Earticle

Wireless Sensor Networks for 3D Seismic Exploration are large-scale and long-term networks to ensure high resolution. Energy balance is essential to avoid interruption of the whole network. In this paper, the hybrid wireless network architecture is designed for low-power monitoring system. An energy-balanced clustering method is developed to prolong network lifetime. The partial energy factor is introduced to optimize scheduling of cluster head nodes. An improved ant colony algorithm for energy-efficient clustering and routing network (IACA-EECR) is proposed to find optimal path. The results show the proposed architecture outperforms the existing platform. Extensive tests validate energy efficiency and network performance.

In this article, an optimal beamforming technique using a low cost intelligent Rotman lens antenna is proposed. The proposed technique enjoys full diversity with high coding gain, has a very low encoding and decoding complexity, and does not require channel knowledge at any transmitting or receiving antenna. From our simulation results, the proposed technique outperforms the best known non-coherent multi-antenna techniques. Furthermore, we prove that the BER expressions obtained from the theoretical analysis enjoy full diversity gain and match our conducted simulations.

The Age-of-Information (AoI) metric has emerged as a performance measurement metric for evaluating time-sensitive wireless communications systems. Maintaining the freshness and reliability of data is critical in time-critical wireless networks, where outdated information can have significant consequences. Moreover, short packet transmissions are used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to maintain energy efficiency and low latency. This paper proposes a theoretical model that utilizes the AoI metric and finite block length information theory to estimate information freshness in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted WSN. This network includes multiple sensing nodes and relies on short-packet communication for transmission. In this paper, closed-form expressions for average AoI (AAoI) and the block error rate are derived. Furthermore, the optimal altitude and block length that ensures the freshness of received information at the destination is determined. The results of the analysis provide valuable insights into the performance characteristics of UAV-assisted WSNs and have important implications for the design and optimization of such systems.

In recent times, the proliferation of intelligent internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies has significantly enhanced both daily life and industrial operations. Despite their widespread application, these networks face challenges with resource monopolization by selfish nodes, which detrimentally impacts network efficiency. This study introduces a novel detection and response strategy for selfish nodes, utilizing backoff adjustment mechanisms to reduce throughput deterioration. The effectiveness of this approach was rigorously evaluated using the NetSim simulator, focusing on the impact of backoff adjustment on network throughput. Simulation results indicate that the implementation of this method in the presence of selfish nodes yields a noteworthy improvement in network throughput, with approximately more than twice. This advancement holds promise for enhancing the robustness and efficiency of IoT and WSN technologies against disruptive selfish node behaviors.

As UWSN have received attention, a need for an efficient and secure communication protocol has arisen to overcome the low device performance, node failure, and high propagation latency. However, existing works are either specialized for one-to-one communication or cannot satisfy low latency constraints. Therefore, this work proposes a secure communication protocol with fine-grained access control for UWSN that support secure and efficient one-to-many communication and considers potential internal attackers for high security level. Specifically, we adopt lightweight ABE to achieve fine-grained access control at low cost, and introduce outsourced decryption to further alleviate the computational load of underwater sensors.

In trying to reach the goal of controlling the environment, recent years have seen the rapid emergence of Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN). Nevertheless, the lifetime of sensor nodes shows a strong dependence on battery capacity. Recently energy harvesting techniques have been considered to allow the use of WSN in the ”deploy and forget” mode. This paper proposes an assessment of the performance of a WSN enslaved to an optimized Radiofrequency Energy Harvesting System (REHS). The energy budget of a sensor node in a Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is quantified and used to evaluate the performance of the WSN.

최근 센서를 이용한 장치들의 사용은 증가추세이다. 이런 센서 장치들은 이종무선 센서네트워크 환경에서 최신 기술 들과 연관 지어 폭발적으로 증가하고 있다. 이런 환경에서 센서디바이스의 사용은 우리에게 편리함을 제공하기는 하나 여러 형태의 보안위협이 도사리고 있는 실정이다. 무선선서네트워크를 이용하여 원격으로 접속하여 제공받는 서비스에 존재하는 보안위협 중 대부분은 전송되는 정보의 유출과 사용자, 센서, 게이트웨이 사이의 인증에 대한 손실이 대부분이 다. 2019년 Chen 등이 이종무선 센서 네트워크에 안전한 사용자 인증 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 그러나 Ryu 등이 제안한 논문에서 그들이 제안 프로토콜은 password guessing attack과 session key attack에 취약하다는 것을 주장하였다. 본 논문은 이전에 제안된 논문의 취약점을 개선하여 더욱 안전하고 효율적인 사용자 인증 프로토콜을 제안하였다.

Recently, the use of sensor devices is gradually increasing. As various sensor device emerge and the related technologies advance, there has been a dramatic increase in the interest in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). While sensor device provide us many valuable benefits, automatically and remotely supported services offered and accessed remotely through WSNs also exposes us to many different types of security threats. Most security threats were just related to information leakage and the loss of authentication among the involved parties: users, sensors and gateways. An user authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks is designed to restrict access to the sensor data only to user. In 2019, Chen et al. proposed an efficient user authentication protocol. However, Ryu et al. show that it’s scheme still unstable and inefficient. It cannot resist offline password guessing attack and session key attack. In this paper, we propose an improved protocol to overcome these security weaknesses by storing secret data in device. In addition, security properties like session-key security, perfect forward secrecy, known-key security and resistance against offline password attacks are implied by our protocol.

Wireless Sensor Networks will revolutionize applications such as environmental monitoring, home automation, and logistics. We developed forest fire surveillance system. In this paper, Considering the fact that in Korea, during November to May, forest fires occur very frequently causing catastrophic damages on the valuable environment, Although exists other forest fire surveillance system such as surveillance camera tower, infrared ray sensor system and satellite system. Preexistence surveillance system can't real-time surveillance, monitoring, database and automatic alarm. But, forest fire surveillance system(FFSS) support above. In this paper, we describes a system development approach for a wireless sensor network based FFSS that is to be used to measure temperature and humidity as well as being fitted with a smoke detector. Such a device can be used as an early warning fire detection system and real-time surveillance in the area of a bush fire or endangered public infrastructure. Once the system has being development, a mesh network topology will be implemented with the chosen sensor node with the aim of developing a sophisticated mesh network.

Over the first few years, a wireless sensor network has a very important role over the networks. The primary features of WSN include satellite communication, broadcast channel, hostile environment, medical system and data gathering. There are a lot of attacks available in WSN. Wormhole attack is one of the severe attacks, which is smoothly resolved in networks but tough to observe. This survey paper is an experiment to observing threats and focuses on some different technique to detecting wormhole attacks in wireless sensor networks.

제한된 배터리를 사용하는 무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 소비 문제는 중요한 이슈이다. 이 논문에서는 네트워크의 수명을 연장하기 위해 위치기반 클러스터링 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안 된 알고리즘은 싱크노드 주변의 병목 현상을 방지하고 에너지를 절약하기 위해 싱크노드에 여러 자식 노드를 분산 배치한다. 알고리즘은 subscription query, query relay, position aware and cluster head selection의 네 단계를 거치면서, 제어 트래픽 오버 헤드를 줄일 수 있는 동적 클러스터를 생성한다. 이를 통해 수명을 연장하고 네트워크의 효율을 증대시킬 수 있다. 알고리즘 검증을 위해 가장 잘 알려진 집중화 알고리즘과 비교 분석 및 시뮬레이션을 통해 성능을 평가하고, 수명의 관점에서 양호한 성능을 달성하는 것을 보여준다.

The energy consumption problem in wireless sensor networks is investigated. The problem is to expend as little energy as possible receiving and transmitting data, because of constrained battery. In this paper, in order to extend the lifetime of the network, we proposed a location-based clustering algorithm for wireless sensor network with skewed-topology. The proposed algorithm is to deploy multiple child nodes at the sink to avoid bottleneck near the sink and to save energy. Proposed algorithm can reduce control traffic overhead by creating a dynamic cluster. We have evaluated the performance of our clustering algorithm through an analysis and a simulation. We compare our algorithm’s performance to the best known centralized algorithm, and demonstrate that it achieves a good performance in terms of the life time.

Ubiquitous computing is one of the key technology areas in the "Project on Development of Ubiquitous computing and network technology" promoted by the Ministry of Science and Technology as a frontier business of the century in Korea, which is based on the new concept merging physical space and computer-based cyber space. With recent advances in Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, low cost and low-power consumption wireless micro sensor nodes have been available. Using these smart sensor nodes, there are many activities to monitor real world, for example, habitat monitoring, earthquake monitoring and so on. In this paper, we introduce web-based real environment monitoring system incorporating wireless sensor nodes. It collects sensing data produced by some wireless sensor nodes and stores them into a database system to analyze. Our environment monitoring system is composed of a networked camera and environmental sensor nodes, which are called Mica2 and developed by University of California at Berkeley. We have modified and ported network protocols over TinyOS and developed a monitoring application program using the MTS310 and MTS420 sensors that are able to observe temperature, relative humidity, light and accelerator. The sensed data can be accessed user-friendly because our environment monitoring system supports web-based user interface. Moreover, in this system, we can setup threshold values so the system supports a function to inform some anomalous events to administrators. Especially, the system shows two useful pre-processed data as a kind of practical uses: a discomfort index and a septicity index. To make both index values, the system restores related data from the database system and calculates them according to each equation relatively. We can do enormous works using wireless sensor technologies, but just environment monitoring. In this paper, we show just one of the plentiful applications using sensor technologies.

Because of unreplenishable power resources, reducing node energy consumption to extend network lifetime is an important requirement in wireless sensor networks. In addition both path length and path cost are important metrics affecting sensor lifetime. We propose a dynamic clustering scheme based on location in wireless sensor networks. Our scheme can localize the effects of route failures, reduce control traffic overhead, and thus enhance the reachability to the destination. We have evaluated the performance of our clustering scheme through a simulation and analysis. We provide simulation results showing a good performance in terms of approximation ratios.

센서 노드들의 전기에너지 양은 극히 제한적이고, 밧데리 교체는 무선 센서 망에서는 매우 어렵다. 본 논문은 다른 라우터에서 에너지 손질에 대한 수학적 모델을 제안하며, 직접 Diffusion 기반에 에너지 소비를 근거로 하여 해석한다

Electric quantity of sensor nodes is extremely limited, and the battery replacement is very difficult in wireless networks. This paper proposes analytic model on energy loss in different route structure, which it is based upon the data-centric storage and the directed diffusion is energy consumption in the wireless sensor network.

Recent advancement in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has paved the way for WSNs to enable in various environments in monitoring temperature, motion, sound, and vibration. These applications often include the detection of sensitive information from enemy movements in hostile areas or in locations of personnel in buildings. Due to characteristics of WSNs and dealing with sensitive information, wireless sensor nodes tend to be exposed to the enemy or in a hazard area, and security is a major concern in WSNs. Because WSNs pose unique challenges, traditional security techniques used in conventional networks cannot be applied directly, many researchers have developed various security protocols to fit into WSNs. To develop countermeasures of various attacks in WSNs, descriptions and analysis of current security attacks in the network layers must be developed by using a standard notation. However, there is no research paper describing and analyzing security models in WSNs by using a standard notation such as The Unified Modeling Language (UML). Using the UML helps security developers to understand security attacks and design secure WSNs. In this research, we provide standard models for security attacks by UML Sequence Diagrams to describe and analyze possible attacks in the three network layers.

Clustering offers an effectual way for extending the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Recent clustering methods generally use two methods, one is choosing cluster heads (CHs) with higher residual energy (RE) and rotating CHs occasionally, for distributing the energy consumption between nodes in every cluster and prolonging the lifespan of network. But they regraded the hot spot problem in multihop WSNs rarely. When CHs cope with one another for sending data to the base station (BS), the CHs nearer to the BS were troubled with heavy relay traffic and die initially, causing partition in the network and leaving areas of the network uncovered. This article designs an Emperor Penguin Colony based Unequal Clustering Scheme for Hotspot Mitigation (EPCUCS-HM) in WSN. The presented EPCUCS-HM technique aims to mitigate the hot spot problem by the construction of unequal cluster sizes. In the EPCUCS-HM technique, the EPC algorithm is based on lifestyle of penguins. In addition, the EPCUCS-HM technique follows first order radio energy model to compute energy consumption. Moreover, the EPCUCS-HM technique derived a fitness function for effectual CH election and cluster size decision. The performance evaluation of the EPCUCS-HM technique is carried out and the results are assessed under diverse aspects. The experimental outcomes highlighted that the EPCUCS-HM algorithm has shown enhanced performance over other models.

In this paper we propose high rate turbo code (HRTC) that exploits the potential correlation present between the data of the neighboring sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network. The problem of implosion and overlap, faced by the sensor nodes, gives rise to data redundancy in the sensor network. This paper combines source -channel coding wi th data aggregation using HRTC to reduce the redundant information produced amongst the nodes and to make the network more resourceful and reliable. This paper also includes the design of the proposed HRTC that uses deterministic interleaver to ensure good permutations.

무선 센서 네트워크의 수명 및 성능은 각 센서 노드들의 에너지 효율과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 본 논문에서는 센서 노드의 에너지 효율을 높이기 위해 센서 노드의 동작 상태를 정상, 절전, 및 비활성 모드로 나눈다. 정상 모드 로 동작하는 센서 노드는 정상 주기로 센싱 및 데이터 전송을 하지만, 절전 모드에서는 그 주기를 늘임으로써 에너 지 소비를 줄인다. 센싱 및 데이터 전송을 하지 않는 비활성 모드에서는 에너지 소비가 최소화된다. 또한, 제안 알고 리즘은 센싱 데이터가 이전의 값과 동일할 경우 전송을 하지 않음으로써 불필요한 에너지 소비를 줄일 수 있다. 제 안 알고리즘은 Tiny OS 기반의 ZigbeX 플랫폼에 구현되었으며, NS-2를 사용하여 그 성능을 분석하였다. 성능 분석 결과 제안 알고리즘이 전체 센서 노드의 에너지 소비 및 그 표준편차를 효율적으로 줄임으로써 무선 센서 네트워크 의 수명을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The life-time and performance of a wireless sensor network is closely related to energy-efficiency of sensor nodes. In this paper, to increase energy-efficiency, each sensor node operates in one of three operational modes which are normal, power-saving, and inactive. In normal mode sensor nodes sense and transmit data with normal period, whereas sensor nodes in power-saving mode have three-times longer period. In inactive mode, sensor nodes do not sense and transmit any data, which makes the energy consumption to be minimized. Plus, the proposed algorithm can avoid unnecessary energy consumption by preventing transmitting duplicate sensed data. We implemented and simulated the proposed algorithm using Tiny OS based ZigbeX platfom and NS-2, respectively. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm can prolong sensor networks' lifespan by efficiently reducing energy consumption and its standard deviation of all sensor nodes.

무선 센서 네트워크는 여러 지역에 퍼져 있는 다수의 센서 노드들이 무선 방식으로 연결 되어있는 그물망 으로 전 세계에서 연구되고 있는 기술 중 하나이다. 그러나 자원의 제약성, 무선 통신 사용 등, 네트워크 자체적인 특성으로 인해 일반 네트워크에 비해서 보안이 매우 취약하다. 무선 센서 네트워크의 공격법은 크게 도청기반 공격, 위조기반 공격, 서비스 거부 기반 공격으로 나누어지며, 보안법으로 대개의 Sensor Network Application은 전송되 는 정보의 도청 또는 수정, 잘못된 정보의 삽입 등 여러가지 공격으로부터 방어를 해야 할 필요가 있다. 이를 위한 기본적인 방법은 암호화 방법, 스위칭 기법 등을 서술 한다.

A wireless sensor network is being actively researched around the world that are connected to the mesh are a plurality of sensor nodes in a wireless manner that span different regions of the techniques. However, wireless communications use the limitation of resources, so it is very weak due to the properties of the network itself secure in comparison to the normal network. Wireless sensor network is divided into tapped-based attacks, forgery based attacks, denial of service attacks based largely by securities laws must defend against various attacks such as insertion of the wrong information being sent eavesdropping or modification of information, which is usually sensor network applications need to do. The countermeasure of sensor network attack is described in this research, and it will contribute to establish a secure sensor network communication.