Earticle

초 록 The research proposes two calculation methods for estimating the overall, within and between standard deviation of population. These standard deviations can be used to evaluate the process capability and performance indexes. The guidelines for using Cpk and Ppk according to the pattern of common and assignable causes are presented.

Objectives: Korea has been practicing the separation of dispensary from medical practice since 2000 as a national policy to prevent misuse or overuse of medicines. This study aimed to investigate prescription patterns from except pharmacies in order to determine the appropriateness of drug usage among those patients. Methods: Thirty-two pharmacies in the Yeongdong area of Gangwon Province were examined in this study. The same simulated patient complaining of cold symptoms for 3 days visited each pharmacy to obtain a prescription for medication. Results: At pharmacies prescribing medicine, steroids (53.1%) and antibiotics (50.0%) were used to treat the common cold. Duplicate prescriptions of drugs, such as antihistamines (47.0%) and decongestants (31.3%) were common. The average number of drug prescriptions was 6.59, and 53.2% of pharmacies had prescribed more than seven drugs. The average total cost of the prescriptions was 6,093 won, and the daily cost was 2,544 won. Conclusions: Steroids and antibiotics were frequently abused among patients whose medications had been prescribed by pharmacies. Also, there were a considerable number of drugs and duplicate prescriptions. The prices of the drugs were somewhat high.

The purpose of this study is to know how to make common space, find a type of it, and build a village landscape with it in countryside. There are five types of village including suburban according to typological locality in rural area. Each of them have remarkable common spaces that are combined with community identity and usage. They usually are located along with the street and lane of the village. Most of the villages I surveyed have common places for residents to rest, share, and meet together. Representatively, pavilion with symbolic tree we call Jeonja is very popular place to them, and village people also require public parking or pocket park in their modern life. I researched common places in ten communities in rural area so that I can suggest a way of community design through them. According to this research, there are three results. First, the common space of the village is placed to motivate emotional and attractive community design in the village. Second, the common space has an identity and landscape architectural relationship to build sustainable community. Third, countries’ streets that I surveyed have four types, which are liner, tree, loop, and radiate patterns of lane. In line with those types, each one makes different and historical community landscape.

This paper first describes how to process SoC (State of Charge) streams made up of temporal and spatial stamps, altitude, SoC reading, velocity, and the like. Collected by a probe vehicle on the same road in Jeju city, Republic of Korea, multiple times, each stream has its own initial SoC and speed. The driving distance is calculated by adding up the line segment connecting two consecutive sensor points. For each stream, we plot 1) the absolute SoC change to figure out the SoC dynamics, 2) the consumed SoC change to find the similarity between different streams, and 3) the normalized curves to build a common SoC change model. Next, the artificial neural network is exploited to trace a common pattern out of them, aiming at providing an essential basis for navigation applications supporting electric vehicles. The analysis result reveals that the model can find reasonable representative values out of different streams for each subsection, even with a simple model having just one input variable denoting the distance from the start point and one output variable denoting the SoC reading. Our model keeps the trace error less than 5 % for the duration in which the vehicle speed is the same for each stream.

BACKGROUND Many antipsychotic drugs have been used to treat schizophrenia, and many treatment patterns have been observed. Most schizophrenia treatment pattern studies were done by analyzing survey data or several hospitals’ electronic health records. This study aimed to analyze early treatment pathways of newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients. METHOD Using 2012-2017 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample (HIRA-NPS) which was standardized to the Common Data Model (CDM), we selected newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients. The inclusion criteria were 18-64 aged patients who have continuous observation at least 30 days before and 180 days after index date, and patients who have at least one diagnosis of schizophrenia between pre-index date and 180 days after index date. The exclusion criterion was patients who have diagnosis of bipolar disorder or depressive disorder. We used Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatic (OHDSI)’s ATLAS platform to analyze baseline characteristics and treatment patterns of selected patients. RESULTS For the schizophrenia first line treatment, risperidone was the most commonly used treatment in all years (2012-2017), followed by aripiprazole and olanzapine. Among typical antipsychotics, haloperidol was the most commonly used treatment. The patients with younger age were more likely to use second or later line drugs. CONCLUSIONS We comprehensively evaluated the treatment pathway of antipsychotics in adult patients with schizophrenia by using representative claims data that was standardized to the CDM. This study found the most commonly used antipsychotics by different age groups and the proportion of patients who switched to later line treatments.

這篇文章以合字爲例，介紹了日本和歐洲文字創制與使用過程中的常見模式。這種模式意即由兩個或更多不同的字符組合爲一個字形。例如，日文中，“麿”即是由“麻”和“呂”構成的。同時，德語中，相同的規則在“ʃ”和“z”組合爲“ß”的例子中也得到了應用。文章的理論部分探討了合字的定義問題，並且提出了在傳統書寫基礎上的既能適用於漢字，也能適用於羅馬字母的定義和分類。文章第二部分重點探討了正字法的合字，並舉了日本和歐洲文字創制與使用過程中的相似的例子。文章還介紹了亞文化合字這一類型，如日文中的“ ”(圖書館)和英文中的字母“Ћ”(The) 。

On farm evaluation for the control of airborne diseases like FMD and flu virus has been done in past but control of disease in process of transportation of livestock and manures is still needed. The objective of this study was to predict a common pattern of livestock vehicles movement. The analysis were done on GPS data, collected from drivers of livestock vehicles in Jeju Island, South Korea in year 2012 and 2013. The GPS data include the coordinates of moving vehicles according to time and dates, livestock farms and manure keeping sites. 2012 year data was added to ArcGIS and different tools were used for predicting common vehicle moving pattern. The common pattern of year 2012 were determined and considered as predicted common pattern for year 2013. To compare with actual pattern of year 2013 the same analysis was done to find the difference in 2012 and 2013 pattern. When the manure keeping sites and livestock farms were same in both years, as a result common pattern of 2012 and 2013 were similar but difference were found in patterns when the manure keeping sites and livestock farms were changed. In future for more accurate results and to predict the accurate pattern of vehicles movement, more dependent and independent variables will be required to make a suitable model for prediction.

Objectives: We aimed to derive observational research evidence on treatment patterns through a scoping review of commondata model (CDM)-based publications. Methods: We searched the medical literature databases PubMed and EMBASE, aswell as the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) website, for papers published between January 1,2010 and August 21, 2023 to identify research papers relevant to our topic. Results: Eighteen articles satisfied the inclusioncriteria for this scoping review. We summarized study characteristics such as phenotypes, patient numbers, data periods,countries, Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) CDM databases, and definitions of index date and targetcohort. Type 2 diabetes mellitus emerged as the most frequently studied disease, covered in five articles, followed by hypertensionand depression, each addressed in four articles. Biguanides, with metformin as the primary drug, were the most commonlyprescribed first-line treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most studies utilized sunburst plots to visualize treatmentpatterns, whereas two studies used Sankey plots. Various software tools were employed for treatment pattern analysis, includingJavaScript, the open-source ATLAS by OHDSI, R code, and the R package “TreatmentPatterns.” Conclusions: This studyprovides a comprehensive overview of research on treatment patterns using the CDM, highlighting the growing importanceof OMOP CDM in enabling multinational observational network studies and advancing collaborative research in this field.

8차 당대회에서의 전술핵 개발 선언과 계속되는 단거리미사일 현대화 프로그램을 통해 북한이 핵무기를 한반도 전구 내에서의 실전전력(war-fighting capability)으로 활용하려 할 것이라는 예측이 현실화되고 있다. 기존의 대미 응징억제 교리에 더해진 이러한 핵 교리 진화는 ▵잠재적국과 국경을 마주하고 있고 ▵해당 잠재적국에 비해 재래식 전력이 열세였던 핵무장 국가들이 예외 없이 택했던 거부억제-핵선제사용 교리의 공통적 패턴을 재현하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 이들 선행사례 국가들은 재래식 교전과 전술핵 교전 사이의 문턱(threshold)을 최대한 낮춤으로써 재래식 열세를 상쇄하는 한편, 전술핵 사용 이후에도 전략핵 응징보복을 피할 수 있는 가능성을 모색해 왔다. 북한의 핵 확전 개념 역시 유사한 방향으로 변화하고 있다고 판단되는 바, 한미연합측의 억제 전략은 북측 확전 개념에 대한 정교한 인식을 바탕으로 전술핵과 전략핵 교전 단계가 분리될 수 있을 것이라는 평양의 기대를 효과적으로 저지하는데 집중될 필요가 있다.

By way of the declaration of tactical nuclear development at the 8th Party Congress and the continuing short-range missile modernization program, the prediction that North Korea would use its nuclear weapons as a war-fighting capability in the theater of Korean Peninsula is becoming a palpable reality. This evolution of nuclear doctrine replicates the common pattern of the denial deterrence & first use doctrine adopted by several nuclear-armed states, which face potential enemies on land borders and whose conventional capabilities are inferior to the opponents. These precedent countries have sought the possibility to countervail conventional inferiority by lowering the threshold between conventional warfare and tactical nuclear exchange as much as possible, while avoiding strategic nuclear retaliation even after their first use of tactical nuclear weapons. As it seems salient that the North Korea’s nuclear escalation concept is also changing in a similar orientation, the ROK-US alliance's deterrence strategy needs to be focused on how to stymie the expectation of Pyongyang that the stages of tactical nuclear use and strategic nuclear use could be insulated, on the bedrock of sophisticated understanding of the country's escalation notion.

최근, 동작 상상(Motor Imagery) Electroencephalogram(EEG)를 기반으로 한 Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) 시스템은 의학, 공학 등 다양한 분야에서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. Common Spatial Pattern(CSP) 알고리즘은 동작 상상 EEG의 특징을 추출하기 위한 가장 유용한 방법이다. 그러나 CSP 알고리즘은 공분산 행렬에 의존하기 때문에 Small-Sample Setting(SSS) 상황에서 성능에 한계가 있다. 또한 사용하는 주파수 대역에 따라 큰 성능 차이를 보인다. 이러한 문제를 동시에 해결하기 위해, 4-40Hz 대역 EEG 신호를 9개의 필터 뱅크를 이용하여 분할하고 각 밴드에 Regularized CSP(R-CSP)를 적용한다. 이후 Mutual Information-Based Individual Feature(MIBIF) 알고리즘은 R-CSP의 차별적인 특징을 선택하기 위해 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 대뇌 피질의 운동영역 부근 18개 채널을 사용하여 BCI CompetitionIII DatasetIVa의 피험자 다섯 명(aa, al, av, aw 및 ay)에 대해 각각 87.5%, 100%, 63.78%, 82.14% 및 86.11%의 정확도를 도출하였다. 제안된 방법은 CSP, R-CSP 및 FBCSP 방법보다 16.21%, 10.77% 및 3.32%의 평균 분류 정확도 향상이 있었다. 특히, 본 논문에서 제안한 방법은 SSS 상황에서 우수한 성능을 보였다.

Recently, motor imagery electroencephalogram(EEG) based Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) systems have received a significant amount of attention in various fields, including medicine and engineering. The Common Spatial Pattern(CSP) algorithm is the most commonly-used method to extract the features from motor imagery EEG. However, the CSP algorithm has limited applicability in Small-Sample Setting(SSS) situations because these situations rely on a covariance matrix. In addition, large differences in performance depend on the frequency bands that are being used. To address these problems, 4-40Hz band EEG signals are divided using nine filter-banks and Regularized CSP(R-CSP) is applied to individual frequency bands. Then, the Mutual Information-Based Individual Feature(MIBIF) algorithm is applied to the features of R-CSP for selecting discriminative features. Thereafter, selected features are used as inputs of the classifier Least Square Support Vector Machine(LS-SVM). The proposed method yielded a classification accuracy of 87.5%, 100%, 63.78%, 82.14%, and 86.11% in five subjects("aa", "al", "av", "aw", and "ay", respectively) for BCI competition III dataset IVa by using 18 channels in the vicinity of the motor area of the cerebral cortex. The proposed method improved the mean classification accuracy by 16.21%, 10.77% and 3.32% compared to the CSP, R-CSP and FBCSP, respectively The proposed method shows a particularly excellent performance in the SSS situation.

본 논문은 뇌파 기반 감정 분류 기술의 상용화를 위한 낮은 성능을 보완하기 위하여 Regularized Common Spatial Pattern 필터링을 통한 전처리 방식을 제안하고 있다. RCSP 필터는 뇌파 기반 행동 인식 시스템에서 높은 성능 향상을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 장기적이고 복합적인 뇌파의 감성 인지 연구에도 RCSP 필터의 적용 방법을 설명하고, 제안하는 알고리즘이 뇌파를 통한 감정 인식에 성능 향상을 보여준다는 것을 설명하고 있다.

본 논문은 뇌파 기반 감정 분류 기술의 상용화를 위한 낮은 성능을 보완하기 위하여 Regularized Common Spatial Pattern 필터링을 통한 전처리 방식을 제안하고 있다. RCSP 필터는 뇌파 기반 행동 인식 시스템에서 높은 성능 향상을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 장기적이고 복합적인 뇌파의 감성 인지 연구에도 RCSP 필터의 적용 방법을 설명하고, 제안하는 알고리즘이 뇌파를 통한 감정 인식에 성능 향상을 보여준다는 것을 설명하고 있다.

Common cold occurs frequently and occupies an important position in medical treatment however obvious treatment is not suggested. There has been no agreement of pattern identification for common cold in oriental medicine. The purpose of this study is to develop a standard instrument of pattern identification for common cold which will be applied to clinical research. The items and structure of the instrument were based on review of published literature. The advisor committee on this study was organized by 9 oriental respiratory internal medicine professors of 11 oriental medical colleges nationwide. The experts attended 3 consultation meetings and discussed developing the instrument, and we also took professional advices by e-mail. The results were as follows; First, we divided the pattern identification of common cold into nine pattern: Wind-cold type, Wind-heat type, Contain summerheat type, Contain dampness type, Qi deficiency type, Blood deficiency type, Yang deficiency type, Yin deficiency type, Influenza. Second, we got the mean weights to each symptom of nine pattern identification which had been scored on a 5-point scale - ranging from 0 to 4 by the 9 experts. Third, we made out the Korean instrument of the pattern identification for common cold. It was composed self reporting questionnaire and researcher reporting questionnaire. Though this study is not proved about validity, reliability, the instrument of pattern identification for common cold is meaningful and expected to be applied to the subsequent research. And also, we hope to improve the instrument and make up for this study through various research and discussion.

최근 XML관련 연구가 급증하면서 저장 기법, 질의 최적화, 인덱싱 등의 기법이 활발히 개발되고 있다. 그러나 하나의 DTD나 XML Schema를 공유하는 문서집합이 아닌 다양한 구조를 가진 문서들을 대상으로 하는 경우, 다중 문서간의 구조적 유사성이나 차이 등을 파악할 필요가 있다. 특히 서로 다른 사이트나 문서관리 시스템에서 도출된 문서들을 병합하거나 분류할 필요가 있을 때, 두 문서의 병합 가능성 및 분류 기준을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 여러 문서들의 구조를 구성하는 경로들간의 유사성을 파악하기 위해 기존의 순차패턴 마이닝 알고리즘을 변형하였다. 변형된 순차패턴 마이닝 알고리즘[1]을 통해 두 문서간의 정확한 공유 경로를 찾을 수 있었다.

This article aims to examine how many and what types of common Sino-Korean there are in Korean Chinese vocabulary related to paragraph 52 of the Korean Spelling Law, and what characteristics can be considered for the Korean Chinese vocabulary and mixed words that contain Korean Chinese vocabulary in the Pyojungugeo daesajeon(Standard Korean Language Dictionary). There are a total of 813 vocabulary words that contain common Sino-Korean, and the total number of common Sino-Korean seen here is 212. Among the common Sino-Korean words, only three were written in one-syllable Chinese characters with independence, and the remaining 810 are used in the next verse vocabulary. Due to its location, there are 131 common Sino-Korean words that exist only in the empty head, and the number of Chinese characters including these common Sino-Korean words reaches 737, making the common Sino-Korean more predominant in the empty head. The shorthand seen in the mixed language amounts to 29.88% of the total vocabulary. Among the vocabulary words containing common Sino-Korean, the vocabulary words showed the highest distribution in historical field, Buddhist field, plant field, medical field, construction field, geographical field, Korean medicine field, folk field vocabulary in these fields plays an important role in the spread of common Sino-Korean as many participate in the formation of vocabulary in other fields. In terms of Korean phonological terms, common Sino-Korean can be grouped into showing hard and aspirated sounds, showing replacement of plain and aspirated sounds compared to general circulation sounds, suspected relevance to hussel high-pitched sounds, having a /ㄹ/-related shorthand sound that is not the main sound in the biardu, related to oral and legendary vowels, and showing the ending elimination phenomenon. By tying it up in this way, the formation of common Sino-Korean can be categorized into some degree in terms of Korean phonology. Finally, the Pyojun-gugeo daesajeon(Standard Korean Language Dictionary) contains common Sino-Korean, but there are some information related to common Sino-Korean that have not been processed consistently, such as ‘纛▽[둑(duk)]’∼‘纛[둑(duk)]’, so it needs to be supplemented.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the space use pattern and the daily living activities of the elderly with dementia in the common space (dining room, day corner) of nursing home in Japan. The subjects were six units of the 2 nursing homes in Tokyo. For this, researcher visited from September 5 to December 5 and collected data by observations of behavior of the elderly with dementia in common space and interviews with staff for the information about basic characteristics of the elderly with dementia and administration and operation of the facilities. The data were analyzed using the frequency and percentage with SPSS 11 program and recorded in the form of behavior map. The results revealed as follows: first, 6 types (self-concentration type, physical environment-interest type, passive others-interest type, staffs-interaction type, other elderly-interaction type, visitors-interaction type) of the daily living activities of the elderly with dementia in common space were founded. Second, the daily living activities of the elderly with dementia in common space tended to focus on self-concentration type and physical environment-interest type. Third, physical environmental characteristics of common space affected space usage pattern of the elderly with dementia. And it was perceived like as living oriented space, social interaction space, facility space, staff oriented space. Conclusively it was suggested to plan dining space as semi-private space, day comer as semi-public space.