Earticle

도시 레질리언스는 도시에서 점점 더 중요해지고 있는 개념이며 점점 더 도시 위험 관 리 접근 방식으로 고려되고 있다. 이 개념에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있음에도 불구하고 이 용어의 의미는 정립되지 않아 다양하게 받아들여지고 있으며, 이러한 모호함에 대한 명확한 정리가 필 요하다. 본 연구에서는 도시 레질리언스에 대한 문헌을 검토하고 연구자, 연도 및 용어의 사용 경향 등을 분석한 후 관련 도시 레질리언스의 핵심적인 구성 요소를 구별한다. 구별된 구성 요소 는 도시 레질리언스의 주요 특징을 밝히기 위해 하위 계층 구조의 단어 및 기능에 대한 해석을 기반으로 네 개의 그룹으로 분류되었다. 도시 레질리언스의 문헌 검토에 따른 구성 요소의 분류 는 도시 레질리언스가 주로 물리적 특징보다는 도시 기능을 의미한다는 것을 보여주었다.

Urban resilience is a concept that is gaining importance among cities, and accepting more acknowledgments as urban hazards approach. Despite the interest it faces, due to the term having various features it has uncertainties and needs rearrangements. In this paper, a review of the studies regarding urban resilience is done by arranging the components through analysis regarding author, time, usage. The arranged components will then be classified into four groups to understand the features urban resilience has. The classification of the components was done into four groups based on the interpretation of the words the components had in the lower hierarchy, its form, and how it explains a city. The classification showed that urban resilience shows a strong tendency towards being an urban function itself.

Translation and Interpreting (T/I) is closely related to culture and there is a general consensus that cultural competence is a vital ingredient in carrying out interpreting and translation activities in an effective way. However, general knowledge and definition of cultural competence often fall into the domain of encyclopedia knowledge, and so far there has been lack of related studies on identifying and defining what cultural competence really is. Thus, this study aims to explore existing research on T/I and culture, and on cultural competence with various angles. And then, based on critical examination and analysis of these existing studies, it will define what cultural competence means to Translation and Interpreting and figure out its components. In this study, cultural competence is divided into three components. The first is to acquire and understand source and target cultures, the second is to act as a mediator between the two cultures, and the third is to serve as an active agent of social and cultural activities. These three competences are related to “Knowing,” “Doing,” and “Identity” in terms of T/I and culture.

Insulin-like growth factors(IGF)s-I과 -II ligands와 이들의 receptors 및 6 종류의 IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs)로 구성된 IGF system은 여러 종류의 세포의 생존, 증식 및 분화에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 리튬은 in vitro에서 여러 종류의 세포의 생존과 증식의 조절제로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 IGF-I, IGF-I receptor 및 IGF carrier로서 주로 IGFBP-3를 발현하는 rat C6 glioma cell에서 LiCl로 유도된 세포 생존 및 증식의 변화와 IGF system components의 발현간의 관계를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 10% 혈청을 함유하는 배양액에서 0, 2mM, 혹은 5mM LiCl을 첨가하여 C6 cell을 24시간 배양했을 시 세포의 생존률과 세포 수는 리튬 첨가에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 72시간 배양했을 때 C6 cell은 명백히 리튬의 첨가수준에 따라 반응하였다. 0, 2mM, 5mM LiCl 첨가수준에서 72시간 배양한 C6 cell은 각각 전형적인 세포분열, 세포분열 중지 및 세포사멸 양상을 보였다. 더욱이 사멸돼가는 세포는 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction으로 조사한 IGF-I, IGF receptor 및 IGFBP-3의 발현수준이 저하되었다. 흥미롭게도 혈청을 첨가하지 않은 배양조건 하에서 IGFBP-3에 대한 anti- sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide를 10 M 수준으로 첨가하여 IGFBP-3 mRNA의 해독을 차단하고 24시간 배양했을 때도 표적 mRNA는 물론 세포 수도 줄었다. 종합하자면, C6 cell에서 리튬의 독성 효과의 일부는 이 제제에 의한 IGF system components의 발현 억제 효과에 의해 매개될 소지가 크다. 이러한 관점에서 IGFBP-3는 적어도 이 세포의 정상적인 증식을 위해 꼭 필요한('permissive') 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

The insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system, consisting of IGFs-I and -II ligands and their receptors and six IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs), plays an important role in survival, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Lithium is a known modulator of survival and proliferation of many cell types in vitro. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between LiCl-induced changes in cell survival and growth and the expression of the IGF system components in C6 rat glioma cell line which, besides IGF-I and its receptor, is known to express IGFBP-3 as its major IGF carrier. When C6 cells were cultured for 24h in the absence or presence of 2mM or 5mM LiCl in a 10% serum-containing medium, the viability and the number of cells were not affected by added lithium. In 72-h culture, however, C6 cells clearly exhibited a dose-dependent response to added LiCl. The cells cultured for 72h in the presence of 0, 2mM and 5mM LiCl exhibited a typical mitotic, a growth-arrested and an apoptotic appearances, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic cells were accompanied by reduced expression of IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGFBP-3 as examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, blockade of IGFBP-3 mRNA translation by addition of 10 M IGFBP-3 anti-sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide in serum-free, 24-h culture resulted in a decrease in the number of cells as well as relative abundance of the target mRNA. In summary, results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of lithium in C6 cell is likely to be mediated, in part, by suppression by this agent of the expression of the IGF system components. In this regard, IGFBP-3 may play at least a 'permissive' role in normal proliferation of this cell.

Douchi, a popular seasoning agent in Chinese dishes prepared by the Aspergillus oryzae fermentation of black beans, was subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for its volatile components. A total of 73 components were identified in two commercial brands, which were positively confirmed and quantified. Among the common components in the two brands were 18 acids, 12 alcohols, 11 aldehydes, 9 esters, 1 furan, 11 other oxygen-containing compounds, 4 pyrazines, 2 pyridines and 5 miscellaneous compounds. The most abundant components found were acetic acid, benzoic acid, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-piperidinone, 3-methylbutanoic acid, maltol, 4-ethylphenol, 2-methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, 2-pyrrolidinone, all fatty acids and some esters.

It is of utmost importance to feed the current world population by improving agricultural production with newer varieties of food crops, but what is still more important is to add nutrition into the food. Some of the plants, which are currently growing in the wastelands, contain certain phytochemicals which add to their neutraceutical and health value. These plants contain secondary metabolites which enhance the over all metabolic functions of the body. Withasteroids are one of such phytochemicals. These chemicals are almost exclusively found in plants of the Solanaceae family; one of which, Physalis minima, contains several with asteroids. The aerial parts and roots of P. minima have been found to contain several steroids, identification of which is been discussed in this paper. These with asteroids contribute to the functional value since incorporation of withanolides in the diet may prevent or decrease the growth of tumors in humans.

The volatile aroma constituents of Atractylodes japonica rhizome were separated by steam distillation extraction method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of the essential oil from Atractylodes japonica was 1.0% (v/w), and its color was pale yellow. Forty-five volatile flavor compounds, which make up 93.86% of the total peak area, were tentatively identified in the rhizome oil. The oil contained 32 hydrocarbons (79.19%) with sesquiterpene hydrocarbon predominating, 3 esters (12.46%), 4 alcohols (0.11%), 1 ketone (0.01%), 2 aldehydes (0.02%), and 3 miscellaneous compounds (2.07%).

In this paper, we propose u-Learning management systems which are designed and implemented based on learning activities oriented components. The proposed systems are composed of components which can process the functionalities for coming into actions of learning activities. Specially, each component is broken into class units by which learning activities of users can be performed on various devices. When users by to connect the proposed learning management system, the system explores devices of users and the corresponding connection program, and then selects components that are fitted to the activities and combines them in a real-time. Our system provides u-Learning environment so that users can use the learning activity services taking no influence on time, place, various devices and programs. That is different from traditional e-Learning system which cannot support various devices of users directly.

Aroma components of tea processed from Korean chicory roots were isolated and identified. The model system of amino-carbonyl reaction was carried out to study the formation mechanism of aroma compounds of chicory tea during manufacturing process. The concentration extracts from chicory tea and model system were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography(GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine compounds, including pyrazines, furans, acids, alcohols, pyrroles and lactones were isolated and identified in chicory tea. The main compounds were pyrazines including methyl pyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2, 6-dimethyl pyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methyl pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3-methyl pyrazine, thrimethyl pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2-5-dimenthyl pyrazine, 5-ethyl-2-3-dimenthyl pyrazine, and 2-acetyl-3-methy pyrazine and pyrroles including acethl pyrrole and formlyl pyrrole ; and furans including furfural , acetyl furan, 5-methyl furan, 5-methyl furfuralm, and furfuryl alcohol. These pyrazine compounds of a roasted and nutty aroma may be important contributors to the flavor of chicory tea. The aroma concentrate of model system also had a roasted and nutty aroma and the main compounds were methyl pyrazine, 2, 5-dimetyl pyrazine, 2, 6-dimethyl pyrazine and trimethyl pyrazine.

도라지 뿌리의 향기성분을 규명하고자 도라지 뿌리의 향기성분을 상압 수증기 증류법으로 포집하여 중성, 염기성, 약산성 및 산성성분으로 분획하였다. Diazomethane 법으로 methyl ester 화한 산성부분을 위시한 4부분은 모세관 column을 장치한 GC 및 GC-MS로 분석하였으며 함황화합물은 FPD 검출기로써 검출하였다. 도라지 뿌리로부터 aliphatic hydrocarbons류 6종, aromatic hydrocarbons류 10종, terpene hydrocarbons류 2종 alcohol류 12종, terpene alcohol류 8종 aldehyde류 17종 terpene aldehyde류 3종 ketone류 5종 ester류 5종, furan류 3종, thiazole류 2종, lactone류 2종, sulfide류 2종, phenol류 2종, 산류 12종 및 기타 5종을 위시하여 총 103종의 향기성분이 동정되었다. Caboxylic acid를 제외한 향기성분은 대부분 중성부분에서 동정되었고, 관능검사의 결과에서도 중성부분이 도라지 뿌리의 향기를 재현하는데 필요불가결한 것으로 나타났다. 관능검사의 결과, 중성부분에서 동정된 1-hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, trans-2-hexenol, 1-octenen-3-ol 등은 도라지 뿌리의 풋냄새의 주성분인 것으로 생각된다.

Flavor components were trapped by stimultaneous steam distillation-extraction method for investigating it in the bellflower roots and fractionated into four groups such as a neutral, a basic, a phenolic and an acidic fraction. An acidic fraction methylated with diazomethane solution and three others were analysed by GC and GC-MS equipping a fused silica capillary column, and S-containing compounds in these were detected with a flame photometric detector (FPD). The total of one hundred and three compounds from the bellflower roots were identified: they were 6 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 10 aromatic hydrocarbons, 2 terpene hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 8 terpene alcohols, 17 aldehydes, 3 terpene aldehydes, 5 ketones, 5 esters, 3 furans, 2 thiazoles, 2 lactones, 2 sulfides, 9 phenols, l2 carboxylic acids and 5 others. The greater part of the others except carboxylic acids were identified from a neutral fraction of which was assumed to be indispensable for the reproduction of bellflower root odor in a sensory evaluation. As a result of a sensory evaluation, 1-hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, trans-2-hexenol, 1-octen-3-ol and so forth identified in a neutral fraction were considered to be the key compounds of grass-like odor in the bellflower roots.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review the best nursing care components for the well-dying of people with dementia. Methods: The scoping review was conducted followed by The Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review guidance. The search terms were “dementia,” “well dying,” “end of life,” and “palliative care” in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of science, Google Scholar, Research Information Service System (RISS), and DBpia until April 17, 2024. Inclusion criteria were 1) written in English or Korean; 2) focused on palliative care, end-of-life care, or well-dying for people with dementia; and 3) were available in full text. Thematic analysis was performed with the selected literature. Results: Twenty-seven publications were included. The four main nursing care components and 16 sub-components of well-dying in people with dementia for healthcare providers and caregivers were identified. The four main nursing care components of well-dying in people with dementia for healthcare providers and caregivers were advance care planning, shared decision-making, providing preferred support, and utilizing advanced technology. Conclusion: The four main nursing care components can be used to serve as a basis for future work on policy making or protocol development to improve the lives of people with dementia.

Embedded products are becoming richer in features. Simulation tools facilitate low-costs and the efficient development of embedded systems. SID is an open source simulation software that includes a library of components for modeling hardware and software components. SID components were originally written using C/C++ and Tcl/Tk. Tcl/Tk has mainly been used for GUI simulation in the SID system. However, Tcl/Tk components are hampered by low performance, and GUI development using Tcl/Tk also has poor flexibility. Therefore, it would be desirable to use a more advanced programming language, such as Java, to provide simulations of cutting-edge products with rich graphics. Here, we describe the development of the Java Bridge Module as a middleware that will enable the use of Java Components in SID. We also extended the low-level SID API to Java. In addition, we have added classes that contain default implementations of the API. These classes are intended to ensure the compatibility and simplicity of SID components in Java.

The fruit of Actinidia arguta (AA) has been used mainly for the treatment of skin diseases, diuresis, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis in Korean traditional medicine. It is known that AA (hardy kiwi) fruit extract has an effect on 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Mode of action for it is associated with the modulation of biphasic Th1/Th2 cytokines. Furthermore, DA9102 containing AA is a herbal medicine currently under phase II clinical trial for atopic dermatitis in Korea. However, no active principles of AA on the decrease of Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10 have been identified. In this study, bioactivity-guided fractionation of an alcohol extract from the dried fruits of AA using ELISA assay for IL-4 production led to the isolation of $\alpha$-linolenic acid (I), linoleic acid (II), ethyl linolenate (III), ethyl linoleate (IV) and ethyl stearate (V) as the major active components. These compounds showed the down-regulatory effects of IL-4 production in A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells without cytotoxicity.

The volatile flavor components of snow crabs from the Young-duk coast of Korea and their concentrated cooker effluent were isolated by a modified method from Likens and Nickerson, using a simultaneous distillation and extraction apparatus. The concentrated extract was analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and GC-MS. The flavor profile of boiled crab demonstrated that the favorable flavor characteristic of crab involved a seafood-like note, and that of concentrated cooker effluent demonstrated that the weak boiled crab flavor involved a fishy note. The main flavor components of boiled crab were heterocyclic compounds including alkylpyrazines, thizoles and thiolanes, aliphatic ketones including 2-heptanone and nonanone. On the other hand, the main flavor components of cooker effluent were aldehydes including 3-methylbutanal, alipatic ketones including 2-heptanone and alkanes including 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-pentadecane. Almost all of heterocyclic compounds, which seem to be important contributors to the flavor of boiled crab, were not identified in concentrated cooker effluent. As a result, there may be a need to add the crab flavor components formed through model experiments of Maillard reactions to the concentrated cooker effluent for human consumption.

Volatile flavor components of two strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) varieties, Bogyojosaeng and Suhong, ere extracted by SDE(Simultaneous steam distillation and extraction) using a mixture of n-pentane and diethylether (1:1, v/v) as an extract solvent. Analysis of the concentrate by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 146 and 153 components in Bogyojosaengand Suhong respectively. There were 49 esters, 25 alcohols, 20 ketones, 24 aldehyds, 6 acids, 9 terpenes and terpene derivatives, 2ethers, 11 unknowns and miscelaneous in Bogyojosaeng and 67 ethers, 9 unknowns and miscellaneous in Suhong. Among these, (E)-2-hexenyl acetae (4.56%) in Bogyojosaeng and (E)-nerolidol (12.38%) in Suhong were major compounds and aceticacid, (E)-2-hexenal, hexyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, methyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate and ${\gamma}$-dodecalactone were the main components in each sample, though there were several differences in composition and threshold of volatile compounds. Total contents of volatile components isolated and identified in Bogyojosaeng an Suhong were 9.010 and 12.527 mg/kg, respectively.

Pumpkin venegar was produced using autoclaved pumpkin juice by fermenting with cetobacter starter and ethanol at the ratio of 4 % and 10% to the volume of pumpkin juice, respectivley. Fermentation was carried out at 2$0^{\circ}C$ for 14 days followed by aging at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. Flavor components of pumpkin vinegar was determined using GC/MS. Identified components, were 2 aldehydes (4.74%), 5 acohols (30.06%), 4 ketones (8.99%), 4 acids (16.39%), 5 alkanes (11.10%), 11 miscellaneous compounds (27.01%) and 9 unknown compounds (1.71%). Pumpkin vinegar showed very similar flavor characteristics to those of conventional wien vinegar and sherry wine vinegar in particular , acetioin, methyl acetate, and butanoic acid were typical volatile components of these three kinds of vinegar. Pumpkin vinegar showed possiblity to compete with European wine vinegar.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the core educational components of interprofessional education (IPE) for pediatric emergencies to establish a basis for interprofessional simulation education. Methods: Using Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review method, we searched for studies in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and four South Korean databases (RISS, NDSL, DBpia, and KISS). Results: We identified 21 studies on the general characteristics of IPE in pediatric emergency situations and integrated the core components of IPE according to a PRISMA flowchart. Three core components were identified (individual ? competent professionals, team ? cooperative professions, and outcome - optimal achievement), with the subthemes of role and responsibility, clinical judgment, performance, leadership, communication, teamwork, patient safety, and quality improvement. Conclusion: We recommend that IPE pediatric emergencies should contain the three dimensions of these core components to enhance individual and team performance and to promote optimal achievement in terms of patient outcomes. IPE programs should consider these characteristics and include a valid tool for evaluating the programs' effectiveness.

This paper describes qualities of a library classification system that are commonly discussed in the LIS tradition and literature, and explains such a system’s three main functions, namely knowledge mapping, information retrieval, and shelf arrangement. In this vein, the paper states the functional requirements of bibliographic classifications, which broadly are subject collocation and facilitation of browsing the collection. It explains with details the components of a library classification system and their functions. The major components are schedules, notations, and index. It also states their distinguished features, such as generalia class, form divisions, book numbers, and devices for number synthesis which are not required in a knowledge classification. It illustrates with examples from the WebDewey good examples of added features of an online library classification system. It emphasizes that institutional backup and a revision machinery are essential for a classification to survive and remain relevant in the print and e-environment.

Volatile components in commercial pine needle (Pinus densiflora S. and Z.) powder were extracted using simultaneous steam distillation and a solvent extraction (SDE) apparatus, and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 230 compounds divided into 13 groups were identified, which included alcohols (42), ketones (39), aldehydes (32), terpenes (30), alkenes (17), esters (14), furans (14), benzenes (10), alkanes (8), napthalenes (7), acids (6), miscellaneous compounds (6), and phenols (5). Among the 230 compounds identified, 96 compounds were positively confirmed and quantified, and the rest of the compounds were tentatively identified. The major volatile components identified at relatively high levels were dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, hexanal, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-penten-3-one, limonene, and $\beta$-caryophyllene oxide. Among the groups, terpenes accounted for 60.18% of the total concentration of all the volatile components. Some volatile components might account for the unique aroma and the biological activity of the sample.

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in 7 nutritional components (fatty acid, protein, fat, ash, total dietary fiber (TDF), $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and $\gamma$-oryzanol) of paddy rice (PR) and brown rice (BR) throughout the germination process, as measured at different shoot lengths (10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm). With the increase of shoot length, the nutritional components' concentrations increased, as compared to the concentrations measured before germination. Moreover, BR exhibited higher GABA, $\gamma$-oryzanol, and protein than PR. Among the components, TDF, GABA, and $\gamma$-oryzanol showed significant concentration differences throughout germination, while the others exhibited only slight variations. In particular, GABA and $\gamma$-oryzanol were predominantly increased in grains of 10 mm shoot length. These compounds might prove to be important factors from germinated rice. Additionally, the germinated cultivar 'Keunnun' might also prove to be a very important food source, owing to its high GABA and $\gamma$-oryzanol contents. These results suggest that variations in nutritional components related to the increase of shoot length may prove to be important when considering the beneficial aspects of rice on human health.

The volatile components and in vitro antimicrobial activities of Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation (HD-EO) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-EO) were investigated. The compositions of volatile compounds in these oils were tentatively determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activites of these two extracts were investigated with microbiological tests against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and three pathogenic fungi. The main components of both oils were $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\beta$-bourbonene, 1-octen-3-ol, thymol, and methyleugenol. Both essential oils showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the investigated oils than Gram-negative bacteria. SFE-EO exhibited a higher antifungal activity compared to HD-EO.