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It is very important the collaboration and risk management of supply chain between the parent company and its partners in the supply chain risk management(SCRM). It was known that the SCRM approach is very different between a large enterprise and a small and medium-sized enterprise. This paper deals with the suggestion about SCRM structure for a small and medium-sized enterprise. This SCRM structure consist of risk identification, risk assessment, and risk mitigation. We expect that this SCRM structure promote the collaboration between a parent company and its partners to alleviate the supply chain risk.

Phonological opacity has long been of interest in current phonology especially after theories of constraint interaction prevailed. Facing the issue, Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains abandons parallelism and introduces derivation and the set of Precedence constraints to specify orders of faithfulness violations in a derivation. Although this new version of Optimality Theory has successfully accounted for most controversial cases, it turns out to have some fatal drawbacks to Precedence and needs to be revised. This paper first reviews earlier Optimality approaches such as constraint conjunction and Comparative Markedness to chain shifts to see how they deal with chain shifts, a famous type of counterfeeding process. Then it applies OT-CC with Precedence to chain shifts. Finally, this paper proposes a novel set of anti-Precedence constraints by which the second member of Precedence should not be violated if the chain includes violation of the first member.

The paper analyzes the vowel chain shift of Sino-Tibetan Languages. Finally, the following 1 conclusion can be drawn：　 Regardless of whether it is Sinitic Languages or Tibeto-Burmese Languages, vowel chain shift occur in all languages. Typical changes can be assumed as a→o→u→diphthongization. This change has not only happened once, but has been repeated.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forward-and-backward shift trunk exercise using a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise on the upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL) in a stroke patient. Methods: One subject participated in this study. The study used a reversal A-B-A’ design, where A and A’ were the baseline period (no intervention), and B was the intervention period. The intervention was a forward-and-backward trunk shift exercise, using a PNF diagonal pattern on both a stand-on-hand position and a quadruped position of closed kinematic chain exercises, for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was measured and a Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE) and a functional independence measure (FIM) were performed to measure upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL). Results: ROMs of shoulder joint (flexion, extension, abduction, and external rotation) increased in the intervention phase. The FMA-UE score increased (from 28 to 36) in the intervention phase. The FIM score increased (from 20 to 25) in the intervention phase. These increases were maintained after intervention (Baseline Ⅱ). Conclusion: These results suggest that forward-and-backward shift trunk exercises using a PNF diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise have a positive effect on stroke patients’ upper limb function and ADL ability.

Recent studies have documented the raising of the mid-back vowel [o] toward the high-back vowel [u] in Seoul Korean (SK), raising questions about whether this shift reflects a merger or a chain shift. This study investigates whether [o]-raising induces areorganization of the vowel space involving adjacent vowels [u], [?], and [?]. Analyzing vowel productions from 22 SK speakers (16 female, 6 male) across two speech styles (careful vs. conversational), we examined acoustic properties of three vowel pairs: [o]-[u], [?]-[u], and [?]-[o]. Results show that [u] remains distinct from [o] and is produced in a significantly more fronted position, especially in conversational speech. Additionally, [u] was shifted closer to [?], and [?] raised, suggesting a broader vowel chain shift. These findings provide acoustic evidence of an ongoing, systemic restructuring of the SK vowel system.

The acquisition of fricatives: chain shift cases of English and Korean. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 9.2. 485?498. This paper examines chain shift patterns involving fricatives in phonological acquisition. It is shown that chain shift occurs in child Korean as well as child English. The chain shift patterns associated with counterfeeding opacity across languages are uniformly analyzed within the theory of Comparative Markedness developed by McCarthy (2002). In specific, counter￢feeding opacity is accounted for by splitting markedness constraints old and new and by ranking an old markedness constraint higher than a new one. This way, pre-existing underlying marked structures are not allowed while newly derived ones are permitted. Further implications on the acquisition of fricatives are discussed in detail. (Pukyong National University and Hoseo University)

Derived Environment Effect and chain shift share the similarity in that they ban a marked structure and result in emergence of an unmarked structure. They, however, have been hard to explain under classic OT since OT is output-driven and those alternations are phonologically opaque. This paper analyzes them with the three currently proposed frameworks of OT. These approaches involve local constraint conjunction, comparative markedness and OT-CC. In addition to the fact that these theoretical fundamentals are rooted in classic OT, these three approaches are similar in a sense that they rely on combination of faithfulness and markedness constraint. Based on the results of their applications to Derived Environment Effect and chain shift, this paper explores which approach best explains the two phonological phenomena and convincingly reflects the natures of them. Specifically, it will demonstrate that Comparative Markedness has a significant contribution to make toward understanding the differences between inherited and new marked structures and better captures DEE and chain shift phenomena.

The kinetic and chemical mechanisms of AChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of short-chain thiocholine esters are relatively well documented. Up to propanoylthiocholine (PrTCh) the chemical mechanism is general acid-base catalysis by the active site catalytic triad. The chemical mechanism for the enzyme-catalyzed butyrylthiocholine(BuTCh) hydrolysis shifts to a parallel mechanism in which general base catalysis by E199 of direct water attack to the carbonyl carbon of the substrate. [Selwood, T., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 10477- 10482] The long chain thiocholine esters such as hexanoylthiocholine (HexTCh), heptanoylthiocholine (HepTCh), and octanoylthiocholine (OcTCh) are hydrolyzed by electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The kinetic parameters are determined to show that these compounds have a lower Michaelis constant than BuTCh and the pH-rate profile showed that the mechanism is similar to that of BuTCh hydrolysis. The solvent isotope effect and proton inventory of AChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of HexTCh showed that one proton transfer is involved in the transition state of the acylation stage. The relationship between the dipole moment and the Michaelis constant of the long chain thiocholine esters showed that the dipole moment is the most important factor for the binding of a substrate to the enzyme active site.

This paper discusses the markedness constraint demotion as the process of phonological acquisition in the theory of Comparative Markedness, where a markedness constraint is divided into two separate constraints, OM and NM, focusing on a chain shift production error. Investigating Amahl’s (2;2-4;4) production described in Smith (1973), contrary to McCarthy’s (2002) prediction that the markedness constraint demotion in the theory of Comparative Markedness cannot arrive at the ranking for the chian shift error observed in Amahl’s production, this paper shows that starting from the raking OM, NM ≫ F for the initial state, the demotion of NM below the faithfulness constraint results in the chain shift error and the following demotion of OM results in the loss of the chian shift error.

This paper analyzes the counterfeeding opacity in the acquisition of ‘puzzles’ chain shift within the framework of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains(OT-CC), a new OT theory designed especially for phonological opacity by McCarthy(2006, 2007). The data for the analysis in this paper are from Amahl’s(2;60∼4;120) production reported by Smith(1973). This paper shows that OT-CC provides a systematic explanation for the acquisition of ‘puzzles’ chain shift and that PREC, a constraint newly introduced for evaluating derivational process in OT-CC, plays a crucial role in explaining this type of acquisition. It also shows that PREC is not universally present in CON in the initial state of acquisition, but acquired by language learners who face the situation where multiple faithfulness constraints are involved. This paper further shows that there is difference in the ranking interaction of markedness and faithfulness constraints between before and after the ‘puzzles’ phenomenon.

In the case of chain resorts, even though the competitiveness of the overall resortshould increase following heightened competitiveness of multiple branches, there is alimit in evaluating the competitiveness of each branch due to large regional differencesin the size of business establishments as well as differences in external environmentssuch as local society, culture, politics and economics. Shift-share analysis and growthrate differential analysis can be the solution in overcoming such limitation, and theseanalysis methods were used to propose a way to analyze the competitiveness of chainresorts' regional business establishments. In order to achieve such objective of thestudy, theoretical aspect of shift-share analysis and growth rate differential analysiswas organized and shift-share analysis theory was re-established so that it can beapplied in the analysis of chain resorts' regional branch competitiveness on a nationalscale. In addition, regional branch competitiveness of leading chain resorts wasanalyzed by utilizing shift-share analysis and growth rate differential analysis. Furthermore, actual competitiveness was analyzed by utilizing the data of H-Resortfrom 2008 to 2012, which is one of the nation's leading resorts currently in business. The significance of the study is in the analysis of branch competitiveness by utilizingthe data of currently operating resort as a base data. However, there are limitationsin generalizing the results of the study as the data was not applied to most of theresorts in operation within the country.

The trigger of the Great Vowel Shift(GVS, henceforth) remains as one of the outstanding and theoretically important issues in the history of English. Under the assumption that language users can have intuitions about the ways in which the vowels are spatially organized in relationship to another, two interpretations have traditionally been available. The high vowels diphthongize first, leaving ‘empty slots’, and half-close vowels move up into the empty slots, which in turn entails the next shifts, and so on. Alternatively, beginning from below, each vowel pushes the next above one up. Since the high vowels have nowhere else to go, they diphthongize. The theoretical issue here is that essentially, those movements are supposed to occur context free, i.e., they occur without any phonetic motivation. In this article I propose to show that certain instability in terms of constraint conflict in the system came to trigger the whole process of the GVS. By the time the GVS began, every (long) vowel in the system came under the pressure of maximizing sonority at the expense of tonality in the sense of Particle Phonology (Shane 1984). Once the problem has been put in these terms, it will be shown that the solution is all but self-evident: a drag chain type of reaction will be set up in the vowel space.