Earticle

어거스틴에 의해 정립된 교회론은 종교개혁의 후예들에 의해 받아들여 지고, 정통교회에 대한 올바른 정의를 내려주는데 큰 기여를 하였다. 그런데, 그러한 그의 교회론이 형성되고 정립되기까지 과정을 살펴 보게 되 면 그러한 진리의 내용을 후대에 전수하기 위한 노력이 얼마나 지대했음 을 확인하게 된다. 어거스틴이 살던 당시는 기독교를 향한 300년 이상의 박해가 끝난 지 얼마 안 되는 시점이었다. 그렇기 때문에 당시 고대의 상 황은 안정기라기 보다는 혼돈의 시기였으며, 어거스틴이 살았던 북아프 리카 역시 혼란이 끊이지 았았다. 기독교의 박해로 인해 신앙을 저버렸던 기독교인들과 박해 속에서도 끝 까지 신앙을 지켜왔던 기독교인들과의 팽팽한 대립은 급기야는 그들을 교회로 받아주어야 할지, 말아야 할지에 대한 심심치 않은 갈등과 논란 을 야기하였다. 더욱이 교회의 혼란한 틈을 이용하여 몬타누스파나 노바 티아누스파와 같은 이단들이 등장하여 교회의 혼란을 더욱 가중시키면서 교회는 성경적인 교회론에 대해 생각하고 이를 제대로 정립해야 하는 과 도기에 직면하게 된다. 그러한 역사적인 배경이 있었기에 그 시대에는 터툴리안, 키프리안과 같은 여러 훌륭한 교부들이 성경적인 교회론이 무엇인지에 대해 살피고 자 하였고, 그러한 사상은 정통 기독교를 세워 가는데 적지 않은 영향을 끼치게 되었다. 어거스틴 역시 위대한 교부들의 발자취를 따라가며 참 된 교회의 본질에 대해 끊임없이 연구하고 그 내용을 후대에 전수하기 위해 노력한 훌륭한 인물이다. 로마 제국의 박해 가운데서도 하나님께 서 교회에게 맡겨주신 진리를 지키고자 끝까지 싸워 온 도나투스파와 비 록 핍박 속에서 배교했지만 진심으로 회개하고 돌아오는 신자들은 교회로 받아주어야 한다고 주장하는 어거스틴과의 갈등을 통해 오늘을 살아 가는 우리는 어떠한 자세로 교회를 섬길 수 있을지, 성도를 어떻게 대하는 것이 진정한 교회를 이룰 수 있는 것인가를 이 짧은 소논문을 통해 살펴보고자 한다.

The theory of church established by Augustine was accepted by descendants of the Reformation and contributed greatly to the correct definition of the Orthodox Church. However, if you look at the process until the formation and establishment of his church theory, you can see how great the effort to pass on the content of such truth to future generations was. At the time of Augustine's life, more than 300 years of persecution against Christianity had just ended. As a result, the ancient situation at the time was a period of chaos rather than stability, and chaos continued in North Africa, where Augustine lived. The intense confrontation between Christians who abandoned their faith due to Christian persecution and Christians who kept their faith until the end despite persecution eventually caused constant conflict and controversy over whether to accept them to the church or not. Moreover, heresies such as Montanuspa and Novartianism take advantage of the church's confusion to further add to the church's confusion, and the church faces a transition period in which it must think about biblical church theory and establish it properly. Due to such a historical background, a number of great priests, such as Tutulian and Kiprian, tried to examine what biblical church theory was at that time, and such ideas had a significant impact on the establishment of orthodox Christianity. Augustine is also a great person who followed in the footsteps of the great princes, constantly studying the nature of the true church, and striving to pass on its contents to future generations. In the midst of the persecution of the Roman Empire, I would like to examine how we can serve the church and how treating the saints can achieve a true church through the conflict between the Donatus faction, which has fought to the end to protect the truth entrusted to the church by God, and Augustine, who sincerely repent and return to the church even though they are apostated under persecution.

This study pays attention to antithetical standpoint of convergence and divergence in order to establish the nature and attribute of national development. Especially this study begins with some arguments under which it is a desirable premise that national development should pursue a balanced development regardless of a certain time and circumstantial logics. Before a full fledged comparative analysis, first, this study reviews comprehensively on some patterns and characteristics of national development reflected in a long history. Then this study performs a comparative analysis between the earlier western modernization and the non-western 'retarded' or 'catch-up' modernization in terms of reality and theory. According to the results of this study, national developments show a high-degree of ambilaterality in terms of convergence and divergence. It turns out that the ambilateriality is not exceptional for both western societies of earlier modernization and non-westerns of delayed modernization. Therefore it is desirable that we pursue mixed developmental strategies focused on governance style rather than being excessive immersed in a specific meta-theory. Especially, in addition to industrial competitiveness in terms of the effort on a quantitative aspect, we should be in accordance with the importance of national happiness and dignity which represent each national quality and status in order to totally resolve the gaps over classes and regions of the state.

Electrochromic displays offer the possibility of providing high brightness in reflective mode due to the fact that no polarization of the incident or reflected light is required. The use of appropriately roughened reflective layers can enable the diffuse or Lambertian reflection of light. truly imitating the optical nature of paper as a reading medium. Furthermore, the use of an electrochromic system, essentially an electrochemical device, allows for the integration of charge storage layers, endowing such devices with an on-state memory and associated low power consumption. In this paper we describe the $NanoChromics^{TM}$ system and overview the several strategies employed towards the migration of this technology to flexible display formats.

저자는 기존의 연구에서 대용량-비선형성을 가지는 유체의 최적화를 수행하기 위해 몇 가지 강력한 방법들을 제시한 바 있다. 즉, 최적화 과정에서 수렴성을 높이기 위해 step by step기법을 사용하였고, 또한 수렴속도를 높이기 위하여 최적화이터레이션 과정에서 얻어지는 민감도정보를 이용하여 시스템 평형방정식의 해석을 위한 좋은 초기치를 제공하는 방법과, 평형방정식을 구속조건으로 사용하는 동시기법(simultaneous technique)에서 착안하여 해석과 최적화 수렴 판정치를 조작하는 방법을 제시한 바 있다. 그러나 그들 기법은 기본적으로 유사뉴턴법에 기본을 두고 있다. 현재까지 최적화에서 SQP기법을 사용할 때는 정확한 헤시안 매트릭스의 유도가 매우 까다롭고 힘들기 때문에 유사뉴턴법을 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 3차원 문제와 같이 더욱 큰 용량의 문제를 위해서는 진정한 의미에서의 뉴턴법, 트루 뉴턴법(true Newton method)을 사용할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 트루 뉴턴법을 사용하기 위해 헤시안 매트릭스의 정확치를 얻는 과정을 유도하고 이를 기본으로 트루 뉴턴법을 이용한 최적화 루틴을 만들었다. 그리고 이를 3차원 문제에 적용하여 그 효과를 검증하였다.

We have developed several methods for the optimization problem having large-scale and highly nonlinear system. First, step by step method in optimization process was employed to improve the convergence. In addition, techniques of furnishing good initial guesses for analysis using sensitivity information acquired from optimization iteration, and of manipulating analysis/optimization convergency criterion motivated from simultaneous technique were used. We applied them to flow control problem and verified their efficiency and robustness. However, they are based on quasi-Newton method that approximate the Hessian matrix using exact first derivatives. However solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are very cost, so we want to improve the efficiency of the optimization algorithm as much as possible. Thus we develop a true Newton method that uses exact Hessian matrix. And we apply that to the three-dimensional problem of flow around a sphere. This problem is certainly intractable with existing methods for optimal flow control. However, we can attack such problems with the methods that we developed previously and true Newton method.

이 글은 북한을 어떻게 인식할 것인가 하는 인식론적 문제를 중심으로 북핵문제의 성격과 한국 통일전략의 방향을 모색하려는 것이다. 북핵문제의 발생과 때를 맞추어서 우리사회에서 일군의 연구자들은 소위 내재적 접근법을 내세워 북한사회가 설정 추구하는 사회주의 이념, 목표, 논리에 따라 북한을 연구해야 한다고 주장하여 북한의 주장과 이념을 여과 없이 한국 사회에 전파하였다. 그런 방법은 북한에 대한 객관적 인식을 저해하고 북한의 주장을 그대로 받아들이는 부작용을 가져와 북한 핵의 기본성격을 오판하고 북의 핵개발을 저지하지 못하는데 적지 않은 영향을 미쳤다고 본다. 북한의 이념과 목표 그리고 논리는 이데올로기에 따라 역사적 사실적 진리마저 왜곡한 체제의 선전 논리의 성격이 강하다. 북한을 연구하려면 사물을 외부에서 객관적으로 볼 수 있는 외재적 접근법으로 보아야 한다. 북한을 객관적으로 인식할 때 북한은 세습 1인 독재의 전체주의 체제이며 핵무기 개발은 이러한 체제를 지키고 미국의 개입을 차단하기 위한 것이다. 핵개발은 전체주의체제의 성격과 불가분의 관계에 있다. 북한인식의 이러한 대전환을 이룩할 때 한국 통일전략은 근본적으로 달라져야 한다. 한국은 이제 내재적 인식론과 함께 결과적으로 북한의 핵무장을 도와준 햇볕정책을 공식적으로 그리고 실질적으로 폐기해야 한다. 이와 함께 우리의 대북전략은 북한정권과 북한을 분리해야 한다. 북한정권과는 분단 관리를 위해 필요한 협력을 하고 통일한국의 불가분의 일부인 북한과 북한 주민에 대해서는 목적 사업에 쓰는가에 대한 확실한 모니터링을 조건으로 적극적 지원 대책이 필요하다. 또한 통일과 안보를 분리하여 안보를 강조하는 것이 마치 반통일적인 것처럼 인식하는 잘못을 바로 잡아야 한다. 통일과 안보는 뗄 수 없는 불가분의 것임을 인식하여 평화통일을 위한 억지력으로서의 국군의 존재이유를 제대로 자리 매김 해주어야 한다. 한편 전쟁, 흡수, 합의라는 세 가지 통일방안 중 김대중 정부 당시 폐기했던 흡수통일의 가능성을 다시 열어놓아야 하며 성공적으로 평가되고 있는 독일의 흡수통일 사레에서 많이 배워야 한다. 전체주의 북한과의 합의통일은 가능하지도 바람직하지도 않다는 점을 직시하여 헌법에 명시된 자유민주주의에 입각한 평화통일의 정신으로 복귀해야 할 것이다. 북핵문제에 올바르게 대처하기 위해서는 내재적 접근법이라는 이름으로 눈에 씌워진 색안경을 벗어버리고 인식의 코페르니쿠스적 대전환을 통한 대북정책의 근본적 변화가 필요하다.

This article starts with the epidemic problem on how to perceive North Korea and its nuclear development and then suggests a necessary shift of South Korea's North Korea policy based on the true nature of the North Korean Regime and its Nuclear Development. From the early 1990s some proponents of internal approach to North Korean study began to argue that one should study North Korea's ideology, purposes and logical arguments if he really wants to know it. Due to the new approach South Korean people and high ranking officials alike have been exposed to North Korean political propaganda. The internal approach has been misunderstood, led to misperception of the real character of North Korean totalitarian system and its nuclear development program and contributed to the failure to stop North Korea from having nuclear weapons. Since the ideology, purpose and logical arguments of North Korean totalitarian system are composed of its propaganda far from the truth, one cannot know any factual truth about North Korea. When we see North Korea through external and objective eyes by external approach, we can perceive that North Korea is a totalitarian type of society ruled by ideology and brutal terror, and that its nuclear development is to maintain the totalitarian system and to deter American involvement in case of a new armed conflict on the Korean peninsula. Based on such a drastic change of perception, there should be a necessary shift of South Korea's North Korea policy. South Korea should officially abandon the failed Sunshine Policy which in fact assisted the nuclear development of the North, and denounce the internal approach to North Korean study which exposed South Koreans to the North Korean propaganda and barred them from perceiving the true nature of North Korean system and its nuclear development. A new North Korean policy should divide into two categories, one is policy for the political regime of the North which deals with the division management and the other is policy for the people in the North which deals with the aid program for the people and territory. We should link again the unification and security policy. From the previous government two issues have been so separated that emphasizing security issues looks like anti-unification. People should know that our national army is a peace keeping force to deter against another outbreak of war in the peninsular. We should also recognized the possibility of unification by absorbing the North Korea even if the previous government promised not to attempt to achieve unification by absorbing. On the contrary nowadays unification by absorbing is most possible scenario whereas unification by negotiation with the North doesn't seem to be possible or desirable. In order to deal with the North Korean nuclear problem, now is the time to make a Copernican shift the way we understand North Korea and its nuclear development.

감자 진정종자의 기내괴경형성을 이용한 내서성 계통의 조기선발체계 확립을 목표로 온도에 따른 기내괴경형성의 배양조건을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 각 온도별, 배지별 괴경형성율을 보면 2$0^{\circ}C$에서는 DTO-33, 수미 두 품종 모두 BAP S mg/L + CCC, 500mg/L 처리에서 85%, 92%로 가장 높았으나, 온도가 올라갈수록 괴경형성률이 떨어지는 경향이었다. 특히 3$0^{\circ}C$ 고온에서의 두 품종간 괴경형성률을 보면 비교적 내서성이 강한 DTO-33은 BAP 5mg/L + CCC 500mg/L에서 37%의 괴경형성을 보여 내서성이 강한 계통으로 생각되었다. 한편 진정종자의 기내괴경형성 배양체계 구명 시험에서는 계대배양을 하지 않을 경우가 계대배양을 할 경우보다 플라스크당 괴경수가 많았으며 계대배양 무처리, 4주간 단일처리구가 플라스크당 괴경수 10.6개로서 가장 많았다. 그러나 계대배양과 단일처리를 하지 않은 무처리의 경우도 플라스크당 괴경수가 10.4개로 4주간 단일처리구와 차이가 없었으며 오히려 괴경크기는 11.2mm로서 단일처리보다 나은 경향이었다. 따라서 진정종자를 발아배지에 접종하여 실생을 양성한 후 괴경형성배지로 교체하여 단일처리없이 암배양하므로 진정종자로부터 기내괴경형성을 유도할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

For the establishment of early selection of heat-tolerant clones through in vitro tuberization of true potato seeds, different temperature treatments for in vitro tuberization were investigated. The ratios of tuberization at 2$0^{\circ}C$ on var. Superior and DTO-33 treated with 5 mg/L of BAP and 500 mg/L of CCC, were 85% and 92%, respectively. At 3$0^{\circ}C$, the ratio of tuberization on DTO-33 was 37%, which revealed strongly heat-tolerant clone. In culture system of in vitro tuberization, the number of tubers per flask at 2$0^{\circ}C$ on non-subculture incubation was more than that on subculture incubation. The condition of non-subculture and short-day treatment for 4 weeks was good for production as 10.6 tubers per flask, which was very similar to that of long-day treatment. On the other hand, tuber diameter on long-day treatment was greater as 11.2 mm than on short-day treatment. Therefore, in vitro tuberization from true potato seeds could be induced under the condition of long-day treatment at darkness.

This thesis examines the true origin of cinema, analyzing the achievements of the pioneers who tried to show ‘moving images’ with film cameras and projectors during the period of 1886 to 1896. Generally in most literatures on the history of world cinema, the advent of cinema is recorded as the 28th of Dec., 1895 when the French Lumiere brothers showed Leaving the factory and other nine short film strips with each c. 40 seconds created by their film camera-projector, Cinematographe, at the Grand cafe in Paris. However, there were pioneers screening films before the Lumiere brothers. As the first pioneer, the French-born L. A. A. Le Prince shot very short film strips in London and Leeds, using a complicated film camera with a celluloid roll film in 1889. It is not clear, whether he really and successfully projected these short films. The American inventor, Thomas Alva Edison and his assistant W. K. L. Dickson developed the peepshow film, Kinetoscope, through which short films like Sneeze, Boxing and Carmencita were shown to public since the 14th of April, 1894 in New York. Copying Edison’s Kinetoscope, Robert W. Paul in London developed his own projector in 1895, which is later called Theatrograph. In cooperation with the American photographer Birt Aicres he shot a few short films including Rough Sea at Dover which were publicly shown on the 20th of Feb., 1896 at the Polytechnic Institution in London. At the Wintergarten, Berlin, the Skladanowsky brothers used their film projector (Bioscop) to show short films such as Boxing Kangaroo and Juggler from the 1st to the 30th of Nov., 1895. The main question of the thesis focuses on when the true beginning of cinema is among these early film screenings. In many literatures about the world history of cinema, published in Europe and the USA before the World War II, the birth of cinema used to be described as their countrymen’s own achievements merely due to the cultural nationalism. Furthermore, the contribution of scientists and the technological developments that enabled us to see ‘moving images’ has long been overlooked. Moreover, the socio-cultural factors of people in the late 19th century who wanted to see ‘moving images’ have been discounted as well as the capitalistic expansionism for more profits through film-showing business. Such various factors need to be considered all together regarding the invention of movie machines and the advent of cinema.

Newborns are in a primordial state that the mother and the infant are in a perfect harmony. By the ‘good enough mother,’ the magical omnipotence of the infant is established, and by the process the true self is created: the powerful source of life. However, if the Id-needs of the baby are not satisfied, the infant becomes a docile child. This is the cause of false self, inflicting negative effects to life. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the reflective(primordial) true self, the illusive(self-reflective) true self and the imaginary·symbolic(self-projective) true self are analyzed in details according to the periods and stages of children’s developments. At the same time, these issues related to the fantastic self by mirror images, the loss of self through imitation, the loss of identity by vanity and the formation of false self by docile children are discussed through picture books. Finally, this thesis will explain the social and cultural significance of the true self.

After Buddhism was introduced in the Three Kingdoms period, Buddhism achieved a foundation of traditional Korean culture. Many of the cultural Heritages are based on Buddhism. Buddhism has had a significant impact on the worldview of Koreans. But the Association of Buddhism is slightly off from this pact. These days, the Buddhist Association is the Forgotten Buddhist Culture in Korea. In the Korean Buddhism, Buddhist association exists only as a word. But the Association was the typical community culture and had the nature of social movements covering with the outer and inner Buddhism. From the Three Kingdoms period, Buddhists had made the Association for the purpose of Religious Activities and the Reformation. As a result of these efforts, Rotten Buddhism in the Koryo Dynasty was purified. And Buddhism was overcame the Oppression of the Government in Joeseon Dynasty. In Japanese occupation, Kyungheo(鏡虛) and Hanam(漢巖) made the Association for the purpose of the Independence and the Purification of Japanese style Buddhism. Seoong(西翁) made the “True-Being” Association for the purpose to resolve the Modern Social Problems in the mid-1990s. But, these Associations are not remembered in Current Korean Buddhism. There has increased the necessity of the Association to overcome the crisis facing the Korean society and Buddhism in today. In this Perspective, this paper’s Purpose is the succession and development of the tradition of the Association. For it, it is proved that the True-Being Association was succeeded the Association of Samadhi and Prajna in Koryo Dynasty. And this paper was summarized its meaning in terms of Compassion, Interdependent Origination, Equality.