Earticle

This study investigates the use of relative clauses (RCs) by Chinese migrant workers who learned Korean in a naturalistic setting via everyday interaction with Korean native speakers. An analysis of the spoken data collected from 30 participants through semi-structured interviews revealed the following: 1) The learners at the low and intermediate levels did not produce many RCs, indicating that acquisition of forms and functions of RCs is not an easy task without formal instruction. 2) The learners’ RCs exhibited a gradual development with the following stages: compounding of two clauses, RCs without the head noun, internally headed RCs, and externally headed RCs. 3) At the low level, the relativization of the object was more common than that of the subject, which is not consistent with the prediction of the NPAH. 4) The animacy of the head noun interacted with the type of RCs; an animate head noun had a higher tendency to occur with a subject RC, while an inanimate head noun with an object RC. It is hoped that this study contributes to enhancing our understanding of the development of RCs in learner language. Further study with learners of more diverse L1 backgrounds should complement the result of the current study.

Differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii is laborious and time-consuming tasks especially in mycelial status. For development of a method for differentiation of P. eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotypes. PCR with the each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II comprised of 4 and 8 cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivar and strains with 21 allele with a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful to provide an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions. (This work was supported by a grant from the Golded Seed Project (213003-04-3-SBY20), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

Background: Cannabis are typically dioecious, with female and male reproductive parts located on separate plants. Female cannabis plants are preferred for the production of cannabinoids, ter- penes, and other valuable compounds synthesized within the female floral tissue. Female and male plants look identical during seedling and vegetative phases, and only after transition to flowering phase can male, female, and monoecious plants be distinguished. Early identification of the sex of cannabis plant can conserve time and money by avoiding the undesired sex of the plant. The objec- tive of the present study was to provide a sex determination method for cannabis plants using the sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker, and set multiplex-polymerase chain reac- tion (PCR) conditions for more accurate early sex determination of cannabis to overcome the dis- advantages of SCAR markers. Methods and Results: Cannabis seeds were collected and cultivated for several purposes. Leaf samples were harvested and stored during vegetative growth phase. In silico mapping of three male-specific sequences (MADC3, MADC4, and MADC6) revealed through random amplified polymorphic DNA, showed that MADC3 has a very similar sequence with the female cannabis genome. Primers were produced based on the sequences (SCAR1, SCAR2, and SCAR3, respec- tively) and subjected to gradient PCR. Only SCAR3 produced a male-specific band with an anneal- ing temperature of over 61.4 ℃. PCR was performed on cannabis plants produced for several purposes by mixing SCAR3 and internal standard 3 (IS3). Result showed that all cannabis plants produced an IS3 band of 197 bp, but only male cannabis plants produced a SCAR3 band of 118 bp. Conclusions: Multiplex-PCR primer produced a male-specific band of 119 bp in cannabis bred for several purposes, and the presence of the 197 bp cannabis common band confirmed that PCR pro- ceeded normally for all samples. The multiplex-PCR primer is greatly beneficial because the IS3 band is a specific sequence found only in cannabis, making it possible to differentiate cannabis from other plants in addition to determining the sex from with a single PCR run.

Background: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara shows vegetative growth with radical leaves during the first year and shows reproductive growth with cauline leaves and bolting during the second year. In addition, the shape of the plant varies within the same species. For this reason, there are limitations to classifying the species by visual examination. However, there is not sufficient genetic information or molecular tools to analyze the genetic diversity of the plant. Methods and Results: Approximately 34.59 Gbp of raw data containing 342,487,502 reads was obtained from next generation sequencing (NGS) and these reads were assembled into 357,211 scaffolds. A total of 84,106 simple sequence repeat (SSR) regions were identified and 14,133 primer sets were designed. From the designed primer sets, 95 were randomly selected and were applied to the genomic DNA which was extracted from five plants and pooled. Thirty-nine primer sets showing more than two bands were finally selected as SSR markers, and were used for the genetic relationship analysis. Conclusions: The 39 novel SSR markers developed in this study could be used for the genetic diversity analysis, variety identification, new variety development and molecular breeding of A. triphylla

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, of the Lamiaceae family, is a medicinal plant. This study aimed to develop polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for analyzing the genetic diversity and distinguishing between varieties of S. miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results: Using whole genome resequencing data, 50 SSR markers were designed for S. miltiorrhiza. Of these, 41 polymorphic markers were selected and utilized to assess 44 S. mil- tiorrhiza accessions. A total of 346 alleles were detected (2 to 17 per locus, averaging 8.4). Major allele frequency ranged from 0.19 to 0.83 (average 0.47), observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.60 (average 0.22), and polymorphic information content ranged from 0.29 to 0.87 (average 0.64). Among the 41 SSR markers, 18 were effective for distinguishing varieties, particularly S. miltior- rhiza ‘Dasan’, ‘Gosan’, and 'Hongdan' varieties. Conclusions: The SSR markers developed in this study could be effectively used for variety discrimination, genetic diversity analysis, and population genetics studies for breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.

Background: Although Astragalus membranaceus is a major medicinal herb used for food and medicinal purposes, genome-based research for its exploration is insufficient. The introduction of the genetic breeding system for medicinal crops, based on genomic analysis, will have a great impact not only on the establishment of the origin but also on understanding the existing traditional breeding system. Methods and Results: A. membranaceus from five accessions of Poongsung, Asung, Jecheon, Sancheong, and Jilin from China were used, which are cultivated in the test field. The produced nucleotide sequences were assembled de novo to obtain 450,449 contigs, and the repeat sequences were extracted using the selection criteria, two to six nucleotide sequences repeated five time or more. Finally, we obtained 147,766 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker candidates. Using the CLC genomics workbench program, 949 SSR markers showing mutations for Astragalus in the 5 accessions were selected. From the designed primer sets, 99 were randomly selected and applied to the genomic DNA which was extracted from five cultivars and pooled. Ten primer sets showing more than two bands were finally selected as SSR markers, and were used for the genetic relationship analysis in 81 strains of A. membranaceus. Conclusions: The data of this study can be used as a marker when registering A. membranaceus varieties through pure line selection and line breeding in the future. It is thought that it can greatly contribute to securing intellectual property rights for domestic Astragalus breeding varieties.

In the herbal medicine market, Angelica gigas, Angelica sinensis, and Angelica acutiloba are all called "Danggui" and used confusingly. We aimed to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among 14 Angelica species collected from different global seed companies. Toward this aim we developed DNA markers to differentiate the Angelica species. Methods and Results: A total of 14 Angelica species, A. gigas, A. acutiloba, A. sinensis, A. pachycarpa, A. hendersonii, A. arguta, A. keiskei, A. atropurpurea, A. dahurica, A. genuflexa, A. tenuissima, A. archangelica, A. taiwaniana, and A. hispanica were collected. The genetic diversity of all 14 species was analyzed by using five chloroplast DNA-based simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and employing the DNA fragment analysis method. Each primer amplified 3 - 12 bands, with an average of 6.6 bands. Based on the genetic diversity analysis, these species were classified into specific species groups. The cluster dendrogram showed that the similarity coefficients ranged from 0.77 to 1.00. Conclusions: These findings could be used for further research on cultivar development by using molecular breeding techniques and for conservation of the genetic diversity of Angelica species. The analysis of polymorphic SSRs could provide an important experimental tool for examining a range of issues in plant genetics.

This study describes the identification of Panax species using mitochondrial consensus primers. Initially, a total of thirty primers were tested in ten Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign Panax species, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification results, three primers (cox1, nad1/2-3 and nad2/1-2) generated co-dominant polymorphic banding patterns discriminating Korean ginseng cultivars from P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. However, these primers could not generated polymorphisms among the Korean ginseng cultivars, and simply represented species-specific polymorphisms for P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. Primers PQ91 and PN418 were designed from the consensus sequence of nad1/2-3 region. Two banding patterns (A or B) were detected in PQ91. Korean ginseng cultivars and P. notoginseng shared the same banding pattern (A type) and P. quinquefolius was identified another banding pattern (B type). In the case of PN418, two banding patterns (A or B) were detected in the Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign Panax species. Korean ginseng cultivars and P. quinquefolius shared the same banding pattern (A type) and P. notoginseng was identified another banding pattern (B type). The combination banding patterns of three Panax species, Korean ginseng cultivars (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng, was identified as ‘AA’, ‘BA’ and ‘AB’,respectively. Consequently, PQ91 and PN418 primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

연구목적: 시퀀스제어는 제조, 유통, 건설, 의료 산업분야의 자동화 등에 응용되어 널리 사용하고 있다. 4차산업의 발전으로 제어분야에 인공지능 융합 기술이 산업에 중요한 요소가 되어가고 있다. 특히 기 존 시스템에 마이크로프로세서와 인공지능이 융합된 설비의 안전성과 혁신성을 평가하고 신뢰성 높은 장비개발이 요구되고 있어 교육목적의 장비를 개발하여 해당분야의 발전을 견인하고자 한다. 연구방 법: 자체 개발한 일체형 인공지능 컨트롤러 모듈은 기존의 시퀀스 및 PLC제어 회로에 인공지능 능력을 융합한 장비이다. 본 장비의 성능평가항목으로 동작, 음성, 문자, 색상 등의 인식 능력과 회로의 안정성, 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 결론: 시퀀스 및 PLC 회로를 설계 후 융합된 일체형 인공지능 컨트롤러 모듈의 성능평가항목이 모두 만족하였고 회로의 안전성과 신뢰성에 문제가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

Purpose: Sequence control is widely used by being applied to manufacturing, distribution, construction, and automation in the medical industry. With the development of the fourth industry, artificial intelligence convergence technology in the control field is becoming an important factor in the industry. In particular, it is required to evaluate the safety and innovation of facilities where microprocessors and artificial intelligence are fused to existing systems and develop reliable equipment, so it is intended to develop equipment for educational purposes and drive the development of the field. Method: The self-developed all-in-one artificial intelligence controller module is a device that combines artificial intelligence capabilities with existing sequence and PLC control circuits. As the performance evaluation items of this equipment, the recognition ability of motion, voice, text, color, etc. and the stability and reliability of the circuit were evaluated. Conclusion: After designing the sequence and PLC circuit, the performance evaluation items of the integrated integrated artificial intelligence controller module were all satisfied, and there was no problem in the safety and reliability of the circuit.

In Factory, as the number of machine is increased the more maintenance efforts are necessary. Multi maintenance issues may occur at a certain time and the determination of maintenance sequence is needed. In this study, we first compare the priority of machines and the impact value using modified FMEA(Failure Mode Effect and Analysis) method. Also, CBR(Case-based Reasoning) approach is applied to retrieve similar fault cases of current machine problem. The proposed methodology will be useful to implement decision support system of maintenance sequence for CMMS/EAM (Computerized Maintenance Management System/Enterprise Asset Management).

본 연구는 제 1차부터 2009 개정 통합교과 및 사회교과 교육과정의 지도-비율기능학습이 학생의 공간 인지발달 단계에 맞게 계열성이 고려되어 발전되어 왔는지를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 지도기능학습은 지도 읽기, 지도 해석, 지도제작, 지도 사용 등 네 영역으로 이루어지며, 지도기능학습의 필수요소는 Gerber & Wilson(1984, 151)이 지도제작과정의 요소를 고려하여 추출한 배열, 비율, 지도언어, 조망적 관점으로 이루어 진다. 본 연구는 필수요소 중 축척, 거리 및 선택의 개념을 포괄하는 지도-비율기능학습에 주목하여 종래의 축 척학습 집중되어 있던 지도기능학습 연구의 범위를 넓히고자 하였다. 이 연구를 기반으로 학생의 공간인지발 달 단계를 고려한 실질적인 지도-비율기능학습 교육과정 개발 및 실행연구가 진행되길 기대한다.

The purpose for this study is to confirm that the map-proportion skills learning of the curriculum from the 1st to revised 2009 has been developed considering the sequence for the spatial cognitive development of the student. For this purpose, the structure of knowledge of the map skills learning was extracted from arrangement, proportion, map language and plan view. This study focused on map-proportion skills learning which includes the concept of scale, distance and selection. It expands the scope of the map skills learning, which was concentrated on scale learning. It is expected that the development of practical map-proportion skills learning curriculum and action research considering the spatial cognitive development will be proceeded.

역사교육과정은 학생들에게 선택의 여지가 없는 ‘제도’이다. 교육과정이 계열성을 확보하고 있어야 하는 가장 큰 이유는 바로 학생들이 ‘이어 배워야 하는’ 학습 경험이기 때문이다. 제7차 교육과정부터 기본교육과정과 선택과정 체제가 도입됨으로써 초·중·고등학교 체제에 따라왔던 계열성 접근틀이 구조적인 수정의 필요성에 직면하였다. 기본과정과 선택과정의 단계로 구분한 교육과정의 취지를 살려 계열성을 확보하려면 두 과정의 차별성을 분명히 하되 기본과정 안에서는 각 학년별 학습내용이 좀 더 긴밀히 연결될 수 있도록 내용을 구성할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 새 역사 교육과정은 전체 구성면에서 보았을 때, 통사 중심의 기본과정에서 특정한 관점이나 담론에 기초한 주제 중심 접근을 강조한 선택과정으로 계열화 되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 기본과정의 <역사>도 계열성 측면에서 중요한 변화의 계기를 마련하였다. 가장 중요한 것은 지금까지 한국사 중심으로 논의하던 방식에서 벗어나 세계사를 계열성 논의의 장에 끌어들에게 되었다는 점이다. 또한 <역사>는 기본적으로 반복을 피하고 3년 동안의 학습 내용의 연결을 꾀하는 쪽으로 접근 방향을 달리하였다. 한국사 내용을 반복하지 않으면서 세계사 내용과 한국사 내용의 상호 관계, 연계 방식을 달리하여 10학년이 8-9학년보다 심화된 역사이해에 도달할 수 있도록 시도하였다. 한국사와 세계사의 관계 설정은 내용 영역의 배열을 넘어서는 문제로 역사를 통해 학습자가 경험해야 할 역사적 사고와 인식의 계열화로 이어진다. 8-9학년에서 나와 남에 대한 인식, 다양성에 대한 열린 태도를 기르고, 각각에 대한 기본 지식을 습득하도록 한다면, 10학년에서는 타자의 경험에 비추어 본 자기 인식과 성찰을 강조하여 계열화하였다. 교재 구성에서는 교육과정이 강조하는 역사인식의 특성이 학습 경험에 체계적으로 담길 수 있도록 배려하는 일이 핵심이 될 것이다. 8-9학년 <역사>교재는 역사적 공간에 대한 인식을 배려하고, 한국사와 세계사를 넘나드는 활동을 구성하며, 9학년과 10학년 세계사 성취기준의 연관성을 짚는 방식으로 10학년 <역사> 교재 구성과의 계열성을 살릴 수 있다.

This study aimed to form the groundwork for building up the theory of the sequence or teaching and learning history, and explore the way of practicing in the school. The result of this study are as follows. First, important, positive change has achieved in the sequence between 'Basic course' and the 'Optional course' History, newly set subject in the 7th reformed curriculum (2007), the core of 'Basic course' is constructed for chronicle and perspective understanding in korean and world history. Three optional subjects stress the historical discussion, interpretations, and various historical views. Second, History, has a distinctive feature : coexistence of korean and world history. This feature made possible to apply new sequence frame in the 'Basic course' Third, to give body to the new sequence frame in the 'Basic course' in teaching material development, it's essential to design equipment in materials to rear historical space senses. And simply designed comparison activity for 8-9grade student is useful to sequencing the historical thinking between 8-9grande and 10grande.

The interaction of the genes involved in intestinal development is the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanisms of intestinal development. The objective of this study was to identify the significant pathways and key genes that regulate intestinal development in Landrace piglets, and elucidate their rules of operation. The differential expression of genes related to intestinal development during suckling time was investigated using a porcine genome array. Time sequence profiles were analyzed for the differentially expressed genes to obtain significant expression profiles. Subsequently, the most significant profiles were assayed using Gene Ontology categories, pathway analysis, network analysis, and analysis of gene co-expression to unveil the main biological processes, the significant pathways, and the effective genes, respectively. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to verify the reliability of the results of the analysis of the array. The results showed that more than 8000 differential expression transcripts were identified using microarray technology. Among the 30 significant obtained model profiles, profiles 66 and 13 were the most significant. Analysis of profiles 66 and 13 indicated that they were mainly involved in immunity, metabolism, and cell division or proliferation. Among the most effective genes in these two profiles, CN161469, which is similar to methylcrotonoyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 2 (beta), and U89949.1, which encodes a folate binding protein, had a crucial influence on the co-expression network.

Phylogenetic relationships in Korean watermelons were evaluated by genetic similarity coefficients using 15 SSR(simple sequence repeat), 14 SCAR(sequence characterized amplified region) and 14 CAPS(sequence characterized amplified region) markers. The SSR markers were selected from previously reported melon and watermelon SSRs through testing polymorphisms within a set of commercial $F_1$ varieties. The SCAR and CAPS markers were developed from polymorphic AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers between inbred lines 'BN4001' and 'BN4002'. From the AFLP analysis, 105 polymorphic fragments were identified between the inbred lines using 1,440 primer combinations of EcoRI+CNNN and XbaI+ANNN. Based on the sequencing data of these polymorphic fragments, we synthesized sequence specific primer pairs and detected clear and reliable polymorphisms in 27 primer pairs by indels(insertion/deletion) or RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism). A total of 43 sequence-based PCR markers were obtained and polymorphic information content(PIC) was analyzed to measure the informativeness of each marker in watermelon varieties. The average PIC value of SCAR markers was 0.41, which was similar to that of SSR markers. Genetic diversity was also estimated by using these markers to assess the phylogenetic relationships among commercial varieties of watermelon. These markers differentiated 26 Korean watermelon varieties into two major phylogenetic groups, but this grouping was not significantly correlated with their morphological and physiological characteristics. The mean genetic similarity was 66% within the complete set of 26 commercial varieties. In addition, these sequence-based PCR markers were reliable and useful to identify cultivars and genotypes of watermelon.

본 연구는 RAPD 기법을 이용한 종 특이 marker 개발 및 이 marker의 SCAR marker로의 개발을 목표로 수행되었다. Random primer 700개에 대하여 PCR 수행결과, 품종간, 개체간에 많은 다형성이 관찰되었으며 품종특이적인 양상을 나타내는 MG30, MG53의 primer는 각각 2.0kb, 2.3kb의 위치에서 제주말과 더러브렛종의 특이적인 RAPD 단편을 나타내었다. 이들 단편들 중 품종 특이적인 단편을 클로닝한 후 random primer가 포함된 부분의 염기서 열을 결정하였다. 10 bp의 RAPD random primer에 10bp의 염기를 추가하여 SCAR primer를 제작하였다. SCAR marker의 수행결과 RAPD marker와 같은 2.3kb, 2.0kb의 크기에서 제주마와 더러브렛종에 특이적인 하나의 밴드가 증폭되었다. 따라서 이 Cnh-SCAR marker는 보다 안정적이고 재현성 있는 marker로서 사용이 가능하여 제주말의 판별에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was conducted to analyze genetic characteristics and to develop the specific marker for Cheju native horse (Coo) at the level of sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs). We collected blood samples from Cheju native horse and Thoroughbred horse (Th) and obtained genomic DNA from the blood of 50 individuals randomly selected within the breeds. Seven hundred primers were chosen randomly and were used to examin the polymorphism and 40 kinds of primers showed polymorphic RAPD band patterns between two breeds. Thirty primers of them showed horse specific bands. With the primer MG 30, amplified band of 2.0 kb showed the specificity to Cheju native horse (Cnh). Additionally MG 53 detected the thoroughbred horse (Th) specific markers at size of 2.3 kb. As the next, 2.3 kb band from MG 53 was checked with the all individuals from all the breeds of this study, and it maintained the reproducible breed specificity to thoroughbred horse (Th). With this results, 2.3 kb band was cloned into plasmid vector and sequenced bidirectionally from both ends of the cloned fragment. With the obtained sequences 10 nucleotide extended primers including the original arbitray primer were designed as a SCARs primer. Finally, the primer with extended sequence showed the reproducible breed differentiation pattern and it was possible to identify Cheju native horse (Cnh) from other breeds. The SCARs marker 2.3 kb from MG 53 could be used to identify Cheju native horse (Cnh) for not only registration but also horse breeding programe.

한국 재래 닭의 유전적 특성 규명 및 기능 유전체 연구의 기초재료를 확보하고자 대량 EST 염기서열 결정 및 생물정보학 분석을 실시하였다. 대량 EST 염기서열 분석을 위한 첫 번째 단계로 재래 닭의 뇌, 비장, 정소, 배아 생식기를 이용하여 cDNA library를 구축하였다. 각각의 library로부터 총 15,121개의 클론을 선정하여 염기서열을 결정하였다. 생물정보학 분석결과 15,121개의 염기서열은 총 10,353개의 contig로 정리되었다. 이들 염기서열을 기존 데이터베이스를 대상으로 tBlastX(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) 분석을 실시한 결과, 염기서열 중 56 ％가 기존 데이터베이스에 존재하는 유전자와의 상동성을 보였다. 상동성을 보이는 유전자들은 유전자의 구조 및 기능 분석에 이용될 것이고, 상동성을 보이지 않는 유전자들은 microarray와 같은 대량 유전자 발현분석 시스템을 이용하여 선별한 후 기능분석이 실시될 것이다.

목적： 심장관련 질환과 연관성이 있는 심장의 움직임을 관찰, 확인해야 하는 필요성이 날로 증가함에 따라 심장의 움직임을 관찰할 수 있도록 심장 영상 내에 일정한 간격의 saturation된 선(grid)을 만들어, 시간에 따른 grid 된 영상을 얻어 grid 의 변형에 따른 심장의 움직임을 확인하여 본다.

The white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one of the most widely cultivated species of edible mushroom. Despite its economic importance, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity of this species. Illumina paired-end sequencing produced 43,871,558 clean reads and 69,174 contigs were generated from five offspring. These contigs were subsequently assembled into 57,594 unigenes. The unigenes were annotated with reference genome in which 6,559 unigenes were associated with clusters, indicating orthologous genes. Gene ontology classification assigned many unigenes. Based on genome data of the five offspring, 44 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed. The major allele frequency ranged from 0.42 to 0.92. The number of genotypes and the number of alleles ranged from 1 to 4, and from 2 to 4, respectively. The observed heterozygosity and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, and from 0.15 to 0.64, respectively. The polymorphic information content value ranged from 0.14 to 0.57. The genetic distances and UPGMA clustering discriminated offspring strains. The SSR markers developed in this study can be applied in polymorphism analyses of button mushroom and for cultivar discrimination.