems of the existing models for the elevation analysis were examined along with formal analysis based on visual recognition to consider the profile lines derived from the forms. Secondly, in elevation analysis, profile lines were derived by digital method to measure them qualitatively. To verify the objectivity of the measured data value, a survey was conducted based on the adjective cataloging method, and the correlation of the survey result and analyzed data was analyzed to verify the validity of the derived data. Thirdly, supplementation for the problems deducted from experiments and the possibility to use it in designing were suggested. Digital method has many advantages over the conventional analyzing system in deriving precise data value by excluding subjectivity. It also allows various analytical methods in analyzing numerous data repeatedly. Diversified models and methods of analysis considering numerous factors arising in the process of designing remain assignments to research in future.

In this paper, the complexity reduction method for QCELP speech coder (IS-96) without any perfomrance degradation is proposed for the vecoder of CDMA digital cellular system. The energy terms in pitch parameter search and codebook search routines that require large computations are calculated recursively by utilizing the overlapped structure of code vectors in adaptive codebook and excitation codebook. The additional complexity reduction in the codebook search routine can be achieved by using a simple form in calculation of the energy term when the initial codebook value is zero. In the case of lower transmission rates such as 4,2,1 kbps, the complexity reduction by recursive calulations of energy term is increased.

본 연구는 디지털 기술의 발전이 역사학의 인과관계 설정과 환경 요인 적용 방식에 가져온 변화를 검토하고, 복잡계(Complex Systems) 이론을 역사학의 새로운 방법론적 기반으로 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 전통적인 역사학은 역사적 사건을 주로 서사적·선형적 인과관계에 따라 설명해 왔으며, 기후 변화, 전염병, 생태환경과 같은 외부 환경 요인은 역사 해석의 보조적 요소로 활용되는 경우가 많았다. 그러나 최근 컴퓨터의 병렬연산과 시뮬레이션 기술의 발전은 다수의 행위자와 환경 요인 간의 복합적인 상호작용을 계산 가능한 형태로 구현할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였으며, 이를 통해 역사적 인과관계를 보다 동적이고 과정 중심적으로 분석할 수 있는 가능성을 제공한다. 본 연구는 복잡계 이론의 핵심 원리인 비선형성, 상호작용과 피드백, 자기 조직화, 복원력과 임계점, 네트워크 구조를 역사적 인과관계의 확장된 원리로 해석하고, 각 원리가 역사철학과 역사 방법론에 갖는 의미를 고찰하였다. 복잡계는 역사적 결과를 결정론적으로 예측하는 법칙이 아니라, 다양한 행위자와 환경 요인이 상호작용하는 과정에서 창발하는 역사적 패턴과 동역학을 분석하기 위한 이론적 틀로 이해된다. 이러한 접근은 기존 역사학에서 상대적으로 정적인 변수로 취급되었던 환경 요소를 역사적 행위자와 동일한 분석 체계 안으로 통합하고, 역사적 변동을 다층적 상호작용의 결과로 이해할 수 있는 기반을 제공한다. 이러한 방법론의 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위해 본 연구는 14세기 흑사병과 농노 소득의 관계에 관한 포스탄(Postan)의 이론을 사례로 선정하고, 시스템 역학(System Dynamics Modeling)을 활용한 역사 시뮬레이션을 구축하였다. 시뮬레이션에는 흑사병에 따른 인구 변화, 출생률과 사망률, 노동 한계생산성, 물가 등의 변수를 함수 관계로 구성하여 상호작용을 구현하였다. 분석 결과, 포스탄이 제시한 인구 감소와 노동 희소성에 따른 임금 상승이라는 기본 논리는 일정 부분 재현되었으나, 실제 변화 과정에서는 다단계적 인구 변동과 비선형적 전환, 지역 및 환경 조건에 따른 다양한 경로가 나타났다. 이는 역사적 인과관계가 단선적인 원인과 결과의 연쇄가 아니라 복수의 행위자와 환경 요인이 지속적으로 상호작용하는 과정에서 형성됨을 보여준다. 결론적으로 복잡계 기반 역사 시뮬레이션은 역사적 사실을 예측하거나 역사 법칙을 제시하기 위한 도구가 아니라, 역사적 인과관계를 실험적으로 검토하고 다양한 환경 요인을 역사 분석 내부로 통합할 수 있는 새로운 방법론적 기반을 제공한다. 또한 디지털 기술은 역사학의 연구 대상을 확대할 뿐만 아니라 역사철학의 인과 개념과 역사 서술 방식에도 새로운 논의를 제기하며, 향후 컴퓨테이셔널 역사학의 핵심 연구 방법론으로 발전할 가능성을 보여준다.

This study examines how advances in digital technologies have transformed the ways in which historical causality is established and environmental factors are incorporated into historical research. It proposes Complex Systems Theory as a new methodological foundation for historical inquiry. Traditional historiography has generally interpreted historical events through linear and narrative-based causal relationships, while external environmental factors such as climate change, pandemics, and ecological conditions have largely been treated as supplementary variables. However, recent developments in parallel computing and simulation technologies have made it possible to computationally model the complex interactions among multiple agents and environmental variables, thereby enabling a more dynamic and process-oriented understanding of historical causality. The study reinterprets the core principles of Complex Systems Theory?nonlinearity, interaction and feedback, self-organization, resilience and critical thresholds, and network topology?as an expanded framework for historical causation, and examines their methodological and philosophical implications for historical research. Rather than functioning as a deterministic theory capable of predicting historical outcomes, the complexity approach provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the emergent patterns and dynamic processes generated through the interactions between historical actors and environmental conditions. This perspective enables environmental variables, which have traditionally been regarded as external or static factors, to be integrated into the same analytical framework as historical actors, allowing historical change to be understood as the product of multilayered interactions. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, the study reconstructs M. M. Postan's theory concerning the relationship between the Black Death and peasant income through a System Dynamics Modeling (SDM) simulation. The model incorporates variables including demographic change caused by the Black Death, birth and mortality rates, marginal labor productivity, and grain prices, and represents their interactions through dynamic functional relationships. The simulation generally reproduces Postan's central argument that population decline and labor scarcity contributed to rising wages. At the same time, however, it reveals nonlinear demographic fluctuations, multiple transition points, and diverse developmental trajectories shaped by varying environmental and regional conditions. These findings suggest that historical causality should not be understood as a simple linear chain of causes and effects, but rather as an emergent outcome of continuous interactions among multiple actors and environmental variables. In conclusion, complexity-based historical simulation should not be regarded as a tool for predicting history or discovering universal historical laws. Instead, it provides a methodological framework for experimentally examining historical causality and systematically integrating environmental factors into historical analysis. Furthermore, digital technologies not only expand the analytical scope of historical research but also raise new philosophical questions concerning causality and historical explanation. This study argues that complexity-based historical simulation has significant potential to become a core methodology in the field of computational history.

디지털 사이니지는 공공장소 또는 상업적인 공간에서 다양한 정보를 네트워크를 통해 광고, 정보, 엔터테인 먼트, 미디어아트 등을 제공하는 디지털 미디어로서 이의 매체적 특성을 이해한 최적화된 사용자경험(user experience; UX)을 제공하는 것이 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구는 디지털 사이니지에서 제공하는 시각물의 디자인 복잡성(복잡/단순)과 소구유형(정보형/감성형)의 2원 상호작용에서 종속변수인 선호도에 미치는 영향을 미치 는지 알아보고자 하였다. 먼저 사전조사를 통해 독립변수인 디자인 복잡성의 정도를 ‘복잡, 단순’, 소구유형은 ‘정보형소구, 감성형소구’로 실험자극물을 도출하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과는 선호도에 영향을 미치고 있으며 특히 디자인 복잡성이 단순하고 소구유형이 감성형인 경우 더 많은 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 확인하였 다. 또한, 디자인 복잡성과 소구유형의 상호작용이 선호도에 미치는 효과는 플로우에 의하여 완전매개(complete mediation)가 아닌 보완적으로 매개(complementary mediation)되고 있음을 나타냈다. 이는 실험자극물인 저관 여 감성형 제품에 속하는 음료에 대한 전통적인 미디어에서의 선행연구에서 주로 보여진 연구결과들이 디지털 사이니지라는 매체에서도 일치하는 효과를 보이는지 실증적으로 확인한 연구로서 학문적인 시사점이 있다. 또한, 실무적 측면에서 제작 방향에 먼저 디자인 복잡성이 소비자의 선호도에 영향을 미치는 것을 인지하고 시지각물의 구성요소의 텍스트, 이미지, 레이아웃 등의 수량에 대한 조절이 필요하며 구성요소 일부분의 조정이 아닌 총합의 결과가 복잡성을 결정하므로 전체적인 측면에서 디자인의 ‘단순성’을 지향하여 제작해야 한다는 것이다. 또한, 소구방법의 선택과 메시지 문구를 결정함에도 주의를 필요로 한다. 이번 연구와 같이 초콜릿 음료는 감성형 메시지가 높은 효과를 얻을 수 있었던 것처럼 유사특성의 이미지를 제작할 때 감성에 호소하는 메시지를 담아 제작하는 것을 고려해야 한다. 이에 실무적 제작 이슈를 구체적으로 해소할 수 있도록 실증적 연구를 통해 더 나은 사용자 경험을 제공하는 제작 방향을 모색할 수 있었다.

Digital signage plays an important role as digital media that provide diverse advertising and entertaining information, and media art through the network to public or consumers in the commercial places. It is becoming crucial in offering the optimized user experience (UX) such that it would be essential to understand its media characteristics. This study intends to identify the effect of the interaction between design complexity and appeal types from visual materials of the digital signage on consumers’ preferences using as the popular dependent variable in consumer behavior research. Conceptualizing the design complexity follows the previous study completed by Deng and Poole (2010) who defined the complexity based on the number of components in the promotion messages. The pre-test was conducted to verify the different level of design complexity (complex vs. simple), which would be utilized as a stimulus in the main study. Appeal types were selected based on the methods used by previous advertising research (Naylor, Kleiser, and Yorkston, 2008) as a moderator in this study. Appeal types were classified as information appeal and transformational appeal. Information appeal aims to stimulate consumers to assess clearly and logically the benefits of using products and services based on the factual information, whereas transformation appeal is designed to motivate consumers to make their choices based on their feelings combined with their past positive usage experiences. Specifically investigating the moderating effect of appeal types would help us look into deeper to verify how consumers interpret the information displayed on the digital signage differently depending on the design complexity when the message from the digital signage was perceived cognitively or emotionally. In this study, while information appeal was manipulated by displaying the promotion message which describes product attributes in detail, transformational appeal was manipulated by displaying the message which triggers consumers to recall their happiest moments of drinking sweet chocolate latte. The mediating variable, flow, was measured with the items developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002, 2004). 2 (design complexity: complex vs. simple) × 2(appeal types: informational vs. transformational) between-subjects factual design was used in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the conditions. The result of the study showed that there was no effect of the appeal type when the design complexity was high. Conversely, we found that people showed higher preferences on the product promoted through the transformational type of the message when the design complexity of the digital signage was low. This study empirically confirms the findings from the previous studies on consumers’ attitudes toward the low-involved emotional products such as beverages. This research proves that people indicate consistent preferences on such products in the context of using digital signage. This research provides insightful managerial implication that marketing managers should choose the simple structure of the digital signage considering the layout, the amount of text information, and the product image when sending the emotional messages. This article was also able to seek a production direction that provides a better user experience through empirical research to solve the problems practically in production.