Earticle

상담사는 상담결과에 대한 인정욕구가 있다. 그 인정욕구는 자존감 안정성을 추구하는 심리가 있다. 상담사의 인정욕구와 자존감의 안정성은 내담자 회복에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이 연구는 이러한 가설을 증명하기 위해서 시작하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 상담사의 인정욕 구와 자존감 안정성의 정도, 그리고 상관관계를 분석하는 것이다. 연구과제는 상담자의 인 정욕구가 어느 정도인가. 상담사의 자존감 안정성이 어느 정도인가. 상담사의 인정욕구와 자존감 안정성의 상관관계는 어느 정도인가 이다. 연구방법은 이론적 접근과 설문조사 분석 을 하였다. 이론적 접근은 인정욕구와 자존감 안정성에 대한 철학적 심리학적 접근을 하였 다. 설문은 인정욕구 척도와 자존감 안정성 척도로 질문하였다. 연구대상자는 현재 상담을 하고 있는 상담사 236명이다. 설문은 성별, 학력별, 경력별, 상담유형별로 분석했다. 분석방 법은 빈도분석, 교차분석, 대응표본 t검정을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 인정욕구가 여자보다는 남자가 더 높았으며, 자존감 안정성은 여자 상담사들이 더 높을 것으로 조사되었다. 학력별 은 박사재학중인 상담사들이 인정욕구와 자존감 안정성에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 경 력별 인정욕구는 상담경력이 많을수록 높았으나 자존감 안정성은 상담경력이 많을수록 낮 은 것으로 나타났다 상담유형의 결과는 인정욕구와 자존감 안정성 모두 목회/기독교상담 병행, 일반상담, 목회/기독교상담 순서로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 인정욕구와 자존감 안정 성은 서로 상관관계가 있는 것으로 서로 영향력을 주고받는 유의미한 관계이며, 적합성에서 유효한 상호성이 있는 것으로 검정되었다.

The Counselors have a desire of recognition of counseling results. The desire for recognition has a psychology that pursues self-reliance stability. The counselor's desire for recognition and the stability of self-esteem can help clients recover. This study began to prove this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to correlation of degree of self-esteem stability and desire of recognition of the counselor. What research is to some extent a recognized desire of the counselors? The stability of self-esteem of counselors is applied to some extent? The stability of self-esteem and a desire of recognition of counselors is correlation to some extent? The research method was survey and analysis of the theoretical approach. The theoretical was approach to philosophical and psychology of recognized desire and stability of self-esteem. The survey was questions to scale of recognized desire and stability of self-esteem. The participants is the 236 person of counselors. The survey was analyzed by sex, education, career, and counseling type. The method of analysis was analysis of frequency, cross tabulation analysis, and paired t-test. The result of this study, recognized desire is to men higher than women, stability of self-esteem is women counselors higher than men. Education, counselors of Dr. degree course was found to higher desire of recognition and stability of self-esteem. Career, desire of recognition were higher the more counseling experience, the more desire of recognition. But stability of self-esteem showed the more counseling experience, the more low self-esteem stability. Results of the counseling’s types showed to desire of recognition and self-esteem stability both Pastoral/Christian counseling and general counseling, general counseling, Pastoral counseling order. It acknowledges the recognized desire and self-esteem stability is a meaningful between giving and receiving influence each other that there is a correlation with each other. Also, results has been to test valid reciprocity in compliance.

The problem of reducing the vibration level of elastic plates driven by multiple random point forces is analyzed in this study. First, the analytical solution for the vibration level of finite thin plates with four simply supported edges under the action of multiple random point force is derived. By assuming the plates to be lightly damped, an approximate solution for the vibration level of the plate is obtained. A numerical study is carried out to determine an optimal spacing distance between the multiple point forces in order to produce a relative minimum in the plate's vibration level. The optimal spacing distance is shown to depend on the given excitation band. The effects of wave cancellation in the near field of the multiple point forces are discussed by using the equivalence of certain stationary random responses and deterministic pulse responese.

Background: Hip abductor muscles play a critical role in stabilizing the pelvis during functional activities. A decline in hip abductor strength is associated with impaired balance and an increased risk of falls, particularly in elderly females who experience physiological changes and age-related muscle loss. Although limb dominance has been proposed to influence lower extremity muscle strength in young adults, no studies have yet examined differences in hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females. Furthermore, the relationship between hip abductor strength and self-reported functional ability, as measured by the Korean version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), has not been investigated in this population. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between hip abductor strength and the Korean version of the LEFS and to compare hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females. Methods: Sixty-seven elderly females were recruited from community centers. Hip abductor strength was measured using a Smart KEMA Pulling Sensor. The relationship between hip abductor strength and LEFS scores was analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient, while a paired t-test was used to identify significant differences in strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Results: Hip abductor strength in both the dominant limb (r = 0.355, p < 0.05) and in the non-dominant limb (r = 0.406, p < 0.05) showed a significant positive correlation with LEFS scores. No significant difference was found in hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that hip abductor strength should be considered an important factor influencing lower extremity functional ability, as assessed by the LEFS, in elderly females.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the association between the posterolateral hip strength and lateral functional performance in healthy young adults and whether this relationship differs between sexes. METHODS: Forty-eight healthy adults (19 male, 29 female; 18-34 years) without a lower extremity pathology were included. The posterolateral hip strength of the dominant limb was assessed using the Hip Stability Isometric Test (HipSIT) with a handheld dynamometer, and the results were normalized to the body mass. The lateral functional performance was evaluated using the Side-Hop Test (SHT), recorded as the time to complete 10 lateral single-leg hops over 30 cm. Sex differences were analyzed, and sex-specific correlations between the HipSIT strength and SHT time were examined using the Spearman coefficients. RESULTS: Men showed significantly greater normalized HipSIT strength and faster SHT times than females (p < .05). In females, greater HipSIT strength was moderately associated with a shorter SHT completion time (rho ≈ - .451, p < .05). In men, no significant correlation was observed between the HipSIT strength and SHT time. CONCLUSION: The posterolateral hip strength is related to the lateral functional performance in healthy young females but not in men. These findings suggest that the posterolateral hip strength may play a relatively greater role in lateral functional tasks in females and support the clinical utility of incorporating HipSIT-based assessment and targeted posterolateral hip strengthening in the evaluation and training of young female populations.

Purpose: Walking is an essential activity of daily life and serves as a key indicator reflecting an individual’s physical function and health status. This study analyzed the correlation between age, physical characteristics, gait speed, balance ability, and spatiotemporal gait parameters in healthy adults. In addition, the influence of each variable on gait ability was assessed. Methods: One hundred and thirty-two participants were included in this study. All participants were assessed for their physical characteristics, balance ability, and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among the variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictive variables for each gait parameter. Results: As a result of this study, gait speed, and age showed an explanatory power of 0.794 for the stride length (p<0.05). The body weight showed an explanatory power of 0.086 for step width (p<0.05). In addition, the gait speed and body fat mass showed an explanatory power of 0.454 for the stance phase, while age showed an explanatory power of 0.240 for cadence (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study identified the factors that influence the spatiotemporal gait parameters. The gait speed, age, and body fat mass were significant predictors of the step length and stance phase. These findings may be useful for evaluating the gait ability when applying a program to improve the gait ability.

Objective: Hip rotation is crucial forwaist and pelvic rotation. However, the correlation between the hip rotation ratio and the activation of the trunk-stabilizing muscles remains unclear. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study included 30 healthy male and female participants from K University. To investigate the correlation between trunk stabilization muscle activation and hip joint rotation, we measured the activationof the erector spinae, internal oblique, external oblique, and gluteus medius muscles using surface electromyography (sEMG). Range of motion (ROM) of hip joint rotation was evaluated using a goniometer. Results: A significant correlation was identified between the hip internal rotation ratio and the activation of the erector spinae and internal oblique muscles (p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between the hip external rotation ratio and trunk-stabilizing muscle activation (p > 0.05). Additionally, a significant correlation was observed amongthe erector spinae, internal oblique, external oblique, and gluteus medius (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Hip internal rotation is correlated with the activationof the erector spinae and internal oblique muscles. Therefore, assessing and addressing the left/right ratio of hip internal rotation and trunk stabilization muscles may be essential for maintaining trunk stability and ensuring symmetry in hip joint internal rotation ROM.

Objective: The number of patients with forward head posture is increasing because of poor long-termposture, which can lead to mental and musculoskeletal changes. This studyaimed to analyze the correlation between physical and psychological factors in university students with forward head posture. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The participants were 64 university students who were assessed for physical factors, such as cervical alignment, neck flexor endurance, suboccipital muscle tone, and postural balance, and psychological factors, such as sleep quality and stress. Cervical spine alignment was assessed based on the craniovertebral angle using a smartphone, whereas neck flexor endurance was assessed using a deep neck flexor muscle endurance test. Suboccipital muscle tone was measured using a Myoton PRO device, and postural balance was assessed using the Y-balance test. Sleep quality and stress was measured using the general sleep disturbanc scale and stress response inventory, respectively. Results: The results showed that there was a significant correlation between thecraniovertebral angle and stress response inventory (p<0.05); however, nocorrelation was found between the other factors (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study showed a correlation between cervical spine alignment and stress.

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is a common foot deformity in which the great toe deviates laterally and the first metatarsal deviates medially, leading to pain, discomfort, and reduced mobility. HV severity is typically assessed using the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA). Objects: This study aimed to explore how changes in skeletal, muscular, and functional variables correlate with HV severity and to provide evidence for more integrated treatment approaches. Methods: Sixty volunteers with mild to moderate bilateral HV (HVA 15-40 degrees) participated. The measurements included HVA and IMA via radiography, abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH) cross-sectional area (CSA) and tone using ultrasound and Myoton PRO, range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and great toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint with a goniometer, and plantar pressure during gait with a Zebris FDM system. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for the statistical analysis. Results: An Increased HVA was associated with a higher IMA (r = 0.858, p < 0.05). The HVA was inversely related to the AbdH CSA (r = -0.337, p < 0.05) and muscle tone (r = -0.889, p < 0.01). With increasing HVA, dorsiflexion ROM of the ankle (r = -0.307, p < 0.01) and both flexion (r = -0.197, p < 0.05) and extension (r=-0.182, p<0.05) ROM of the great toe MTP joint decreased. Conversely, ankle plantar flexion ROM increased with the HVA (r = 0.312, p < 0.01). Additionally, plantar pressure increased in the second metatarsal areas (r = 0.457, p < 0.05) a with higher HVA. Conclusion: This study demonstrates significant correlations between HV severity and various biomechanical factors, highlighting the need for comprehensive treatment strategies. While stretching the adductor hallucis muscle and strengthening the AbdH have been widely recognized interventions for HV, our findings provide evidence that ROM exercises for the ankle and the MTP joint of the great toe are also critical components of a physical therapy program for managing HV. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the effectiveness of these approaches.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effect of forward head posture (FHP) and round shoulder posture (RSP) on changes in muscle activities according to shoulder flexion and abduction tasks. Methods: Twenty-two male subjects with no history of neurological, musculoskeletal surgery or injuries, or pain in the spine region within the previous 3-month periods were recruited for this study. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and Scapula Index were measured before performing 90° abduction and flexion tasks holding a 3kg dumbbell. Muscle activities were measured during the tasks. All measurements except height of the acromion were carried out in a sitting position at the height of the subject's knee angle of 90 degrees, and two tasks were randomly performed with the arm that the subject mainly use to throw the ball. The abduction and flexion angles were checked by the examiner using a goniometer beside the subject. Results: Correlation coefficient analysis between Scapular Index and upper trapezius muscle activity during shoulder abduction task showed significant positive correlation. No significant correlation was observed between CVA, Scapular Index, and other muscle activities. Conclusion: FHP showed increased muscle activation, making it difficult to change muscle activity under lower loads, and RSP was correlated with UT activation in shoulder abduction. Therefore, in the RSP, the loaded shoulder abduction is considered a potential risk factor for increasing shoulder muscle tension. This paper proposes an approach to treating RSP before FHP.

Objective: Training-related injuries and attrition put an additional burden on police and military institutions. Preventing and minimizing musculoskeletal injuries is the primary concern of the Abu Dhabi Police. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between functional movement screen, lower-limb strength, Y-balance test, grip strength and vertical jump and the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries among Abu Dhabi police recruits. Design: Observational analytical study. Methods: An observational study was conducted on 400 male police recruits of Abu Dhabi Police Academy. Physical performance was assessed before the 16-weeks basic police training. Spearman's correlation evaluated the correlation between the performance parameters and the outcome measures and logistic regression predicted the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries. Results: 149 (34.4%) participants reported at least one injury during the basic police training. Comparison between injured and non-injured participants showed significant difference in mean right Y-balance, back-leg-chest dynamometer, and vertical jump (p=0.02, p=0.02, and p=0.04, respectively). Spearman's correlation showed a significant negative correlation between risk of injury and back-leg-chest dynamometer and right Y balance (ρ= -0.11, p=0.03). Logistic regression showed that back-leg-chest dynamometer and right Y balance were significant predictors of injury (p =.036 and p=0.037; Odds ratio=0.96; 95% CI (0.92, 0.99) and Odds ratio=0.99; 95% CI (0.98,0.99). Conclusions: Our findings suggest functional movement screen and grip strength may not independently predict injury rates, balance and lower-limb strength needs to be considered in injury prevention strategies to reduce musculoskeletal injuries.

While conducting dual-task training on patients with neurological disorders, it is crucial to comprehend brain activity changes during performance. Therefore, this systematic review's goal is to examine the literature on the usage of virtual reality in patients with postural and cognitive dysfunctions while assessing areas of brain activity through a non-invasive neuroimaging tool - fNIRS. We conducted research using PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Science Direct databases, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital library. Keywords were 'VR' OR 'virtual reality' AND 'dual-ask' AND 'fNIRS' or 'Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy'. Search of the literature revealed a total of three articles, which investigated exercising programs' effects on motor and cognitive function improvement while monitoring brain activation with fNIRS in older and young adults. All three studies showed improvement in cognition after performing VR tasks and its correlation with cortical activation after VR intervention. Future studies should include more longitudinal studies to explore the potential mechanism of VR and more studies on different types of neurological diseases.

Background: Virtual reality (VR) programs based on motion capture camera are the most convenient and cost-effective approaches for remote rehabilitation. Assessment of physical function is critical for providing optimal VR rehabilitation training; however, direct muscle strength measurement using camera-based kinematic data is impracticable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to indirectly estimate the muscle strength of users from the value obtained using a motion capture camera. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pedaling speed converted using the VR engine from the captured foot position data in the VR environment can be used as an indirect way to evaluate knee muscle strength, and to investigate the validity and reliability of a camera-based VR program. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were included in this study. Each subject performed a 15-second maximum pedaling test in the VR and built-in speedometer modes. In the VR speedometer mode, a motion capture camera was used to detect the position of the ankle joints and automatically calculate the pedaling speed. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess the isometric and isokinetic peak torques of knee flexion and extension. Results: The pedaling speeds in VR and built-in speedometer modes revealed a significantly high positive correlation (r = 0.922). In addition, the intra-rater reliability of the pedaling speed in the VR speedometer mode was good (ICC [intraclass correlation coefficient] = 0.685). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant moderate positive correlation between the pedaling speed of the VR speedometer and the peak torque of knee isokinetic flexion (r = 0.639) and extension (r = 0.598). Conclusion: This study suggests the potential benefits of measuring the maximum pedaling speed using 3D depth camera in a VR environment as an indirect assessment of muscle strength. However, technological improvements must be followed to obtain more accurate estimation of muscle strength from the VR cycling test.

With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, air pollution has become increasingly serious, and the pollution control situation is not optimistic. Climate change has become a major global challenge faced by mankind. To actively respond to climate change, China has proposed carbon peak and carbon neutral goals. However, atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors that affect air quality are complex and changeable, and the complex relationship and correlation between them must be further clarified. This paper uses China's 2013-2018 high-resolution air pollution reanalysis open data set, as well as statistical methods of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) to calculate and visualize the design and analysis of environmental monitoring big data, which is intuitive and it quickly demonstrated the correlation between pollutants and meteorological factors in the temporal and spatial sequence, and provided convenience for environmental management departments to use air quality routine monitoring data to enable dynamic decision-making, and promote global climate governance. The experimental results show that, apart from ozone, which is negatively correlated, the other pollutants are positively correlated; meteorological factors have a greater impact on pollutants, temperature and pollutants are negatively correlated, air pressure is positively correlated, and the correlation between humidity is insignificant. The wind speed has a significant negative correlation with the six pollutants, which has a greater impact on the diffusion of pollutants.

Objective: Low back pain (LBP) is a symptom that accounts for a large proportion of musculoskeletal pain. Among them, non-specific LBP (NSLBP) means that the pathological cause is unknown, and belongs to the most common LBP. Studies on the mechanism of muscle control in LBP are insufficient, and quantitative studies are needed. Design: Observational cross-sectional study design Methods: A Thirty participants with NSLBP symptoms were enrolled, and their pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and muscle and fat thickness were measured. Participants measured the paraspinal muscles (PM) of the thoracic and lumbar spine and medial hamstring (semitendinosus) on the dominant and non-dominant sides in the prone position. Results: Among the variables that were significant in the correlation analysis, PM of the thoracic and lumbar spine showed a significant relationship in the PPT ([thoracic spine PM]=1.141+0.912 [lumbar spine PM]). Also, there was a significant relationship between the lumbar spine PM in the PPT and the thoracic spine PM in the muscle thickness ([lumbar spine PM of PPT]=4.057+0.117 [thoracic spine PM of muscle thickness]) Conclusions: Although there was no muscle imbalance according to the dominant and non-dominant side, there is a correlation between the pressure pain threshold and the muscle thickness between the paraspinal muscles of the thoracic spine and the lumbar spine.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between activity of daily living and social psychology and work mind of office workers with non-specific chronic neck pain (NSCNP). Design: Crossed-sectional study Methods: 86 patients with NSCNP were recruited for this study. Neck disability index (NDI) and Numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) were used to check the pain intensity and disability of patients with neck pain. To find out the occupational factors of the subjects, the Korean version of Latack Coping Scale was used. And,To find out the socio-psychological factors of the subjects, the Korean version of depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21) was used. We performed correlation for each variable. Results: The correlation between NPRS and NDI and DASS-21 Scale were clear positive correlation (p<0.05). There was no statistical significance between the LATACK control group and the pain and disability index (p>0.05). A clear positive correlation was established between the avoidance group of LATACK and pain (p<0.01). Conclusions: Through this study, it is necessary to have time to manage depression, anxiety, and stress in the treatment of neck pain in office workers who spend a lot of time sitting. In addition, it is thought that there should be the ability to control oneself about one's duties in the workplace.

Objective: The purpose of this study to investigate the correlations among the motor function, balance, and gait velocity and the strength that could explain the variation of gait velocity of chronic stroke survivors. Design: This was a cross-sectional cohort study. Methods: Thirty hemiplegic stroke survivors hospitalized in an inpatient rehabilitation center were participated. The muscle tone of ankle plantarflexor and muscle strength of ankle dorsiflexor were measured respectively with modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and hand-held dynamometer. And the motor recovery and function with Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), balance with Berg balance scale (BBS) and timed up and go (TUG) test were measured. Gait velocity was measured with GAITRite. The correlation among motor function, muscle tone, muscle strength, balance, and gait were analyzed. In addition, the strength of the relationship between the response (gait velocity) and the explanatory variables was analyzed. Results: The gait velocity had positive correlations with FMA, muscle strength, and BBS, and negative correlation with MAS and TUG. Regression analysis showed that TUG (𝛽=-0.829) was a major explanatory variable for gait velocity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that gait velocity had correlations with muscle strength, MAS, FMA, BBS, and TUG. The tests and measurements affecting the variation of gait velocity the greatest were TUG, followed by FMA, BBS, muscle strength, and MAS. This study shows that TUG would be a possible assessment tool to determine the variation of gait velocity in stroke rehabilitation.

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy causes the posture deformation, gait asymmetry, and lower back pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among functional leg length discrepancy (FLLD), muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during simple lifting task. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated in this study. FLLD was measured from the umbilicus to medial malleolus of left and right leg using a tape. The subjects performed to lift a 10 kg box from the floor to chest. The muscle activity and muscle contraction onset time of rectus abdominis, erector spinae and rectus femoris was measured using EMG system and vGRF was measured by two force plate. Pearson correlation was used to fine out the correlation among FDDL, muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vGRF during simple lifting task. Results: Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle activity of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle contraction onset time of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. And correlation between FLLD and difference of vGRF of short-long side was high (r>0.7) during simple lifting task. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is high correlation between FLLD and muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time, and ground reaction force during simple lifting task. Therefore, FLLD could negatively affect the postural balance.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to prepare evidence for the prevention and management of nonspecific chronic neck pain (NSCNP) by examining the correlation between activity of daily living and physical activities of office workers with NSCNP. Design: Crossed-sectional study Methods: 89 patients with NSCNP were recruited for this study. But 2 subjects met the exclusion criteria and were dropped out, and 86 subjects finally participated. Numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and neck disability index (NDI) were used to check the pain intensity and disability of patients with neck pain, respectively. For the activity of daily living, computer use time, sleep time, and driving time were used. To find out the physical activities of the subjects, International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ-SF) was used. Correlation analysis was performed to find out the correlation of each variable. Results: A clear positive correlation was established between computer use time and pain (p<0.05), and a clear positive correlation was established between computer use time and disability index (p<0.05). The correlation between NPRS and NDI and physical activity total time, high intensity activity score, moderate intensity activity score, and walking score were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: In treating patients with NSCNP, it is necessary to reduce the computer usage time as a professional factor or to educate the proper posture. In addition, rather than emphasizing physically comprehensive physical activity, grafting therapeutic exercise directly related to neck pain could have a more positive effect on NSCNP patients.