Earticle

[목적] 본 연구는 드라이버와 7번 아이언 스윙 시 좌우 체중비중과 변동성에 어떠한 차이가 있는지 살펴보는데 목 적이 있다. [방법] KPGA 프로선수 9명이 드라이버 샷과 7번 아이언 샷을 각각 3회를 실시하였으며, 8대의 적외선 카메라와 2대의 지면반력기를 통해 각 스윙 시 개인별, 클럽 간 좌측 하지의 체중 비중 및 변동성을 평가하였다. [결과] 임팩트 시점에서 모든 선수가 두 클럽 모두 좌측 하지에 체중비중이 높았으며, 7번 아이언 스윙 시 좌측 하 지의 체중 비중이 유의하게 높았고(p<.01, d=1.089), 변동성은 드라이버 스윙 시 유의하게 큰 것으로 나타났다(p<.05, d=-.924). [결론] 이러한 결과는 성공적인 골프 스윙에서 필요로 하는 비거리 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있지만, 드라이버 임팩트 시 증가된 변동성은 일관성 있는 스윙에는 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of weight distribution and variability on left lower limb during driver and 7 iron swing. [Method] 9 professional golfers(KPGA) conducted 3 times each of driver shot and 7 iron shot. Eight infrared cameras and two force platforms assessed weight distribution and variability at the address, top of backswing, and impact. [Result] At the impact, all the athletes had a high weight in the left lower limb of both clubs and a significant weight gain in the left lower limb in the 7th iron swing (p<.01, d=1.089) (p<.05, d=-.924), and variability was significantly greater in the driver swing (p<.05, d=-.924). [Conclusion] These results may have a positive impact on the increase in distance required for a successful golf swing, however increased variability in driver impact may have a negative impact on the consistent swing.

본 연구에서는 기업지배구조와 경영성과의 위험을 시사하는 주가수익률 변동성과의 관계 를 분석하였다. 한국기업지배구조원의 2009-2013년(5년간) 지배구조 평가점수를 이용 하여 분석하였다. 본 연구결과에 의하면 전체지배구조지수가 증가할수록 경영성과(절대주가수익률과 상대 주가수익률)의 변동성은 유의한 영향을 나타내지 않았지만 5개 연도중 4개 연도에서 지배 구조변수는 유의한 음의 계수를 나타냄으로서 지배구조가 강한 회사일수록 주가수익률의 변동성이 감소하는 것을 시사하였다. 전체지배구조를 구성하는 하위지배구조지수와 경영성과의 변동성과의 회귀분석결과에 서는 5개 하위지배구조지수중 특히 주주권리보호, 감사기구 및 경영과실배분 부문의 지배 구조가 강할수록 경영성과의 변동성은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 주주권리 보호에 초점을 맞춤으로서 경영진은 위험투자 의사결정을 신중하게 하며, 감사기구의 주요요소 인 감사위원회의 기능이 경영진의 의사결정에 적절히 견제를 하고 있다는 것을 암시하고 또한 경영성과의 안정성이 경영과실배분의 주요 부문인 배당의 안정성과 관련이 깊다는 것을 의미한다. 결론적으로, 의사소통·조정 이론에 기반하여 지배구조가 강한 기업일수록 다양한 의견을 반영하고 타협함에 의하여 극단적인 의사결정이 지양됨에 의하여 경영성과의 변동성이 감소하게 된다는 것을 사사하고 있다. 또한 대리인 문제로서 지배구조가 강한 기업의 경우 CEO의 파워가 지나치게 커지는 것을 제한함에 의하여 경영성과의 변동성이 감소된 다는 것을 제시하고 있다.

This study analyzes the relationship between corporate governance and stock return variability which is risk part of business performance. In this study 2009-2013 corporate governance data(5 year) of Korea Corporate Governance Service were used. According to the empirical study results, variability of business performance (absolute stock return and market-adjusted stock return) does not decrease significantly when overall corporate governance index increases. But 4 year results out of 5 year results show that the coefficients of corporate governance present negative signs and 2 year results out of the 4 year results present significant negative signs in coefficients of corporate governance. This indicates that firms with strong corporate governance lead to the decrease of variability of stock return. Anaysis of the sub indices of corporate governance shows that protection of shareholder’s right, audit and fair distribution of business performance present a significant negative coefficients implying a decrease in variability of stock return. In summary, based on communication/adjustment theory, firm which has strong corporate governance system shows decrease of variability in stock return through adjusting various ideas and rejecting extreme opinions in board of directors. Also based on agency theory, firm which has strong corporate governance system presents decrease of stock return variability through limiting the power of CEO.

도로 이용자들은 도로의 불확실성을 고려해 통행계획 시 목적지에 일정한 시간 내에 도착하기 위해 추가 통행시간을 고려한다. 때문 에 도로의 서비스 수준을 향상시키기 위해서는 기존의 소통측면 뿐만 아니라 변동성 측면의 정보의 제공을 통해 예측 가능한 도로를 만 드는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 도로의 변동성을 계량적으로 나타내고 도로이용자가 쉽게 이용할 수 있는 통행시간 변동성 지 표 개발이 필요하다. 최근 미국을 중심으로 교통 선진국에서 통행시간 변동성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며, 현재 변동성을 계량화하 기 위한 지표에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행 중에 있다. 기존 연구에서는 변동성 지표 산출시 95th통행시간을 가장 중요하게 고려하고 있다. 본 연구는 평상시와 기상요인시를 비교분석하여, 기존 통행시간 변동성 지표 산출시 가장 중요하게 고려되는 95th통행시간이 국 내 교통 환경에서 통행시간 변동성을 대표할 수 있는 지표인지 검토였다. 교통수준별로 구분하여 분석한 결과 기상요인 발생시 교통 수 준이 낮은 LOS A~D 구간에서는 80th통행시간, 90th통행시간, 95th통행시간 모두 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 그중 95th통행시간이 가장 민감하게 변하는 것으로 분석되었다.

Travellers consider extra travel time to be arriving their destination because of uncertainty of travel. So it is important to make predictable highway by providing information of travel time variability to traveller so as to enhance level of service at highway. In order to make predictable highway, it is necessary to develope measures of travel time variability that travellers can easily understand. Recently advanced country including the United States, travel time variability index are actively studied. In earlier study, 95percentile of travel time is considered to be most important calculation index of travel time variability. In this study, is has focused on the propriety analysis of 95percentile of travel time in domestic transportation environment. Result of analysis, All of measures(80percentile of travel time, 90percentile of travel time, 95percentile of travel time) show the tendency to increase when case of weather factor occur compare to normal condition under LOS A~D. Especially 95percentile of travel time increased sensitively.

오늘날 많은 기업들은 기업 고유의 비즈니스 프로세스를 위해 다양한 서비스 지향 컴퓨팅 시스템을 구축하고 이용하고 있다. 기업의 비즈니스 프로세스에 따라 요구사항은 다양하게 변화하지만 서비스 지향 컴퓨팅 시스템의 구성단위인 웹 서비스는 이러한 요구사항 변화에 민첩하게 대응할 수 있는 능력이 존재하지 않는다. 또한 개발된 웹 서비스들을 재사 용하여 웹 서비스를 개발하기 위한 효과적인 방법이 없어 불필요하게 많은 기능을 가지거나 너무 많은 웹 서비스를 개 발하여 웹 서비스 자원에 대한 효율적인 관리가 이루어지지 못하는 문제점이 발생한다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위 하여 본 논문에서는 웹 서비스로 구현되는 서비스 기반 컴퓨팅 시스템의 개발을 위해 웹 서비스가 가지는 공통성과 가 변성을 분석하고 표현할 수 있는 2-계층 웹 서비스 가변성 모델을 제시하며, 개발된 가변성 모델의 정보를 이용하여 재사용 용이한 웹 서비스 슬라이스 추출 기법과 WSDL기반의 웹 서비스 슬라이스 재사용 방법을 제시한다.

Abstract Nowadays, lots of enterprises are using and developing several service oriented computing(SOC) systems for their business process. Requirements of SOC systems are changed quickly and variously by their business process. But web service which is a constructing unit of SOC system don't have the ability to support the change of SOC system. Therefore there are developed web services having too many functions or too many split web services and it is difficult that we effectively manage and reuse developed web services, so we need the method of identifying web service with reusability. For this purpose, this paper is presented the 2-tier web service variability model which represents the commonalities and variabilities of a set of web service for a SOC System. We propose the method of identifying reusable web service slices using the 2-tier web service variability model and the method of reuse based on WSDL using web service slices.

현대사회는 기술개발이 가속화되고 환경문제에 대한 인식이 확산되면서 자원낭비를 최소화 하고 지속가능한 혁신적인 디자인 접근법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 트랜스폼의 개념을 살펴보고 패 션에 표현된 트랜스폼 디자인의 형태적인 유형과 그에 따른 특성을 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 실용적 이면서도 친환경적인 패션디자인의 창의적인 방향을 제시하고, 미래 패션의 발전 가능성을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구는 문헌자료, 패션컬렉션과 인터넷 사진자료를 활용하여 패션에서 트랜스폼 디자 인의 유형과 특성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 패션의 트랜스폼디자인 유형은 아이템 변화와 실루엣 변화로 분류하여 분석하였다. 아이템 변화는 하나의 의복이 다양한 아이템으로 변형되며 실용성과 가변성, 지속가능성의 특성을 보였다. 실루엣 변 화는 의복의 길이, 부피, 특정 부분의 새로운 형태 변화로 디자인의 다양성과 창의성을 반영하여 사용 자에게 다기능적이고 유연한 스타일의 변형 옵션을 제공한다. 패션에서 트랜스폼 디자인의 유형에 따른 특성은 다목적성, 가변성, 지속가능성으로 표현되었다. 먼 저 다목적성은 여러 가지 기능적, 조형적, 장식적인 면에서 새로움, 통합, 변화 등을 적용하여 새롭고 창의적인 디자인의 방향을 제시한다. 가변성은 의복의 형태가 여러 가지 유형과 특성으로 나타나며 사 용자의 의도에 따라 다양한 디자인으로 변형하여 패션의 다목적, 기능성을 추구한다. 지속가능성은 환 경문제와 밀접한 관계를 가지며, 소비자의 욕구를 충족시키고 의복의 사용기간을 늘릴 수 있도록 창의적인 트랜스폼 디자인으로 미래 패션의 지속가능성을 제안한다. 본 연구는 신기술과 디자인의 융합이 패션디자인에 가져올 변형 가능성을 확인하고, 지속가능한 발전 이라는 시대적 요구를 반영한 실용적이고 창의적인 디자인 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 이는 미래 패션 연구를 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 후속 연구에서는 패션산업의 지속가능성을 혁신적으 로 높이기 위해 재활용소재의 사용, 트랜스폼디자인 상품의 제작 기술, 글로벌 시장에서의 트랜스폼 디 자인의 수용성 등 연구범위를 넓혀 창의적이고 실용적인 측면에서 트랜스폼 디자인에 대한 심층적인 분석이 필요할 것이다.

In modern society, as technology development accelerates and awareness of environmental issues spreads, innovative design approaches that minimize resource waste and prioritize sustainability are required. This study examines the concept of transform design, analyzing its morphological types and characteristics as expressed in fashion. Based on this, this study aims to suggest creative directions for practical and eco-friendly fashion design and to explore the possibility of future fashion development. The research analysed the types and characteristics of transform designs in fashion using literature, fashion collections and online image data. The study categorizes transform designs in fashion into two types: item transformation and silhouette transformation. Item transformation involves one garment being converted into various items, showcasing practicality, adaptability, and sustainability. Silhouette transformation includes changes in garment length, volume, or specific parts, reflecting design diversity and creativity, while offering multifunctional and flexible style options to users. The characteristics of each type of transforma design in fashion were described as multipurpose functionality, Variability, and sustainability. Firstly, Multipurpose functionality integrates novelty, versatility, and change across functional, aesthetic, and decorative dimensions, offering innovative and creative design directions. Variability is the pursuit of versatility and functionality in fashion by transforming the form of clothing into various types and characteristics and transforming it into various designs according to the user's intention. Sustainability is closely related to environmental issues and proposes the sustainability of future fashion through creative transformational design to meet the needs of consumers and increase the use period of clothing. This study has identified the transformative potential of the convergence of new technology and design in fashion design and presented practical and creative designs that reflect the needs of the times for sustainable development. It can be used as a basis for future fashion research. In order to innovatively increase the sustainability of the fashion industry, further research should expand the scope of the study to include the use of recycled materials, the production technology of transformative design products, and the acceptability of transform design in the global market, and conduct an in-depth analysis of transform design from creative and practical aspects.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the statistical behavior of fatigue crack propagation(FCP) in magnesium alloy AZ31. FCP tests have been performed on compact specimens of AZ31 at load ratio conditions and maximum fatigue load conditions to obtain statistical data of FCP. It was found that the variability of fatigue crack propagation rate was significantly large at initial stage of FCP and gradually became smaller as the fatigue crack propagated. The finding of the study showed that increasing the load ratio could increase the variability of fatigue crack propagation rate at initial FCP stage. The samller the load ratio, the higher the fatigue crack propagation rate at initial stage. It was also found that the load ratio is a factor affecting the fatigue crack propagation rate in magnesium alloy.

본 논문은 빅데이터 분석 교육의 문제점을 고찰해 그 개선 방안을 제시한다. 빅데이터의 특성은 V3에서 V5로 진화하고 있다. 이에 빅데이터 분석 교육도 V5를 감안한 데이터 분석 교육이 되어야 한다. 작금 불확실성의 증대는 데이터 분석의 리스크를 증가시키기에 내적․외적 구조화/비구조화 데이터를 비롯해 교란 요인마저 분석할 때 데이터의 신뢰성은 증가될 수 있다. 그리고 평판분석을 활용할 때 범하기 쉬운 오류가 가변성과 불확실성에 대한 상황 인식이다. 가변성의 측면을 고려해, 다양한 변수와 옵션에 의한 불확실성의 상황을 인식하고 대비한 데이터 분석이 이뤄질 때 데이터에 대한 신뢰성과 정확성은 증가할 수 있다. 사회관계망 분석에서 학생들과 일반 연구자들 이 주로 활용하는 것이 텍스톰과 노드엑셀의 노드 분석이다. 사화관계망 분석은 매개중심성에 의한 상황 분석을 통해 다크 데이터를 찾아 이상 현상을 감지하고 현 상황을 분석하여 유용한 의미를 얻고 미래를 예측할 수 있어야 한다.

This paper examines the problems of big data analysis education and suggests ways to solve them. Big data is a trend that the characteristic of big data is evolving from V3 to V5. For this reason, big data analysis education must take V5 into account. Because increased uncertainty can increase the risk of data analysis, internal and external structured/semi-structured data as well as disturbance factors should be analyzed to improve the reliability of the data. And when using opinion mining, error that is easy to perceive is variability and veracity. The veracity of the data can be increased when data analysis is performed against uncertain situations created by various variables and options. It is the node analysis of the textom(텍스톰) and NodeXL that students and researchers mainly use in the analysis of the association network. Social network analysis should be able to get meaningful results and predict future by analyzing the current situation based on dark data gained.

국내의 공동주택은 내력벽식 구조방식의 습식공법 및 일체형 구법, 공간 구성 및 공급방식의 획일성, 거주자 참여 배제 등 공급자 위주의 공급으로 성장을 해왔다. 이러한 성장은 수명이 짧은 설비 등이 수명이 긴 구조체에 매설되는 구법으로 구조체의 수명이 충분함에도 불구하고 공동주택의 공급주기를 짧게 하여 건설자원의 낭비와 건설폐기물 대량 발생 등이 사회 문제가 되기도 하였다. 이에 따라 주택을 유지, 관리하기 위한 방안으로 리모델링에 대한 사회적 관심이 높아지고 있으나 이에 대한 계획이 설계초기단계부터 제대로 반영되지 않아 기존의 건축물에 적용하기에는 미흡한 부분이 있다. 이에 국가에서는 장수명 주택에 대한 도입을 시행하고 있으며, 장수명 주택은 설계 초기단계부터 시공단계에 필요한 내구성, 가변성, 수리용이성의 요소를 접목하여 기존 요건을 유지시키며 변화에 맞는 건물의 유지관리가 가능하게 하지만 다양한 요인에 의해 활성화 되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해소하고자 거주자의 다양하고 개성적인 요구와 생활변화 및 삶의 질 향상에 대응하기 위해 장수명 공동주택 현 제도의 인증 기준의 중요도를 분석하여 개선 필요한 요인을 도출하였으며, 이를 토대로 활성화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이에 대한 개선방향으로 등급에 따른 인센티브의 차등 지급 및 배점기준의 개선을 제안하였다.

This Domestic apartment houses have been growing with supplier-oriented supply such as wet-wall construction method and integral type method of box-frame construction, uniformity of space configuration and supply method, and exclusion of residents participation. This growth is due to the fact that the lifespan of short-lived facilities is buried in long-lived structures, which shortens the supply cycle of apartment buildings, resulting in a waste of construction resources and a large amount of construction wastes. Therefore, social interest in remodeling is increasing as a way to maintain and manage the house, but the plan is not properly reflected from the initial stage of design, so it is insufficient to apply it to existing buildings. In contrast, long-life houses are required to maintain the existing requirements by combining durability, flexibility, and ease of repair required from the initial stage of construction to the construction stage, and enable the maintenance of buildings in accordance with the changes, however, it is not activated by various factors. Therefore, in this study, to solve these problems, we analyzed the importance of the certification standards of long-life apartment housing certification system in order to respond to diverse and individual needs of the residents and to improve the quality of life and quality of life. Based on this, we propose an activation plan. As a result, it was found that the item "Insufficient of incentive" should be improved first, and it was suggested that incentives should be differentiated according to grades in order to improve them.

서비스 지향의 소프트웨어 개발을 위한 SOA(Service Oriented Architecture)는 비즈니스 중심적이고, 자율적인 재사용 단위인 서비스를 기반으로 하고 있다. 이러한 서비스 지향 환경에서 소프트웨어는 서비스의 약결합과 조합을 통해 개발된다. 그러나, 서비스의 재사용은 BPEL(Business Process Execution Language)을 활용한 서비스의 조합을 사용하는 소프트웨어의 개발과 구현 측면에 제한되어 있다. 그러므로 더 효율적이고, 유연한 구조의 소프트웨어 개발을 위해 분석과 설계 단계에서 적용될 수 있는 확장된 재사용성의 개념이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 도메인 피처 뷰, 도메인 서비스 구조 뷰, 도메인 서비스 행위 뷰, 도메인 메시지 뷰로 구성된 뷰 기반의 아키텍처 모델을 제안한다. 이 뷰 모델은 프로덕트 라인이 가지는 공통성과 가변성의 개념을 접목하여 분석과 설계의 재사용에 초점을 두고 있다. 제안된 아키텍처를 기반으로 한 아키텍처 수준의 산출물의 재사용을 통해 서비스 지향 소프트웨어 개발의 효율성을 증대시킬 수 있다.

The service-oriented architecture for service-oriented software development is based on business-centric, autonomous reusable units called services. In these environments, software is developed flexibly through loose coupling and composition of services. However, the reusability of services is limited to software development and implementation using service composition through the business process execution language. Therefore, an extended reusability concept is required for more efficient and flexible software development that can be applied during analysis and design. We propose a view-driven software architecture that consists of a domain feature view, a domain service structure view, a domain service behavior view and a domain message view. It is focused on reusability in analysis and design based on the product-line concept, which analyzes commonality and variability. The proposed architecture can enhance the efficiency of service-oriented software development through the reuse of architectural-level artifacts.

현재 진행되고 있는 탈 이데올로기화와 탈 경계화의 맥락에서 사람들은 사고방식에 있어서나 일상의 삶에 있어서 끊임없이 유동하면서 새로운 영토를 확보하고 다시금 이러한 영토에 정착함 없이 새로운 영토를 찾아 떠나도록 요구받고 있으며, 이러한 삶의 토대는 어찌 보면 존재 자체의 영원한 부유성의 특성일지도 모른다.본 연구는 이 같은 인간존재의 ‘노마드적 특성’이 가장 효과적으로 발현될 수 있는 여가시설인 유스호스텔을 통한 새로운 숙박가능성을 제시하는 것만이 아니라 유스호스텔 자체의 미래상을 제시하는 것 역시 중요하다는 문제의식 하에서 우선 기존의 청소년 시설로서의 유스호스텔을 시대변화에 발맞춰 차별화되고 특성화된 열린 공간의 이미지를 창출하며 이와 더불어 기존의 유스호스텔 공간 활용의 문제점을 살핀 후 공간 활용 활성화 방안을 제기함으로써 ‘새로운 유스호스텔의 생성을 위한 기존공간의 최적화 가능성’을 모색하고자 한다. 보다 구체적으로 규정해 보자면, 본 연구는 최근 이동인구가 급증하고 있으며 이에 부응하는 ‘탄력성(flexibility)’과 ‘유동성(mobility)’에 기초한 사고와 감성이 요구됨에 따라 정착과 정주의 개념보다는 끊임없이 옮겨 다니는 ‘노마드(유목민)’적 사고에 기초한 개인공간의 디자인에 주목한다. 이 같은 디자인 이념을 충족시켜주어야 할 유스호스텔은 기존의 요구사항들, 즉 저렴한 숙박비, 편리함을 제공하는 동시에 세탁, 요리, 다각도의 교류 등을 충족시켜야 한다. 그리고 더 나아가 미래의 유스호스텔로서의 위상은 트렌드가 반영되는 공간, 다 기능적 체험 공간, 문화적이고 사회적인 엔터테인먼트를 통한 국제적 교류의 공간, 특별한 체험이 존재하는 공간의 위상을 담고 있어야 한다. 이러한 기본적인 공간위상의 함의에 부합되도록 본 연구는 현재 유스호스텔의 현황 및 시설기준을 살펴보고 개선과 변화가 필요한 부분들을 지적하면서 미래지향적인 유스호스텔로서의 공간 활용 가능성을 새로운 공간디자인을 통해 제안하는데 목적을 둔다.

In the context of the de-territorialization and de-ideologization people who are incessantly floating not only in thinking but also in daily life are required to secure a new territory and not to settle down in it, but to leave this place to find out an another territory. The basis of this kind of life can be the character of the eternal floating as the one of the being in itself. In coming up with the new kind of accommodation, 'Youth-Hostel' as an imbodiment of the 'nomadic characteristics' that reflects the recent trend in the traveling of the younger generation, and in presenting the future of the Youth-Hostel this study assigns the differentiated and specialized space images to it and intends to grope for 'the possibilities of the optimization of existing facilities for the innovative Youth-Hostel' by analysing the problems of the space application of the existing Youth-Hostels and at the same time exposing the device for the revitalization of them.

This study was conducted to measure the seasonal concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in laying hens performed according to the Verification of Environmental Technologies for Agricultural Production (VERA) Test Protocol and to calculate corresponding emission factors. During the winter and summer, the concentration of emitted PM10 was high at 391.6 μg/m3 and low at 223.7 μg/m3, respectively, whereas that of PM2.5 was high at 50.4 μg/m3 and 62.8 μg/m3 in the winter and spring, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of emitted NH3 was high at 9.33 and 8.37 ppm during winter and spring, respectively. The annual average emission concentrations for PM10 and PM2.5 were 323.5 and 49.6 5 μg/m3, respectively, whereas that for NH3 was 5.75 ppm. The emission factors of PM10 and PM2.5 were highest in summer and lowest in winter; and those in fall were higher than those in spring. Similarly, the highest and lowest NH3 emission factor values were recorded in the summer and winter, respectively. The annual emission factors of PM10, PM2.5, and NH3 were 0.027, 0.0045, and 0.383 kg/head/year, respectively. Our finding in this study highlight the importance of monitoring for the effective management of PM and NH3 emissions that occur over short time periods and indicate that the ventilation volume should also be considered on a seasonal basis.

Objective To find evidence of autonomic imbalance and present the heart rate variability (HRV) parameters that reflect the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) in children with acquired brain injury (ABI).Methods Thirteen children with ABI were enrolled and age- and sex-matched children with cerebral palsy were selected as the control group (n=13). The following HRV parameters were calculated: time-domain indices including the mean heart rate, standard deviation of all average R-R intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), physical stress index (PSI), approximate entropy (ApEn); successive R-R interval difference (SRD), and frequency domain indices including total power (TP), high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), normalized HF, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio.Results There were significant differences between the ABI and control groups in the mean heart rate, RMSSD, PSI and all indices of the frequency domain analysis. The mean heart rate, PSI, normalized LF, and LF/HF ratio increased in the ABI group. The presence of PSH symptoms in the ABI group demonstrated a statistically significant decline of the SDNN, TP, ln TP.Conclusion The differences in the HRV parameters and presence of PSH symptoms are noted among ABI children compared to an age- and sex-matched control group with cerebral palsy. Within the ABI group, the presence of PSH symptoms influenced the parameters of HRV such as SDNN, TP and ln TP.

Objective To quantify autonomic dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy controls using heart rate variability (HRV).Methods Sixteen patients with fibromyalgia and 16 healthy controls were recruited in this case control study. HRV was measured using the time-domain method incorporating the following parameters: total heartbeats, the mean of intervals between consecutive heartbeats (R-R intervals), the standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD), ratio of SDNN to RMSSD (SDNN/RMSSD), and difference between the longest and shortest R-R interval under different three conditions including normal quiet breathing, rate controlled breathing, and Valsalva maneuver. The severity of autonomic symptoms in the group of patients with fibromyalgia was measured by Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale 31 (COMPASS 31). Then we analyzed the difference between the fibromyalgia and control groups and the correlation between the COMPASS 31 and aforementioned HRV parameters in the study groups.Results Patients with fibromyalgia had significantly higher SDNN/RMSSD values under both normal quiet breathing and rate controlled breathing compared to controls. Differences between the longest and shortest R-R interval under Valsalva maneuver were also significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia than in controls. COMPASS 31 score was negatively correlated with SDNN/RMSSD values under rate controlled breathing.Conclusion SDNN/RMSSD is a valuable parameter for autonomic nervous system function and can be used to quantify subjective autonomic symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive measure of sympathovagal balance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review will: (a) consider HRV measurement in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); (b) discuss the applicability of HRV measurement in IBS by addressing strengths and limitations; and (c) propose future directions in this field of gastrointestinal research and clinical practice. As a strength, analyzing HRV components is a useful method and appears most suitable for detection of changes in ANS sympathovagal balance in both stress and non-stress conditions with good validity and reliability. Also, it is an appropriate measure for ANS in studies with large populations, in both laboratory and clinical settings, and for longitudinal studies because of its noninvasive assets. With regard to limitations of measuring HRV, these are poor standardization, additional human editing, not considering medication or other confounding factors, inconsistent results in gastrointestinal vagal tone study, and different time periods. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):5?16

Previous research studies have indicated that biofeedback treatment and relaxation techniques are effective in reducing psychological and physical symptoms (Hammond, 2005; Manzoni, G. M., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E., 2008). However, dearth of studies has compared heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback treatment and relaxation training to reduce trait anxiety. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of HRV biofeedback treatment and relaxation training in reducing trait anxiety compared to control group without any treatment using students in a science and engineering university of South Korea. For the present study, a total of 15 graduate students with moderate level of trait anxiety were recruited for 4 individual sessions every two weeks. They were randomly assigned into three groups: biofeedback treatment (n = 5), relaxation training (n = 5), and no treatment control group (n = 5). Our results revealed significant difference in change score of trait anxiety between the HRV biofeedback treatment and the no treatment control group. However, no significant difference was found between the relaxation training group and the no treatment control group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the HRV biofeedback treatment and the relaxation training. Results of the present study indicate that there is potential benefit in utilizing HRV biofeedback treatment for stress management programs and/or anxiety reduction treatment.

Warfarin is a frequently prescribed anticoagulant in rehabilitation patients. Adverse drug reactions of warfarin were reported as bleeding and cutaneous microvascular thrombosis. Major bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage and psoas hematoma, in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy is a rare condition, but sometimes very serious complication that can even be fatal. Patient-specific factors (eg, age, body size, race, concurrent diseases, and medications) explain some of the individual variability in warfarin dose, but genetic factors, which influence warfarin response, explain a significantly higher proportion of the variability in the dose. There are two identified genes that are responsible for the main proportion of the genetic effect: CYP2C9, which codes for the enzyme cytochrome P450 2C9 that metabolizes S-warfarin, and VKORC1, which codes for warfarin’s target, vitamin K epoxide reductase. We report a case of intolerance to warfarin dosing, due to impaired drug metabolism in a patient with CYP2C9*1/*3 and VKORC 1173TT. Fortunately, there are no severe complications.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to confirm the effects of atogenic training (AT) on stress response and heart rate variability in nursing school students experiencing stress related to clinical training. Methods: The study was carried out from September 2012 to April 2013 in a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group using a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 40 nursing students in their third year at either of two nursing colleges. All consented to participate. Nineteen nursing students at one college were assigned to the experimental group and underwent the 8-week AT program, and the other 21 were assigned to the control group and did not undergo any training. Stress response was assessed by questionnaire and HRV was measured three times, that is, before the program, at the end of the program, and 6 months after the end of the AT program. Results: A significant time/group interaction was found for stress response (F = 4.68, p = .012), a subjective indicator. However, no significant interaction was found for the objective indicators of heart rate variability, normalized low frequency (F = 2.59, p = .090), normalized high frequency (F = 2.59, p = .090), or low frequency to high frequency ratio (F = 1.38, p = .257). Conclusion: The results suggest that AT provides an acceptable approach to stress reduction in nursing students.

Background Functional movements involving hip extension and lumbo-pelvic stabilization are important for individuals with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Although bridge and sling bridge exercises are commonly used to improve these functions, comparative evidence on their effects, particularly in terms of muscle activity, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate variability (HRV), remains limited. Purpose This study was conducted to compare the electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), and multifidus (MF), as well as rating of perceived exertion and heart rate variability, during bridge and sling bridge exercises in individuals with non-specific low back pain. Study design Cross-sectional design Methods Twenty male participants with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) performed bridge and sling bridge exercises in a randomized order. Muscle activity of the gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), and multifidus (MF) was measured using electromyography and recorded for 5 seconds after achieving the final exercise posture. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed using the Apple Watch Series 7 before and immediately after each exercise, while the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured immediately after each exercise. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Results As a result of comparing the bridge exercise and the sling bridge exercise, the muscle activity of the GM, BF, and MF and HRV were significantly higher during the sling bridge exercise compared to the bridge exercise (p<0.05). However, the GM/BF and MF/BF ratios were significantly higher during the bridge exercise (p<0.05). While no significant difference was found in the RPE between both exercises. Conclusions In the early stages of rehabilitation, bridge exercises should be prioritized to selectively activate the GM. In the later stages of rehabilitation for individuals with NSLBP, sling bridge exercises are recommended, as overall activation of various lower extremity muscles and HRV is necessary.

Purpose Preventing diabetic complications involves regular outpatient follow-up and maintaining low variability in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. This study investigated the factors associated with diabetic complications, with a specific focus on the impact of regular outpatient follow-up and HbA1c variability, among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study design was secondary data analysis of electronic medical records from a university hospital in Korea. It included patients aged 40?79 with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed diabetes medication within three months of their first HbA1c test by an endocrinologist and were followed up for at least five years. Follow-up regularity, adjusted standard deviation of HbA1c levels, and diabetic complication indices were collected. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, independent t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. Results The study included 1566 patients. Lower follow-up regularity was observed in patients of older age, with comorbidities, diabetic complications, insulin treatment, a history of hospitalization, lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and total cholesterol (TC), and higher HbA1c variability. Higher HbA1c variability was observed in younger patients without comorbidity but with insulin treatment, a history of hospitalization, higher baseline blood glucose (BG), HbA1c, TC, and triglyceride levels. HbA1c variability had the strongest influence on BG and HbA1c levels at the five-year follow-up. Baseline eGFR and TC were the most influential factors for their respective levels at the five-year follow-up. Follow-up regularity significantly affected BG, HbA1c, eGFR, and TC at five-year follow-up. Conclusions It has been shown that several variables besides regular follow-up and HbA1c variability have an influence. However, these are the two that can be corrected through nursing intervention and are important, so intervention on these is important.

Objective To explore the effects of tactile stimulation using air pressure at the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on autonomic activity in healthy individuals. Methods Three types of tactile stimulation were used in this study: continuous low-amplitude, continuous high-amplitude, and pulsed airflow. The tactile stimulations were provided to the cymba concha to investigate autonomic activity in 22 healthy participants. The mean heart rate (HR) and parameters of HR variability, including the standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) were compared at baseline, stimulation, and recovery periods. Results Two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of time on HR (p=0.001), SDNN (p=0.003), and RMSSD (p<0.001). These parameters showed significant differences between baseline and stimulation periods and baseline and recovery periods in the post-hoc analyses. There were no significant differences in the changes induced by stimulation type and the interaction between time and stimulation type for all parameters. One-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that HR, SDNN, and RMSSD did not differ significantly among the three time periods during sham stimulation. Conclusion Parasympathetic activity can be enhanced by auricular tactile stimulation using air pressure, targeting the cymba concha. Further studies are warranted to investigate the optimal stimulation parameters for potential clinical significance.